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Seit mehr als 10 Jahren kann biologische Aktivität durch eine Vielzahl photosensorischer Proteine beeinflusst werden. In diesem als Optogenetik bezeichneten Forschungsgebiet, werden Kationen leitende Kanalrhodopsine (CCRs) als lichtinduzierte neuronale Aktivatoren eingesetzt. Diese Arbeit soll zur Vervollständigung von optogenetischen Werkzeugen durch die Entwicklung Anionen leitender Kanalrhodopsine (ACRs) dienen, um die bestehenden Nachteile mikrobieller lichtgetriebener Ionenpumpen zu überwinden, die bislang zur neuronale Inhibition genutzt wurden. Der Austausch von E90 in C. reinhardtii Kanalrhodopsin 2 (CrChR2) durch positiv geladene Aminosäuren führte zu Entwicklung Chlorid leitender ChRs (ChloCs), die jedoch eine Restkationen-permeabilität aufwiesen. Durch Substitution zweier weiterer negativen Ladungen innerhalb des Ionenpermeationsweges, konnte die Kationenleitung vollständig aufgehoben werden. Parallel wurde durch A. Berndt et al. ein inhibitorisches C1C2 (iC1C2), basierend auf der CrChR1/2 Chimäre entwickelt. Wie auch bei den ChloCs, zeigte iC1C2 verbesserungswürdige biophysikalische Eigenschaften. Mutagenesestudien des Ionenpermeationsweges führten zur Entwicklung der verbesserten Nachfolgervariante iC++. Um ausgehend von weiteren CCRs neuartige ACRs zu entwickeln (eACRs), wurden die zuvor angewandten Mutagenesestrategien auf weitere CCRs übertragen. Zwei neue eACRs, Phobos und Aurora, mit jeweils blau- und rotverschobenen Aktionsspektrum konnten generiert werden. Bistabile eACRs wurden erzeugt, die ein lichtgesteuertes Schalten zwischen offenen und geschlossenen Zuständen ermöglichen. Schlussendlich wurde ein natürlich vorkommendes ACR (nACR) aus Proteomonas sulcata (PsACR1) identifiziert und charakterisiert. Die Maximalaktivität von PsACR1 zählt mit 540 nm zu den am stärksten rotverschobenen unter den nACRs. Elektrophysiologische und spektroskopische Untersuchungen ergaben, dass sich der Photozyklus von PsACR1 signifikant von jenen der CCRs unterscheidet. For more than 10 years, photosensory proteins have developed as powerful tools to manipulate biological activity. In this research field termed optogenetics, cation-conducting channelrhodopsins (CCRs) mainly are utilized as light-induced neural activators. This study aimed at a complementation of the optogenetic tool box by engineering anion-conducting channelrhodopsins (ACRs) to overcome the existing drawbacks of microbial light-driven ion pumps utilized for neural inhibition so far. Replacement of E90 in the cation-conducting C. reinhardtii channelrhodopsin 2 (CrChR2) with positively charged residues reversed the ion selectivity and yielded chloride-conducting ChRs (ChloCs). Applied in neuronal cell culture, ChloCs showed residual cation permeability occasionally leading to excitation instead of the desired inhibition. Further charge elimination within the ion permeation pathway completely abolished cation conduction. In parallel, an inhibitory C1C2 (iC1C2) was developed by A. Berndt et al. based on a CrChR1/2 chimera. Though, iC1C2 displayed unsatisfactory biophysical properties as well. Further mutational modifications of the ion permeation pathway led to the development of the improved successor variant iC++. A systematic transfer of both conversion strategies to other CCRs was conducted to create engineered ACRs (eACRs) with distinct biophysical properties. Two novel eACRs, Phobos and Aurora, with blue- and red-shifted action were obtained. Additionally, step-function mutations greatly enhanced the operational light sensitivity and enabled temporally precise toggling between open and closed states using two different light colors. Finally, a natural ACR (nACR) originating from Proteomonas sulcata (PsACR1) was identified and characterized. With a maximum activation at 540 nm it is one of most red-shifted nACRs. Single turnover electrophysiological measurements and spectroscopic investigations revealed an unusual photocycle compared to that of CCRs.

Automation can vastly reduce the cost of experimental labor and thus facilitate high experimental throughput, but little off-the-shelf hardware for the automation of illumination experiments is commercially available. Here, we use inexpensive open-source electronics to add programmable illumination capabilities to a multimode microplate reader. We deploy this setup to characterize light-triggered phenomena in three different sensory photoreceptors. First, we study the photoactivation of Arabidopsis thaliana phytochrome B by light of different wavelengths. Second, we investigate the dark-state recovery kinetics of the Synechocystis sp. blue-light sensor Slr1694 at multiple temperatures and imidazole concentrations; while the kinetics of the W91F mutant of Slr1694 are strongly accelerated by imidazole, the wild-type protein is hardly affected. Third, we determine the light response of the Beggiatoa sp. photoactivatable adenylate cyclase bPAC in Chinese hamster ovary cells. bPAC is activated by blue light in dose-dependent manner with a half-maximal intensity of 0.58 mW cm−2; intracellular cAMP spikes generated upon bPAC activation decay with a half time of about 5 minutes after light switch-off. Taken together, we present a setup which is easily assembled and which thus offers a facile approach to conducting illumination experiments at high throughput, reproducibility and fidelity.

Information is transmitted between brain regions through the release of neurotransmitters from long-range projecting axons. Understanding how the activity of such long-range connections contributes to behavior requires efficient methods for reversibly manipulating their function. Chemogenetic and optogenetic tools, acting through endogenous G-protein coupled receptor (GPCRs) pathways, can be used to modulate synaptic transmission, but existing tools are limited in sensitivity, spatiotemporal precision, or spectral multiplexing capabilities. Here we systematically evaluated multiple bistable opsins for optogenetic applications and found that the Platynereis dumerilii ciliary opsin ( Pd CO) is an efficient, versatile, light-activated bistable GPCR that can suppress synaptic transmission in mammalian neurons with high temporal precision in-vivo . Pd CO has superior biophysical properties that enable spectral multiplexing with other optogenetic actuators and reporters. We demonstrate that Pd CO can be used to conduct reversible loss-of-function experiments in long-range projections of behaving animals, thereby enabling detailed synapse-specific functional circuit mapping.