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Pangandaran is the “jambal roti” processing center. The by-product of the “jambal roti” processing (salting residual liquid) can cause environmental problems. This study aimed at utilizing the by-product of the “jambal roti” processing as the raw material for making fish sauce. The method used was experimental involving three treatments and using the dose of salting residual liquid of 100%, 75% and 50% of the total production of fish sauce as much as 1 L. Every treatment was added with 10% salt and 25% starter (Aspergillus oryzae) and fermented for 30 days. The observed variables follow the standard of fish sauce quality requirements according to SNI for fish sauce No.01-4271-1996, including pH, salinity (NaCl), total-N, heavy metal contamination, and microbial contamination. The pH and heavy metal contamination in the fermented liquids (fish sauce) are in accordance with the SNI for fish sauce No. 01-4271-1996. Also, microbial contamination does not have a potential to cause disease and is safe for consumption. After being fermented for 30 days, the total-N increased. The highest total-N was obtained at treatment III (50% of salting residual liquid) or equal to 8465.19 mg/L. Therefore, it can be concluded that the by-product of the “jambal roti” processing has the potential to become the raw material for making fish sauce.

Coastal flooding frequently occurs along the Northern Coast of Java due to the continuous land subsidence and sea level rise. On May 23rd, 2022, an extreme tidal flood happened and impacted a wide area around the central part of the Northern Coast of Java, with reports indicating that the inundated area was larger than that of typical flood events. Although several researchers have conducted local inundation mapping in various districts, comprehensive flood mapping of this event over a larger area has not yet been undertaken. Such study would benefit for hydraulic flood models. Therefore, this study aimed to map the coastal flood extent around the central part of the Northern Coast of Java using Sentinel-1 imagery data processed through the Google Earth Engine (GEE). The delineated inundation at several points was then compared with field observations from a previous study. The analysis suggests that Sentinel-1 is generally capable of estimating flood extent, although additional measures are necessary for mapping in densely populated urban areas. The findings indicate that the area inundated by the May 2022 flood was at least 5,562 hectares larger compared to the flooding in April 2022.

The Tambakboyo Dam has been operated for more than 10 years, resulting in increased sedimentation and reduced storage capacity from 400,000 m3 to 300,285 m3. Therefore, to support the optimization of water availability, the age of the reservoir needs to be known. This research analyzes the volume of sediment in the Tambakboyo Reservoir to determine the effective age of the reservoir by estimating the rate of erosion that occurs. The USLE method is used to determine the rate of erosion that occurs in the Tambakboyo Dam catchment area and bathymetry measurements are used to determine the volume of reservoir sediment directly. Using the USLE method, the DTA erosion rate was 13,864 tonnes/ha/year, while direct echo sounding measurements were 11,254 tonnes/ha/year. The remaining age of the reservoir based on the USLE method is 23.02 years, while direct measurements reach 28.359 years. So it can be concluded that the erosion rate in the Tambakboyo watershed is included in the very light erosion category, however the SDR results comparing sediment entering the reservoir with sediment calculated using the USLE method show that sediment control is still not effective.

On May 23rd, 2022, an extreme coastal event occurred around the northern coast of Java. This event had caused the collapsed of several seawall segments around Tanjung Emas Port, Semarang. Combined with wave overtopping, it led to severe flooding and economic damages to the port operation. Responding to the event, this research aimed to characterize the hydrodynamic condition around the port and proposed a seawall design. The research was done through field observation, wave climate characterization, and numerical simulation. The field observation confirmed the extent of the damage and wave condition around the harbour. The wave climate study, based on a global wave reanalysis data, confirmed that the offshore wave height could reach 3 m during high wave season, with wave period of 4 – 6 seconds coming from the northwest. The tidal range is up to 1 m with highest astronomical tide (HAT) is at +0.65 MSL. The extreme value analysis gave a 3.7 meter of offshore design wave height for 100-year return period or up to 1.7 meters wave height nearshore. The proposed seawall crest elevation is at least at +3.40 meters above the mean sea level to avoid overtopping, which is 1.1 m higher than the existing seawall.

The sorption of phosphate by montmorillonite at 10, 30, and 50 oC were investigated aiming to mainly determine thermodynamic parameters for the formation of surface complexes in the adsorption of phosphate ions by montmorillonite. Data were collected by adsorption edge experiments investigating the effect of pH, adsorption isotherms enabling the effect of sorbate concentration, and acid-base titration calculating protons released or taken up by adsorption process. Data analysis was carried out using surface complexation model to fit the data collected in this study using the parameters obtained from previous study, as well as to calculate the values of ΔH and ΔS. Previous study reported that phosphate ions formed two outer-sphere surface complexes with active sites of montmorillonite through hydrogen bonding. In the first complex, [(XH)0– H2L─]─, the phosphate was held to permanent-charge X─ sites on the tetrahedral siloxane faces, and the second complex, [[(SO─)(SOH)]– – [H2L]─] 2─ was formed through the interaction between the phosphate and variable charge surface hydroxyl groups at the edges of montmorillonite crystals and on the octahedral alumina faces. The values of ΔH for the first and second reactions are 39.756 and 3.765x10-7 kJ mol‒1 respectively. Since both reactions have positive enthalpy values, it can be concluded that the reactions are endothermic. Large energy for the first reaction is needed by X─ sites (permanent negatively charge sites of montmorillonite) to be partially desolvated, on which K+ or other surface cations are replaced by H+ ions in the surface protonated process, and are then ready to interact phosphate ions in the solution. Small values of ΔH for the second reactions indicates that hydrogen bonds formed by phosphate and SOH sites in the second reaction are easily broken out, and the phosphate can easily desorbed from the surface. The values of ΔS for the first and second reactions are 122.523 and 2.393 x10-2 J K‒1 mol‒1, which are greater than -10 kJ mol‒1 and indicates that the surface reactions occurs through dissociative mechanisms. Keywords: montmorillonite, adsorption edge, extended constant capacitance, surface complexation model, enthalpy, reaction mechanisms

Objectives: Indonesia have several herbs empirically used as galactagogue. However there are limited clinical evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of this herbs especially poly-herb. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of polyherbal galactagogue (PHG) consist of katuk leaves, torbangun leaves and papaya leaves compared to commercial galactagogue capsules (CGC) that contain a single plant extract, katuk leaves., Methods: This study was an open label randomized controlled trial with 120 subjects that randomly assigned into two groups, PHG and CGC. This study was conducted at the herbal medicine research house (Rumah Riset Jamu/RRJ) Hortus Medicus and 30 subsites in Central Java and Jogjakarta provinces from July to November 2018. Duration of intervention 28 days. Parameter of efficacy breast milk volume, baby weight, prolactin level and parameter of safety ALT, AST, Urea, Creatinin were performed at baseline, day 14 and 28. The symptom of side effects also recorded every week., Results: Breast milk volume and infant's weight increased at day-14 and 28 in both groups. However, prolactin level in both groups decreased. There were no significant differences of efficacy parameters at baseline in both groups. At three times measurement of ALT, AST, Urea and Ceratinin average levels were within the normal range. About 3-5% mothers experience higher ALT, AST and nausea that can tolerated well. No side effect was found in infants., Conclusions: PHG and CGC have the equal efficacy and safety as a galactagogue. The optimal used is for 14 days., (© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Introduction: Delivering preventive chemotherapy through mass drug administration (MDA) is a central approach in controlling or eliminating several neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Treatment coverage, a primary indicator of MDA performance, can be measured through routinely reported programmatic data or population-based coverage evaluation surveys. Reported coverage is often the easiest and least expensive way to estimate coverage; however, it is prone to inaccuracies due to errors in data compilation and imprecise denominators, and in some cases measures treatments offered as opposed to treatments swallowed., Objective: Analyses presented here aimed to understand (1) how often coverage calculated using routinely reported data and survey data would lead programme managers to make the same programmatic decisions; (2) the magnitude and direction of the difference between these two estimates, and (3) whether there is meaningful variation by region, age group or country., Methods: We analysed and compared reported and surveyed treatment coverage data from 214 MDAs implemented between 2008 and 2017 in 15 countries in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean. Routinely reported treatment coverage was compiled using data reported by national NTD programmes to donors, either directly or via NTD implementing partners, following the implementation of a district-level MDA campaign; coverage was calculated by dividing the number of individuals treated by a population value, which is typically based on national census projections and occasionally community registers. Surveyed treatment coverage came from post-MDA community-based coverage evaluation surveys, which were conducted as per standardised WHO recommended methodology., Results: Coverage estimates using routine reporting and surveys gave the same result in terms of whether the minimum coverage threshold was reached in 72% of the MDAs surveyed in the Africa region and in 52% in the Asia region. The reported coverage value was within ±10 percentage points of the surveyed coverage value in 58/124 of the surveyed MDAs in the Africa region and 19/77 in the Asia region. Concordance between routinely reported and surveyed coverage estimates was 64% for the total population and 72% for school-age children. The study data showed variation across countries in the number of surveys conducted as well as the frequency with which there was concordance between the two coverage estimates., Conclusions: Programme managers must grapple with making decisions based on imperfect information, balancing needs for accuracy with cost and available capacity. The study shows that for many of the MDAs surveyed, based on the concordance with respect to reaching the minimum coverage thresholds, the routinely reported data were accurate enough to make programmatic decisions. Where coverage surveys do show a need to improve accuracy of routinely reported results, NTD programme managers should use various tools and approaches to strengthen data quality in order to use data for decision-making to achieve NTD control and elimination goals., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© World Health Organization 2023. Licensee BMJ.)

The COVID-19 pandemic, the growth of smartphones, and the internet have driven the use of technology for monitoring TB patients. Innovation in management of TB patients is needed to improve treatment outcomes. The study was conducted to obtain a predictive model of medication safety and solution model for at-risk patients, and to improve medication safety through mobile applications. The research was conducted in 4 stages, namely qualitative, quantitative (cross-sectional), qualitative, and quantitative (quasi-experimental, post-test group control design). Data were taken at the Public Health Center in Jakarta, Indonesia. Samples were taken by cluster random sampling. For quantitative research, 2nd phase (n = 114) and 4th phase (n = 96) were analyzed using logistic regression. This study analyzed predictors of medication safety to assist in monitoring patients undergoing treatment. At-risk patients were educated using an algorithm programmed in the application., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Achieving elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem requires a minimum of five effective rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) and demonstrating low prevalence in subsequent assessments. The first assessments recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are sentinel and spot-check sites-referred to as pre-transmission assessment surveys (pre-TAS)-in each implementation unit after MDA. If pre-TAS shows that prevalence in each site has been lowered to less than 1% microfilaremia or less than 2% antigenemia, the implementation unit conducts a TAS to determine whether MDA can be stopped. Failure to pass pre-TAS means that further rounds of MDA are required. This study aims to understand factors influencing pre-TAS results using existing programmatic data from 554 implementation units, of which 74 (13%) failed, in 13 countries. Secondary data analysis was completed using existing data from Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Haiti, Indonesia, Mali, Nepal, Niger, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. Additional covariate data were obtained from spatial raster data sets. Bivariate analysis and multilinear regression were performed to establish potential relationships between variables and the pre-TAS result. Higher baseline prevalence and lower elevation were significant in the regression model. Variables statistically significantly associated with failure (p-value ≤0.05) in the bivariate analyses included baseline prevalence at or above 5% or 10%, use of Filariasis Test Strips (FTS), primary vector of Culex, treatment with diethylcarbamazine-albendazole, higher elevation, higher population density, higher enhanced vegetation index (EVI), higher annual rainfall, and 6 or more rounds of MDA. This paper reports for the first time factors associated with pre-TAS results from a multi-country analysis. This information can help countries more effectively forecast program activities, such as the potential need for more rounds of MDA, and prioritize resources to ensure adequate coverage of all persons in areas at highest risk of failing pre-TAS., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.