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Importance: Assessment of praxis using valid and reliable measures is important for understanding factors affecting occupational participation. Objective: To evaluate evidence of construct validity and internal reliability of data gathered with four newly developed praxis tests. Design: Comparative descriptive design. Setting: Homes, schools, and therapy practices across the United States. Participants: A control group consisting of 163 children without any concerns or diagnoses and a case group of 145 children with sensory integration difficulties, ages 3 to 12 yr. Outcomes and Measures: Rasch analyses to evaluate construct validity, and Student's t tests to evaluate group differences. Results: Total test scores and most item scores conformed to Rasch model expectations. Group differences were significant; the control group scored higher. Internal reliability was strong. Conclusions and Relevance: Findings support the validity and internal reliability of the four praxis tests. What This Article Adds: This study adds to the growing body of evidence for validity and reliability of the Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration® tests. This brief report adds to the growing body of evidence for validity and reliability of the Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration® Praxis tests. Assessment of praxis using valid and reliable measures is important for understanding factors affecting occupational participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Two large randomized trials of regular salmeterol monotherapy in adults with asthma found an increased risk of asthma-related mortality for salmeterol versus placebo or regular salbutamol. There are no similar large trials in children, and the safety of monotherapy with salmeterol or other long-acting beta2-agonists in children with asthma is unclear. Current guidelines recommend that regular long-acting beta2-agonist therapy should be given only in combination with regular inhaled corticosteroids. However, the safety of combination therapy in children with asthma is also unclear. Objectives: We used the paediatric trial results from Cochrane systematic reviews to assess the safety of regular long-acting beta2-agonist therapy, either as monotherapy or as combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids, in children with asthma. Methods: We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in May 2012 for Cochrane reviews relating to the safety of regular formoterol and salmeterol, and ran updated searches for trials for each of the Cochrane reviews. We used odds ratios (ORs) to summarize the direct randomized evidence on safety from trials comparing regular formoterol or regular salmeterol as monotherapy versus placebo and then as combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids versus the same dose of inhaled corticosteroids. We indirectly compared the safety of monotherapy and combination therapy by testing for differences between the pooled ORs for monotherapy and for combination therapy. We used ORs to summarize the direct randomized evidence on safety from trials comparing regular formoterol with regular salmeterol. We also compared the safety of regular formoterol and regular salmeterol indirectly by calculating an OR for the pooled results of trials assessing formoterol and the pooled results of trials assessing salmeterol, and then combined the direct and indirect evidence by calculating an overall OR for this comparison. Results: We identified four Cochrane reviews examining the safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol as either monotherapy or combination therapy. The reviews included 19 trials in children and we found two additional studies on salmeterol combination therapy, for a total of 21 trials in 7318 children. We identified two Cochrane reviews comparing the safety of formoterol with salmeterol, which included a single trial in 156 children. We found a statistically significant increase in the odds of suffering a nonfatal serious adverse event in children on formoterol monotherapy [OR = 2.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27-4.83, I2 = 0%, five trials, N = 1335] and smaller nonsignificant increases in odds for salmeterol monotherapy (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 0.82-2.05, I2 = 17%, five trials, N = 1333), formoterol combination therapy (OR = 1.60; 95% CI = 0.80-3.28, I2 = 32%, seven trials, N = 2788) and salmeterol combination therapy (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 0.37-2.91, I2 = 0%, five trials, N = 1862). There was no significant difference between the pooled ORs of a serious adverse event on monotherapy (OR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.10-2.33, 10 trials, N = 2668) and combination therapy (OR = 1.50; 95% CI = 0.82-2.75, 12 trials, N = 4650). However, there was an absolute increase of 21 children (95% CI = 4-45) suffering a severe adverse event of any cause for every thousand children treated over six months on monotherapy, compared with an absolute increase of three (95% CI = 1 fewer to 12 more) per 1000 children over three months on combination therapy. The evidence comparing the safety of regular salmeterol to regular formoterol was limited, and even when direct and indirect evidence were combined, the CI around the effect on serious adverse events was too wide to tell whether there was a difference in the comparative safety of formoterol and salmeterol (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 0.37-4.32). Only one child died across all the trials, so the impact on mortality could not be assessed. Authors' conclusions: Although regular combination therapy is likely to be safer than monotherapy in children with asthma, the safety of regular combination therapy with formoterol or salmeterol in children remains uncertain, particularly in terms of mortality. The relative safety of formoterol and salmeterol is also unclear. There are currently large ongoing surveillance studies that may clarify the risks of combination therapy in children and adolescents with asthma. Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Assessment of praxis using valid and reliable measures is important for understanding factors affecting occupational participation., Objective: To evaluate evidence of construct validity and internal reliability of data gathered with four newly developed praxis tests., Design: Comparative descriptive design., Setting: Homes, schools, and therapy practices across the United States., Participants: A control group consisting of 163 children without any concerns or diagnoses and a case group of 145 children with sensory integration difficulties, ages 3 to 12 yr., Outcomes and Measures: Rasch analyses to evaluate construct validity, and Student's t tests to evaluate group differences., Results: Total test scores and most item scores conformed to Rasch model expectations. Group differences were significant; the control group scored higher. Internal reliability was strong., Conclusions and Relevance: Findings support the validity and internal reliability of the four praxis tests. What This Article Adds: This study adds to the growing body of evidence for validity and reliability of the Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration® tests., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.)