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Pradana Zaky Romadhon,1– 3 Ami Ashariati Prayoga,1– 3 Siprianus Ugroseno Yudho Bintoro,1– 3 Muhammad Noor Diansyah,1– 3 Putu Niken Ayu Amrita,1– 3 Merlyna Savitri,1– 3 Satriyo Dwi Suryantoro,1,2 Kartika Prahasanti,4 Andi Yasmin Wijaya,5 Winona May Hendrata,5 Choirina Windradi,2 Bagus Aulia Mahdi,1 Krisnina Nurul Widiyastuti,1 Esthiningrum Dewi Agustin1 1Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia; 3Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Teaching Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia; 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Muhammadiyah Surabaya University, Surabaya, Indonesia; 5Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Pradana Zaky Romadhon, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jl. Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 47, Pacar Kembang, Kec. Tambaksari, Kota SBY, Surabaya, Jawa Timur, 60132, Indonesia, Email zaky.romadhon@fk.unair.ac.idBackground: miRNA-21, one of breast cancer (BC) predictive markers, is now gaining cardinal attention from researchers worldwide to evaluate BC patients’ survival rate. However, cancer staging, hormonal status, and other BC markers still have to be discussed. We aim to determine the relationship between miRNA-21 and associating factors such as BC staging, other tumor markers, and hormonal status to predict the 2-year survival rate of BC patients.Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study on 49 BC patients (26 early stage, 23 advanced stage). Apart from cancer staging, we also examined CEA, Ca15-3, and hormonal status (ER, PR, Her2) and correlated them with miRNA-21 to predict 2-year survival rate. We did bivariate, multivariate, and survival analyses to determine the link between miRNA-21 and those factors to prognosticate on 2-year survival rate.Results: There are significances between advanced and loco-regional stage (p < 0.001); high and low miRNA-21 (p = 0.002) and CA 15– 3 (p = 0.001), and low survival rate in patients with ER/PR-Her2- status (p=0.0015). Cox proportional hazard showed miRNA-21 (Adjusted HR 1.41; 95% CI = 1.205– 1.632), cancer stage (Adjusted HR 9.5; 95% CI = 1.378– 20.683), and CA15-3 (Adjusted HR 4.64; 95% CI = 1.548– 13.931) affected patients’ mortality within 2 years.Conclusion: Low two-year survival rate depends on miRNA-21, cancer stage, CA15-3, and ER/PR-Her2-. Cancer stage is robustly associated with miRNA-21 in predicting 2-year survival rate.Keywords: breast cancer, miRNA-21, survival, stage, health

Background and Aim: The intricate healing process involves distinct sequential and overlapping phases in thermal injury. To maintain the zone of stasis in Jackson's burn wound model, proper wound intervention is essential. The extent of research on the histoarchitecture of thermal wound healing and the application of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-free-based therapy is limited. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of MSC-secretome-based hydrogel for treating partial-thickness cutaneous thermal burn wounds., Materials and Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups, namely the hydrogel base (10 mg), hydrogel secretome (10 mg) and Bioplacenton™ (10 mg) treatment groups. All groups were treated twice a day (morning and evening) for 7 days. Skin tissue samples from the animals were processed for histological evaluation using the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded method on days 3 and 7., Results: This study's findings showed that secretome hydrogel expedited thermal burn wound healing, decreasing residual burn area, boosting collagen deposition and angiogenesis, guiding scar formation, and influencing the inflammation response facilitated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages., Conclusion: The secretome hydrogel significantly improves healing outcomes in partial-thickness cutaneous thermal burn wounds. The administration of secretome hydrogel accelerates the reduction of the residual burn area and promotes fibroblast proliferation and collagen density. The repairment of histo-architecture of the damaged tissue was also observed such as the reduction of burn depth, increased angiogenesis and epidermal scar index while the decreased dermal scar index. Furthermore, the secretome hydrogel can modulate the immunocompetent cells by decreasing the polymorphonuclear and increasing the mononuclear cells. Thus, it effectively and safely substitutes for thermal injury stem cell-free therapeutic approaches. The study focuses on the microscopical evaluation of secretome hydrogel; further research to investigate at the molecular level may be useful in predicting the beneficial effect of secretome hydrogel in accelerating wound healing., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © Kuncorojakti, et al.)

Background: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was proven to be an effective and efficient measure for mitigating pandemic. COVID-19 infection and mortality subsided along with the increaseing COVID-19 vaccination coverage. Vaccine and health resource equity are predominant factors in COVID-19 pandemic management. Vaccine development for Indonesia, aims to ensure a sustainable pandemic control and steady national stability restoration. A decent vaccine must induce immunity against COVID-19 with minimum adverse reaction. Immunogenicity and ability to induce neutralizing antibody evaluation needs to be performed as part of the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine development from East Java, Indonesia isolate ( Vaksin Merah Putih-INAVAC )., Objective: This research demonstrated INAVAC performance in inducing the production neutralizing antibody along with its effects on CD4 + and CD8 + cells response in Macaca fascicularis (non-human primate)., Methods: Two dosages of 3 μg and 5 μg were tested, compared to sham (NaCl 0.9%) in 10 Macaca fascicularis (2 injection intramuscular with 14 days interval). All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs. Nasopharyngeal samples were analyzed using qRT-PCR while the serum were tested using ELISA and neutralization assay, whereas PBMCs were flowcytrometrically analyzed to measure CD4 + and CD8 + population., Results: It is observed that both vaccine doses could stimulate relatively similar immune response and neutralizing antibody (end GMT post challenge = 905,1), whereas higher CD8 + cells response were reported in the 5 μg group after the 3rd day post-challenge. The dose of vaccine that produce adequate immune cell stimulation with neutralizing antibody induction can be adopted to clinical study, as favorable result of these parameters could predict minimum adverse reaction from inflammation response with balanced immune response., Conclusions: Therefore, it is concluded that Vaksin Merah Putih-INAVAC with 3 μg dose showed a favorable potential to be developed and tested as human vaccine., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Background: Myelosuppressive effects of chemotherapy for breast cancer treatment may trigger chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN) and febrile neutropenia (FN). Filgrastim has been widely used as prophylaxis against CIN and FN. However despite filgrastim administration, some study showed FN still occur and cause patient vulnerability to infection. This study aims to evaluate factors associated with Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) dynamics and Docetaxel-Adryamicin-Cyclophosphamide (TAC) CIN during extended filgrastim administration in breast cancer patients., Methods: Patients were selected among breast cancer in-patients who fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Patient characteristics data and ANC were collected. The entire patients received 5μg/kg/day filgrastim by subcutaneous injection 24 hours post-chemotherapy. ANC was monitored daily and filgrastim administration was stopped when ANC reached >10000/mm3 or 14 days of administration. Kruskall-Wallis test and Spearman Correlation test was performed to analyze ANC dynamics and CIN-related factors., Results: This study included 42 breast cancer patients. Patient age median was 52 (31-70) years old. ANC nadir could be observed around 5-7 days after chemotherapy and FN occurred in two out of 38 grade 4 neutropenia patients (4.8%). Critical ANC lasted for 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days respectively in 9 (23.7%), 25 (65.8%) and 4 (10.5%) patients. There was no correlation between neutropenia and age. ANC slope and recovery duration did not show a significant difference. However, depth of nadir is inversely correlated with the duration of ANC recovery (>10000/mm3) and the duration during the peak on the 2nd day until reaching nadir both with fair strength, r = -0.489 and r = -0.438 (p <0.05), respectively. No sepsis incidence had manifested., Conclusion: CIN still occured in breast cancer patient receiving filgrastim primary prophylaxis regardless of age and neutropenia severity. Nadir as the lowest point of ANC should be noted as a pivotal milestone for ANC slope and recovery evaluation.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the role of high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) as a complementary tool for determining cardiotoxicity in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients receiving cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) regimen chemotherapy. Methods: We included 35 patients diagnosed with NHL who received CHOP chemotherapy. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and hsTnT were measured at two time points: before the first cycle (pre-test) and after the fourth cycle (post-test). The LVEF and hsTnT were analysed using IBM SPSS version 24 through the paired-sample T-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Pearson's correlation and Spearman's correlation. Results: There was a significant difference in both LVEF and hsTnT between pre-chemotherapy and post-4th chemotherapy cycles ( P = 0.001). However, more contrast difference from the baseline value of hsTnT compared to LVEF could be observed. LVEF did not detect any deterioration in myocardial function. However, 10 out of 35 subjects exhibit hsTnT higher than the 99th percentile of the population (>14 pg/ml), suggesting that myocardial injury (MI) could be detected. There was no correlation between LVEF and hsTnT ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: HsTnT, together with LVEF, could complement each other and offer better coverage for detecting cardiotoxicity during the administration of CHOP in NHL patients. An insignificant correlation between hsTnT and LVEF showed that cardiotoxicity existed in a broad spectrum including cellular damage and functional impairment, as hsTnT represents cellular damage, and LVEF reflects heart functional capacity., (©2022 The Authors.)

Background: An immunoinformatic approach may be useful to investigate the conserved region in the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Indonesia isolates. The aim of this study was to investigate Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates based on B cell epitopes by targeting the conserved regions in the spike glycoprotein to trigger increased multi-variant virus neutralization and memory response for the development of vaccine seed candidates. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein gene sequences originating from Indonesia were compared with Wuhan (China), the United Kingdom, South Africa, India, the United States, and Brazil isolates obtained from the NCBI and GISAID databases. The recognition of antigens was carried out directly using B cells through the B cell receptor (BCR). An indirect B cell activation by Cluster of Differentiation (CD)4+ T cells and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II was predicted through the binding with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) based on IC 50 value. In addition, vaccine allergenicity and toxicity were investigated. During the molecular complex examination, the 3D peptide structure was investigated and the lowest amount of energy formed when the vaccine candidate peptide bound to BCR and MHC-II was calculated. Results: As a result, the spike glycoprotein sequences of Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates had conserved regions which were very similar to reference countries such as China, the United Kingdom, South Africa, India, the United States, and Brazil. Conclusion: It was predicted that the conserved regions could be identified as the epitope of B and T CD4+ cells that produced the peptides for vaccine candidate with antigenic, non-allergen, and non-toxic properties., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2021 Rantam FA et al.)

Background:  Incidents of SARS-CoV-2 in East Java increased steadily, and it became the second epicenter in Indonesia. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a dire multisectoral crisis all around the world. This study investigates and characterizes local isolates from East Java, Indonesia.   Methods:  There were 54 patients suspected with SARS-COV-2 infection and 27 patients were COVID-19 positive. Virus isolates were obtained from COVID-19 inpatients' nasopharyngeal swabs at the Dr Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Surabaya. There were only three isolates (#6, #11, #35) with good growth characteristics. Serial blind passage and cytopathic effect observation in the Vero E6 cell line were performed for virus isolation. Confirmation of the SARS-CoV-2 infection was proven by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions using SARS-CoV-2 specific primers, scanning electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy examination. Whole genome sequencing was performed using ARTIC protocol. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 characterization was identified through a western blot using rabbit serum immunized with inactive SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and human natural COVID-19 infection serum.   Results:  Spike gene analysis of three samples (#6, #11, #35) found that the D614G mutation was detected in all isolates, although one isolate exhibited the D215Y and E484D mutation. Based on whole genome analysis, those three isolates were included in clade 20A, and two isolates were included in lineage B.1.6 with one isolate belongs to lineage B.1.4.7.   Conclusion:  Based on molecular characterization and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 East Java, Indonesia showed high titer and it has mutation in some regions., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2021 Rantam FA et al.)