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Science is a core curricular area of instruction for all students and the federal mandates of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (2004) and No Child Left Behind (2001) require that students with disabilities are educated in the least restrictive environment and have access to general education science content, based upon rigorous standards. While, most students with visual impairments are educated in the general science classroom, few studies have been done to determine whether appropriate accommodations and modifications are being made in those classrooms to meet the specialized needs of these students. A 35 question survey instrument was disseminated to teachers of the visually impaired through a Visual Impairments Listserve and Facebook group to help determine what pedagogical practices, accommodations, modifications, adaptive equipment and instructional practices are being used to educate students with visual impairments in the United States and Canada. This study helped inform how students with visual impairments are being educated in the science classroom.

Introduction: This research aims to learn what schools for blind students in the United States are currently doing to teach students with visual impairments and further explore the services these schools provide in their states. Methods: This research used qualitative interviews with school administrators, staff members, and teachers at four schools for blind students in the United States. A constant comparison model was used to analyze common themes and trends within the data collected, allowing us to capture the voiced experiences of the interviewees. Results: All schools included in this research have built the capacity to serve a wide range of students with visual impairments through both on-campus programs and outreach services. To provide high-quality services, the on-campus programs and the outreach services embraced symbiosis with one another. In parallel to this effort, schools focused on building partnerships with districts and helped build capacity through indirect services. Discussion: Underlying ideologies within schools for blind students were the value of inclusion, belief in every student receiving a quality education, and aspiration towards schools for blind students to stay relevant in an era of inclusion. Schools were led by individuals who possessed inspirational and strategic thinking. Implications for Practitioners: This research documents the effective ways specialized schools for blind students are relevant in an era of inclusion, documenting the importance of creating new paths within traditional programs. This research outlines successful practices and ideologies that can be implemented by specialized schools, while acknowledging traditional on-campus programming combined with inclusive outreach models to create sustainable programming for all students with visual impairments throughout a state.

Introduction: In the early spring of 2020, governments were beginning to react to the news of a global pandemic being caused by COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of COVID-19 on early intervention services for young children with visual impairments and their families. Methods: Parents of children with visual impairments aged birth to 3 years were asked a series of questions contained in a larger "Access and Engagement" survey that investigated the experiences of families of children and young adults with visual impairments aged birth to 21 years and professionals that provided educational services. Results: Three overall themes emerged from the data: (1) many changes occurred in the home, (2) early intervention services changed, and (3) planning for the transition to preschool was affected. Discussion: Overall, the changes in education due to the pandemic and initial shutdown resulted in much parental stress. Parents reported that they were stressed and sometimes overwhelmed by the sudden and dramatic changes in their daily lives and how best to help their children in continuing to learn and develop their skills while simultaneously working from home, being caregivers to the other children in the family, and serving as educators and sometimes informal therapists to their children. Many services moved to an online format and were provided remotely. Implications for Practitioners: Service providers should continue to provide services to families and children who have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting shutdown while continuing to provide ways to support the social and emotional well-being of their families. Service providers and families should monitor their children's development and learning both now and in the future.

This article presents the results of a study on the use of 3-D printed models in a science classroom for students with visual impairments and examines whether the use of these models impacts student conceptual understanding and misconceptions related to geosciences concepts, specifically plate tectonics. Data were collected one week prior to instruction, one week after instruction and throughout the 3-week instructional period. Results showed that students with visual impairments held many of the same misconceptions about plate tectonics as students who are typically sighted. All students in this study had fewer misconceptions after the instructional period than they held before instruction began; however, both the 3D group and the TG group continued to hold approximately equal numbers of misconceptions. The adaptations and hands-on experiences in this 3-week curriculum proved effective for students with visual impairments; helping them understand the unifying theory of plate tectonics. Some unique misconceptions held by the students with visual impairments in this research study include plates floating on the ocean, earthquakes moving with the plates, and volcanoes working together with the plates to cause earthquakes. There was a difference between students who had low vision and those with light perception only. The study helps to shed light on the use of 3-D printed models in the science classroom and their effectiveness at helping students with visual impairments learn important geoscience concepts.

Instruction in science can be difficult for students with visual impairments due to the use of visual instruction that is often used for conceptual understanding. Pedagogical approaches to teaching science continue to evolve, with inquiry-based science instruction as a primary instructional method used in current classrooms. In teaching students with visual impairments, inquiry is a strategy that has been traditionally been used in orientation and mobility (O&M) instruction, in an effort to teach students with vision loss to explore and make conclusions about their environments through the use of all senses. The purpose of this review is to outline how orientation and mobility (O&M) lessons can reinforce early science concepts for students who are blind or visually impaired through inquiry based experiences.

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine students' self-efficacy level prior to participation and after participation in an inquiry-based science camp to determine if self-efficacy levels changed as a result of participation. A validated instrument, the 30 item Morgan-Jinks Student Self-Efficacy Scale (MJSES) (Jinks & Morgan, 1996) was used to identify the constructs of self-efficacy before and after the weeklong summer camp. The results suggest that the inquiry-based science camp had a positive impact on junior participants' academic self-efficacy and did not increase senior participants' academic self-efficacy.

Introduction: To support independent travel skills and accessibility for people with visual impairments (i.e., those who are blind or have low vision), this research acknowledges bus driver perceptions of visual impairment and investigates how bus drivers interact with visually impaired travelers who ride public transportation. Methods: This study utilized the Social Responsibility about Blindness Scale and a researcher-created instrument to explore how bus drivers interact with visually impaired travelers. Results: Fifty-five drivers participated in this study, with 94.55% of these drivers reporting that they have had experiences interacting with visually impaired passengers. The top concern drivers reported was ensuring these passengers located the correct stop (26.56%). Using Likert-type scale ratings to assess driver knowledge and role in assisting passengers with vision loss, overall mean average of driver knowledge was 3.33 (SD = 1.09, V = 1.23), indicating, as a whole, driver knowledge was in the range of "unsure/don't know." Discussion: Although many campus area bus drivers have experience interacting with passengers who are visually impaired, the attitude of drivers toward visual impairment is varied, and their knowledge of visual impairments is limited. Implications for practitioners: Based on results, drivers recognize that accommodations may be needed for passengers with vision loss, and they have an interest in learning how to assist passengers who are visually impaired who ride campus transportation. Based on this outcome, in-service training for drivers to address interactions and accommodations for passengers with vision loss may be warranted within public transportation operations.

Eighteen middle and high school students with visual impairments participated in a weeklong field-based geology summer camp. This paper reports the curriculum, strategies, and what the students learned about Earth science by climbing in and out of caves, collecting fossils, exploring a bog, and interacting with experts in the field. Students were encouraged to be active learners outside of their normal comfort zone to develop understandings about geology through reading the landscape. Initially, few of the students held scientifically accurate Earth science concepts, but by the end of the week most had developed a medley of scientific and unique inaccurate understandings that have never been documented before. A week of intensive first-hand experiences was sufficient for the students to acquire some scientific knowledge, but not enough to eliminate inaccurate understandings. The duality of their science understandings suggests that additional informal experiences paired with formal classroom instruction will be necessary to clarify concepts. Some previously undocumented misconceptions were exhibited by the students, such as water pressure influencing plate tectonics and lifecycles of animals impacting Earth systems.

This study examines two classroom teachers' of students with visual impairments perceptions of middle school students with visual impairments learning of seasonal change and the teaching methods used in their classrooms. These perceptions were compared to data that documented student learning of the science content of seasonal change. The first teacher taught seasonal change concepts to middle school students with visual impairments using traditional instruction methodologies. The second teacher taught the same concepts using inquiry-based methodologies. Both classroom teachers were interviewed in order to probe their thinking about their classroom practices and the strategies they used. Upon completion of the inquiry-based lessons, the inquiry-based teacher stated that she will continue to utilize these lessons in the future and will not change any lessons. The traditional group teacher stated he would not make any changes but would add only a few units before teaching seasons. Both felt that students learned the reasons for seasons. Data showed that students in the traditional group were not as successful as their peers in the inquiry-based group.

For early elementary students with vision loss, these seemingly simple questions can pose great difficulty, especially when conceptual development is being established. Because students with vision loss are unable to observe non-verbal cues within environmental settings, supplemental learning techniques must be utilized for learning. In science, connecting real-world experiences with "Next Generation Science Standards" ("NGSS") is one way of helping students with vision loss understand, apply, and retain skills being taught in a classroom setting. This article explores how science teachers and orientation and mobility instructors can work together to provide access to science content for students with visual impairments while incorporating the orientation and mobility curriculum. Specifically, ideas for providing lessons in forces and motion to kindergarten students through coteaching and co-planning are provided to enable all students' access to the science curriculum.

Students who are educated by schools in rural areas experienced challenges around the world even before the COVID-19 pandemic, such as lack of resources and inadequate infrastructure (Çiftçi & Cin, 2018; Dube, 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic drew attention to the inequities of the conditions facing students in rural areas (EDC, 2020). These unique challenges were evident for those serving low-incidence disability populations, such as those children with visual impairment. There are unique challenges in providing support to students and their families with visual impairments in rural areas of the country. Those challenges included need for additional supports in technology, internet infrastructure, funding, and full access to accessible materials. Concerns over the health and well-being of teachers and students with visual impairments were also expressed as concerns but was not unique for teachers of students with visual impairments in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schools abruptly closed throughout in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although legal requirements remained unchanged, service delivery models and how teachers of students with visual impairments supported their students changed. Teachers of students with visual impairments answered a series of questions about how district policies impacted their work, what materials they could not access and the subsequent impact on their students, and changes in their caseloads during the initial shutdown of schools. Four overall themes emerged from the data: (1) district policies often impeded the work of teachers of students with visual impairments; (2) teachers did not have the materials needed to ensure that their students could access instruction; (3) teachers were concerned that they could not locate some of their students; and (4) teachers experienced changes in their direct and consultative caseloads due to a variety of factors. The work of teachers of students with visual impairments was dramatically impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As the shutdown continued, district policies changed and often impeded their efforts to support students on their caseload. In addition, many teachers struggled to locate all of their students and lacked the basic supplies to ensure instruction was accessible. However, teachers of students with visual impairments were creative and provided instruction that incorporated online resources and readily available home materials, collaborated with colleagues, and engaged the community in order to support their students. The experiences of teachers and lessons learned during the pandemic can be used to advocate for policy that protects the rights of students with visual impairments to an education during future unanticipated events such as a pandemic or inclement weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of tactile graphics promotes the full inclusion of students with visual impairments in primary and secondary school classrooms. However, without real-life experiences and specialized training, students may not have the conceptual knowledge needed to successfully participate in academic instruction and standardized assessments. This research explored the tactile graphics used in the early grades, as well as the experiences and needs of teachers of students with visual impairments. Methods: During spring 2022, an online survey was open to teachers of students with visual impairments in the United States. Results: Sixty-eight teachers of students with visual impairments completed the survey. They identified graphical items that students are introduced to, at different grade level bands, with 35 of 45 items being introduced by the end of third grade. Discussion: Students should be taught how to systematically explore a variety of tactile graphics and learn about the different ways in which information can be presented. Teachers requested additional training and materials to promote student success. Implications for Practitioners: Tactile graphics literacy skills should be taught, beginning at an early age, so that students who read braille can access and engage with core curriculum content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rubric was based on a combination of several open-source science fair rubrics found online as well as one teacher's experience in science fairs. Rocket scientists also supported their fellow rocket scientists by offering encouraging comments and using different language than the teachers to convey the steps in building the rocket that they found helpful. Throughout the build, rocket scientists asked the teachers for visual confirmation of their builds by sharing their rockets on camera. This allowed each rocket scientist access to the work of others while learning about the methods and engineering used by each rocket scientist during the supersecret mission. [Extracted from the article]

How do students with visual impairments measure liquids? Can a student with cerebral palsy participate in hands-on science activities? What challenges might a hearing-impaired student have in my science class? These are just some of the important questions increasingly being asked by science teachers, thanks in part to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), which together mandate standards-based science opportunities for students with disabilities. The "Next Generation Science Standards" ("NGSS") echo the goal of quality science experiences for all students in a section entitled, "All Standards, All Students" (NGSS Lead States 2013; Appendix D), which describes the manner in which the Standards support students from traditionally underrepresented groups, including students with disabilities. Over 6.5 million students with disabilities receive special education services under the IDEA, so ensuring that teachers have effective strategies for implementing the "NGSS" with students with disabilities is critical for reaching the "Science for All" goal. In this article the authors present two typical elementary science investigations to illustrate the importance of accommodations for students with physical disabilities. They chose these particular investigations because they represent different disciplines (i.e., physical and life sciences) and involve a range of science content and process skills. They intentionally present the lesson plans without accommodations or regard for accessibility to highlight the challenges they present and necessitate the accommodations they subsequently recommended. The authors feel this is an important illustration for teachers, as many lesson plans presented in curriculum guides fail to consider the needs of students with disabilities, so it is up to the teacher to recognize the challenges within each lesson and develop accommodations accordingly. Lesson summaries are discussed here, while complete lesson plans in 5E Learning Cycle format, including assessment rubrics, are available online (see NSTA Connection). Note that while each lesson's content is aligned with "NGSS" grade bands, the practices demonstrated and adapted are applicable to all elementary grades.

Introduction: The purpose of the study presented here was to understand and describe the misconceptions of students with visual impairments about sound and instructional techniques that may help them to develop a scientific understanding. Methods: Semistructured interview-centered pre-and posttests were used to identify the students' conceptual understanding. Responses were analyzed using a constant comparative analysis. This process allowed for qualitative data to be collected, analyzed, and coded as an ongoing process to look for gaps, omissions, and inconsistencies in the data and to describe and explore a phenomenon and has been used in prior studies on students' scientific knowledge. Results: The study found that the students had conceptual misconceptions of sound prior to instruction and that their understanding changed on completion of the inquiry-based curriculum. Prior to instruction, none of the students had a complete, scientifically accurate understanding of sound. However, after the study, all the students had some scientific understanding of sound, and two students had a complete scientific understanding of sound. Discussion: The results indicate that using an inquiry-based curriculum is beneficial for students with visual impairments in helping to increase their conceptual understanding. Implications for practitioners: The U.S. Congress has mandated that a curriculum be taught using research-based methodologies and based on standards. The study yielded a methodology to teach sound, a mandated science topic within the standards, that appears to be effective for students with visual impairments. (Contains 2 tables.)

The purpose of this study was to understand and describe the misconceptions of students with visual impairments about seasonal change. Students who participated in traditional instruction exhibited alternative conceptions before and after instruction, whereas those who participated in inquiry-based instruction had alternative conceptions before instruction and scientific understandings after instruction. (Contains 2 tables.)

With the passage of Goals 2000, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, and the Education Science Reform Act of 2002, Congress has put a priority on a science curriculum for children that is based on research on the best practices in science education. According to the U.S. Department of Education, teachers "need to know what programs and strategies are effective in improving achievement in... science." Students' achievement scores for scientific literacy are far below international standards and are not adequate for "full participation as productive citizens in the 21st Century". However, there is a lack of research-based science education practices for students with visual impairments and a great need for valid research that will improve the possibilities for these students in the area of science education. In this article, the authors discuss the implications of this issue on students who are visually impaired. They contend that research should be in response not just to the mandates of the Education Science Reform Act, but to the need to move the field forward with best practices in science education. To gain a better understanding of the needs of students who are visually impaired, educators must learn from them, and qualitative methods will allow the field to do so.

Students with visual impairments can be successful in math learning if they are provided with accessible materials, appropriate accommodations, and knowledgeable teachers. Four teachers of students with visual impairment designed a set of activities to build middle school students' knowledge of the braille code while engaging in math activities. The activities are described, and the authors provide strategies for successfully including students in general education math classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC) is a set of concepts and skills that are taught to students with visual impairments to support their learning that often occurs incidentally with vision. Students with visual impairments must learn both the ECC and content from the general education curriculum, including science. Thus, it is crucial to incorporate these two sets of curricula so that students with visual impairments can learn both sets of curricula more efficiently. This article presents an analysis of science curricula and lesson plans that support the Next Generation Science Standards while promoting teaching skills to students with visual impairments in the ECC. The results show that the ECC can be incorporated into science easily which will allow the ECC and science to be taught in one lesson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]