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Introduction: Delineating subthalamic nucleus (STN) boundaries using microelectrode recordings (MER) and trajectory history is a valuable resource for neurosurgeons, aiding in the accurate and efficient positioning of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes within the STN. Here, we aimed to assess the application of artificial intelligence, specifically Hidden Markov Models (HMM), in the context of STN localization., Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was employed, encompassing electronic databases, including PubMed, EuroPMC, and MEDLINE. This search strategy entailed a combination of controlled vocabulary (e.g., MeSH terms) and free-text keywords pertaining to "artificial intelligence," "machine learning," "deep learning," and "deep brain stimulation." Inclusion criteria were applied to studies reporting the utilization of HMM for predicting outcomes in DBS, based on structured patient-level health data, and published in the English language., Results: This systematic review incorporated a total of 14 studies. Various machine learning compared wavelet feature to proposed features in diagnosing the STN, with the HMM yielding a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 838.677 (95% CI: 203.309-3459.645). Similarly, the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) model produced parameter estimates, including a diagnostic odds ratio of 25.151 (95% CI: 12.270-51.555). Meanwhile, the support vector machine (SVM) model exhibited parameter estimates, with a DOR of 13.959 (95% CI: 10.436-18.671)., Conclusions: MER data demonstrates significant variability in neural activity, with studies employing a wide range of methodologies. Machine learning plays a crucial role in aiding STN diagnosis, though its accuracy varies across different approaches., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objectives: This meta-analysis introduces tele-medicine in time-sensitive conditions like stroke and the challenges hindering at-home rehabilitation. It aims to consolidate evidence supporting telerehabilitation effectiveness in post-stroke patients, with a focus on ADL, balance, mobility, and motor control., Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane central databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria involved studies that employed randomized controlled trial (RCT) designs, specifically evaluating various telerehabilitation models in patients diagnosed with a stroke, excluding those with mixed etiology and non-randomized or single-arm designs. Two independent reviewers assessed study quality and bias using Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 before inclusion., Results: We included 10 studies ( n  = 417) with a predominantly male sample ( n  = 196). The mean age of the pooled sample of 8 studies was 64.87 (13.01) years. Our meta-analysis showed that telerehabilitation may have modest effects on Berg Balance Scale (SMD 0.08 [-0.23; 0.40]; p  = 0.54), and trunk impairment scale (SMD 0.26 [-1.00; 1.52]; p  = 0.05), slightly inferior effects on Barthel index (SMD -0.34 [-1.00; 0.32]; p  = 0.31), but demonstrated a favorable impact on trunk impairment (SMD -0.21 [-1.18; 0.76]; p  = 0.02)., Conclusion: We found that telerehabilitation may have modest effects on balance and mobility, and slightly inferior results in Activities of daily living but may have a positive effect on trunk impairment. However, more studies with larger cohorts are needed to confirm our results.

Purpose of Review: The present investigation evaluates clinical uses and roles of platelet rich plasma in the management of vetrebrogenic and discogenic mediated pain states., Recent Findings: Back pain is a common and significant condition that affects millions of people around the world. The cause of back pain is often complex and multifactorial, with discogenic and vertebrogenic pain being two subtypes of back pain. Currently, there are numerous methods and modalities in which back pain is managed and treated such as physical therapy, electrical nerve stimulation, pharmacotherapies, and platelet-rich plasma. To conduct this systematic review, the authors used the keywords "platelet-rich plasma", "vertebrogenic pain", and "discogenic pain", on PubMed, EuroPMC, Who ICTRP, and clinicaltrials.gov to better elucidate the role of this treatment method for combating vertebrogenic and discogenic back pain. In recent decades, there has been a rise in popularity of the use of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of numerous musculoskeletal conditions. Related to high concentration of platelets, growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, platelet-rich plasma is effective in reducing pain related symptoms and in the treatment of back pain. Platelet-rich plasma use has evolved and gained popularity for pain related conditions, including vertebrogenic and discogenic back pain. Additional well-designed studies are warranted in the future to better determine best practice strategies to provide future clinicians with a solid foundation of evidence to make advancements with regenerative medical therapies such as platelet-rich plasma., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose of Review: This manuscript summarizes novel clinical and interventional approaches in the management of chronic, nociceptive, and neuropathic pain., Recent Findings: Pain can be defined as a feeling of physical or emotional distress caused by an external stimulus. Pain can be grouped into distinct types according to characteristics including neuropathic pain, which is a pain caused by disease or lesion in the sensory nervous system; nociceptive pain, which is pain that can be sharp, aching, or throbbing and is caused by injury to bodily tissues; and chronic pain, which is long lasting or persisting beyond 6 months. With improved understanding of different signaling systems for pain in recent years, there has been an upscale of methods of analgesia to counteract these pathological processes. Novel treatment methods such as use of cannabinoids, stem cells, gene therapy, nanoparticles, monoclonal antibodies, and platelet-rich plasma have played a significant role in improved strategies for therapeutic interventions. Although many management options appear to be promising, extensive additional clinical research is warranted to determine best practice strategies in the future for clinicians., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: The blood-brain barrier can prevent circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) derived from the central nervous system from entering the blood making it challenging to evaluate molecular features of leptomeningeal metastasis (LM). Accordingly, we sought to systematically compare the diagnostic power or significance of ctDNA derived from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compared to plasma ctDNA in patients with LM., Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed under the PRISMA guideline. We used PubMed, EMBASE, and the EuroPMC to search the literature using combinations of the following terms: circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA, circulating tumor cell, brain metastasis, leptomeningeal metastasis, outcome(s), and prognosis. We included all available English language studies that compared the diagnostic significance of CSF derived and serum ctDNA. All eligible studies level of bias was assessed using the New Castle Ottawa Scale (NOS)., Results: Our meta-analysis from 6 included studies (n = 226) that confirmed the diagnostic power of liquid biopsies in detecting genomic alteration is better when taking a CSF-derived samples than from the plasma (RR 1.46 [0.93; 2.29]; I 2  = 92%; p-value < 0.01)., Conclusion: CSF ctDNA is better at describing molecular landscape for LM; such an understanding may ultimately help inform patient treatment and responses to therapy., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Fibrin sealants have recently been thoroughly studied in several surgical specialties; however, results are conflicting. We aimed to examine the safety and efficacy of fibrin sealant patients having thyroidectomies. A thorough, systematic literature search was carried out using the terms thyroidectomy and fibrin sealant using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov on December 25, 2022. The primary outcome of interest in this review was the amount of drainage, whereas hospitalization, the length of drain retention, and temporary dysphonia were secondary outcomes. Our meta-analysis ( n  = 249) showed that application of fibrin sealant is associated with lesser total drainage [SMD -2.76 (-4.83, -0.69); P  = 0.009; I2 97%], but not with retention time of drainage [SMD -2.35 (-4.71, 0.01); P  = 0.05; I2 98%], hospitalization time [SMD -1.65 (-3.70, 0.41); P  = 0.12; I2 97%], and transient dysphonia [RR 1.01 (0.27, 3.82); P  = 0.99; I2 0%]. The systematic review found that the use of fibrin sealant in thyroid surgery is positive in total volume drainage but not with the retention time of drainage, hospitalization time, and transient dysphonia. It is notable to remember that this interpretation is complicated by uneven, occasionally subpar technique and trial reporting, according to this systematic review's findings., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Koerniawan, Candrawinata, Tjahyanto, Wijaya, Putra and Wijaya.)

Purpose: Safety concerns regarding the application of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been highlighted in recent years. It is noted that both BMP and their receptors being identified as a trigger for cancer growth. Here, we aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of BMP for spinal fusion surgery., Methods: We conducted this systematic review on topics of spinal fusion surgery with rhBMP application from three database (PubMed, EuropePMC, and Clinicaltrials.gov) with MeSH phrases such as "rh-BMP," "rhBMP," "spine surgery," "spinal arthrodesis," and "spinal fusion" were searched (using the Boolean operators "and" and "or"). Our research includes all articles, as long as published in English language. In the face of disagreement between the two reviewers, we discussed it together until all authors reached a consensus. The primary key outcome of our study is the incidence of cancer following rhBMP implantation., Results: Our study included a total of 8 unique studies (n = 37,682). The mean follow-up varies among all studies, with the longest follow-up is 66 months. Our meta-analysis showed that exposure to rhBMP in spinal surgery did increase the risk of cancers (RR 1.85, 95%CI [1.05, 3.24], p = 0.03)., Conclusions: Our study found that rhBMP was not associated with the increased risk of cancer incidence within the rhBMP cohort. Still, we did face several limitations, in which further studies are needed to confirm the result of our meta-analysis., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte-ratio (PLR) have emerged as potential biomarkers in predicting the outcomes of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Since a study was never conducted on the Southeast Asian and Indonesian population, we designed the present study to evaluate the potential of NLR and PLR in predicting cerebral infarction and functional outcomes and find the optimal cutoff value., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients admitted for aSAH in our hospital between 2017 and 2021. The diagnosis was made using a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging and CT angiography. Association between admission NLR and PLR and the outcomes were analyzed using a multivariable regression model. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was done to identify the optimal cutoff value. A propensity score matching (PSM) was then carried out to reduce the imbalance between the two groups before comparison., Results: Sixty-three patients were included in the study. NLR was independently associated with cerebral infarction (odds ratio, OR 1.197 [95% confidence interval, CI 1.027-1.395] per 1-point increment; P = 0.021) and poor discharge functional outcome (OR 1.175 [95% CI 1.036-1.334] per 1-point increment; P = 0.012). PLR did not significantly correlate with the outcomes. ROC analysis identified 7.09 as the cutoff for cerebral infarction and 7.50 for discharge functional outcome. Dichotomizing and performing PSM revealed that patients with NLR above the identified cutoff value significantly had more cerebral infarction and poor discharge functional outcome., Conclusion: NLR demonstrated a good prognostic capability in Indonesian aSAH patients. More studies should be conducted to find the optimal cutoff value for each population., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Surgical Neurology International.)

Background: In malnourished patients with colorectal cancer, hypoalbuminemia is common and was proposed to determine the postoperative outcome of colorectal surgery. Mounting articles published but have not been evaluated. We aim to assess the predictive value of preoperative hypoalbuminemia in patients undergoing colorectal surgery., Methods: We performed a literature search from PubMed, Euro PMC, and Cochrane with the terms serum albumin, hypoalbuminemia, prognosis, outcome, colorectal cancer, and neoplasm. We also hand-searched and included any relevant papers. Hypoalbuminemia is defined as plasma albumin level < 3.5 mg/dL. We restricted the included studies to English language and adults undergoing colectomy, laparotomy, laparoscopy, or abdominoperineal resection. Any types of articles were included, except an abstract-only publication and those that did not report the key exposure or outcome of interest. The key exposures were mortality, hospitalization time, and morbid conditions (thrombosis, surgical site infection, sepsis, and wound events). We pooled the odds ratio from each included literature as effect size. The Newcastle Ottawa scale and GRADE were used to determine the quality of each included study., Results: Hereof 7 observational studies (236,480 individuals) were included. Our meta-analysis found that preoperative hypoalbuminemia can predict the postoperative outcome in colorectal cancer patients. Individuals with hypoalbuminemia were not associated with 30-day mortality (risk ratio [RR] 2.05 [0.72, 5.86], P = .18, I2 = 99%) but were associated with morbidity (RR 2.28 [1.78, 2.93], P < .00001, I2 = 87.5%), surgical complication (RR 1.69 [1.34, 2.13], P < .00001, I2 = 98%), and hospitalization (RR 2.21 [1.93, 2.52], P < .00001, I2 = 0%). According to newcastle ottawa scale, the included studies are of moderate to sound quality., Conclusions: The current systematic review and meta-analysis showed that preoperative hypoalbuminemia was significantly associated with morbidity, length of stay, and surgical complication but not mortality., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Purpose: During intracranial meningioma surgery, surgeons experience considerable blood loss. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is used to minimize blood loss in several neurosurgical settings. However, evidence and trials are lacking. Our objective is to establish the most recent evidence on TXA safety and efficacy in intracranial meningioma surgery., Methodology: Based upon Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), the authors collected fully published English literature on the administration of tranexamic acid for patients undergoing intracranial meningioma surgery using the keywords ["tranexamic acid" and "meningioma"] and its synonyms from Cochrane Central Database, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), ClinicalTrials.gov, and PubMed. The primary outcome of the current study was total blood loss. The secondary outcomes include individuals requiring blood transfusion, anesthesia duration, surgical duration, and complication rate. Each included studies' quality was assessed using the JADAD scale., Results: For qualitative and quantitative data synthesis, we included five RCTs (n = 321) with the mean age was 47.5 ± 11.9 years for the intervention group and 47.2 ± 11.9 years for the control group. Our meta-analysis showed that the administration of TXA is associated with decreased total blood loss of standardized mean difference (SMD) of -1.40 (95% CI [-2.49, -0.31]), anesthetic time SMD -0.36 (95% CI [-0.63, -0.09]), and blood transfusion requirements RR 0.58 (95% CI [0.34, 0.99])., Conclusions: The current study showed that TXA was associated with reduced intraoperative blood loss and intra- and postoperative blood transfusion. However, the studies are small. More RCT studies with a greater sample size are favorable., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: Petroclival meningioma (PM) is a challenging neuro oncology case and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is proposed as one treatment option. This systematic review aimed to examine the role of SRS in treating PM cases., Methods:  We constructed a systematic review using the PRISMA guidelines using peer-reviewed English literature until 16 February 2022 from EuroPMC and PubMed. We used the terms petroclival meningioma, clival meningioma, apex petrous meningioma, spheno petroclival meningioma, stereotactic radiosurgery, radiosurgery, CyberKnife, Gamma Knife, linear accelerator, LINAC, and radiotherapy., Results:  10 out of 266 studies were chosen for this systematic review, two of which are case reports. The study comprised 719 patients, 73.7% of whom were female (n = 530) and had a median age of 56.99 years (18-90 years). At the time of diagnosis, the median tumor volume was 6.07 cm 3 (0.13-64.9 cm 3 ). The tumors were frequently located near the petroclival junction (83.6%, n = 598). Following SRS, the median follow-up was 64.52 months (3-252 months). 46.5% of 719 PMs exhibited a decrease in tumor size. 46% and 7.5% showed no change and increase in tumor volume, respectively. At the last radiographic follow-up (7-21.2 years), tumor control with a median of 98.8% (85-100%). Complications occurred in 6% of patients, with hydrocephalus (2.2%) as the prevalent complication. The use of SRS as a primary treatment for petroclival cases was not associated with increased complication rate RR 0.62 (95% CI [0.11, 3.59], p = 0.59) but statistically correlated with clinical failure clinical failure RR 0.56 (95% CI [0.32, 0.98], p = 0.04)., Conclusions:  We found a low number of complications following SRS intervention and has been effectively controlling tumor progression., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Little is known how COVID-19 is affecting children. Autopsies help gain an understanding of the pathophysiology of new and developing diseases. Numerous post-mortem studies had been conducted in adults with COVID-19, but few in children. Thereby, this systematic review aims to investigate the autopsy findings from pediatric COVID-19 patients., Results: There were a total of 15 patients from eight studies. COVID-19 mainly affects the heart and lungs. Pathology findings from the heart of COVID-19 pediatric patients include diffuse inflammatory infiltrate, myocarditis, cardiomyocyte necrosis, pericarditis, and interstitial edema. Histopathology abnormalities observed in the lungs are diffuse alveolar damage, cytopathic changes, thrombi in arterioles and septal capillaries, lung congestion, focal acute hemorrhage and edema, focal exudative changes, and mild pneumocyte hyperplasia. In addition, pathological findings from other organs, such as the liver, kidney, brain, bone marrow, lymph node, skin, spleen, muscle, colon, parotid gland, and adrenal of COVID-19 pediatric patients are also included in this review., Conclusion: Cardiomyocyte necrosis, interstitial edema, lung congestion, and diffuse alveolar damage are the most significant pathologic findings of the heart and lung in pediatric COVID-19 patients. More studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 in autopsy findings and to determine the exact cause of death since it could be related to COVID-19 or other comorbidities., Competing Interests: Competing interestsNot applicable., (© The Author(s) 2022.)