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Thrombosis is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. The involvement of platelets in the formation of thrombus has been studied extensively. Platelet aggregation inhibition is a promising strategy for the treatment of thrombosis. Artocarpus altilis is a medicinal plant containing 2-geranyl-2',3,4,4'-tetrahydroxydihydrochalcone (GTDC) with antiplatelet activity. A previous study showed that the plant extract and GTDC demonstrated antiplatelet activity in ADP-induced platelet aggregation. However, no data are available regarding its efficacy in platelet aggregation induced by other agonists. In addition, the antithrombotic activity of GTDC is unknown. This study evaluates the antithrombotic activity of GTDC and determines the antiplatelet specificity action of GTDC. Antithrombotic activity assay was done using FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis in rats, whereas the antiplatelet assays were performed in vitro utilizing human platelet induced by several platelet receptor agonists. One-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post-hoc test (p = 95%) in GraphPad Prism 8 software were used to analyze the data statistically. We found that GTDC (30 and 60 mg/kg) demonstrated antithrombotic activity by prolonging occlusion time due to thrombosis. GTDC showed its highest selectivity in the platelet aggregation pathway induced by ADP compared with thrombin, arachidonic acid, and epinephrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wound healing process goes through a series of complex stages that are mutually continuous, namely inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. Following wound formation and the release of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors, inflammation occurs immediately after the hemostasis phase. Proliferation occurs when products processed by the growth factors are present. The final stage, maturation, is portrayed by the plan of the extracellular network. This study utilized oil from avocado fruit (Persea americana), which contains linoleic and oleic acid content that supports skin tissue repair. The study aimed to explore the effects of using avocado oil cream on the area of wound healing, the number of inflammatory cells, and the collagen density. Twenty-four female mice, aged eight weeks, were used as experimental animals by making excision wounds using a 4 mm biopsy punch on the dorsal skin on the left and right sides. The mice were divided into four groups based on the percentage of avocado oil in the topical cream included Group K (control, topical cream without avocado oil), Group P1 (5% topical avocado oil cream), Group P2 (10% topical avocado oil cream), and Group P3 (15% topical avocado oil cream). Macroscopic examination of the wounds was conducted daily on days 3, 6, and 9 after topical cream treatment using a digital caliper. A total of 48 skin tissue samples were collected from days 3, 6, and 9 after cream application, which were then processed for histopathology evaluations using hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson’s Trichrome staining. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to count the inflammatory cells, and Masson's Trichrome staining was employed to assess collagen density. The results revealed that avocado oil had a great impact on wound closure after 9 days of 15% avocado oil cream treatment, reducing the inflammatory cells after 3-6 days of 10% avocado oil cream therapy, and increasing collagen density after 9 days of 15% avocado oil cream application, as compared to the control, non-avocado oil cream group. Avocado oil can help close wounds, reduced the number of inflammatory cells, and increased collagen density when used in topical pharmaceutical formulations. Avocado oil cream may, therefore, be considered a viable option for wound repair treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify and characterize receptor binding sites (RBS) and antigenic sites (HVR-I and II) of the S1 gene fragment of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolated and propagated from commercial chickens in Java Region to monitor recent circulating virus. The samples in this study were the organs which indicated infectious bronchitis infection. The stages of this research consisted of making virus suspensions, isolation, and propagation, as well as molecular detection and characterization of viruses. Virus isolation and propagation were carried out on chicken embryonated eggs aged 11 days via the allantoic route. Culture confirmation was performed by RT-PCR of the S1 gene fragment, followed by sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The 168-hour propagation was observed in both dwarfed and curled embryos of two isolates from 11 isolates detected as IBV-positive. Phylogenetic tree construction resulted in all isolates being grouped as GI-19 genotype (QX-like). Amino acid identity among QX-like strains was calculated at 87-100%. A total of 210 predicted amino acid residues were observed, including 31 substitutions and 2 deletions. Conclusions of this study were identified and characterized as GI-19 genotype (QX-like) IBV with amino acid changes on S1 fragment from breeder, broiler, and layer chickens in Java Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an important viral disease that impacts poultry productivity, according to many studies. The main important infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) protein, spike glycoprotein subunit 1 (S1), plays a role in pathogenicity and immunogenicity. Conventional molecular detection and analysis of the S1 gene still face many challenges due to its hypervariability. In Indonesia, there were only a few reports on partial S1 gene analysis of IBVs; thus far, there have been no phylogenetic or in-silico approaches to their S1 complete gene. This study aims to reveal molecular pathogenicity and immunogenicity features on the S1 complete gene of IBVs from Indonesia. We analyzed fourteen IBV isolates using conventional RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing and then aligned their verified S1 complete sequences with other Indonesian GI-19 IBVs from Genbank for molecular phylogenetic and in-silico analysis. Phylogenetic analysis consisted of amino acid polymorphism and identity, as well as phylogenetic tree construction. As part of the in-silico analysis, we used proteins that have homology and immunoinformatic predictions (B-cell epitope and N-glycosylation). Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed the division of the Indonesian GI-19 IBVs into two distinct groups. These groups had different amino acid variations at receptor binding sites, hypervariable antigenic sites, and cleavage sites. We also calculated the amino acid identity at 95.4-98.3%. In-silico studies revealed significant similarities in B-cell epitopes, distinct N-glycosylation sites, and the suggestion of a homotrimer protein structure. We found that the S1 full gene of two different groups of GI-19 IBVs (QX strain) from Indonesia predicted changes in their pathogenicity and immunogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is an organotin compound which neurotoxic at limbus system and hippocampus in human and animal. Pathology changes that caused by the induction of TMT is a neurodegenerative disorder such as nerve cell death and cognitive impairment. This study was aimed to observe brain pathology induced by TMT with multiple doses for 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Twenty seven of Wistar rats, at 2 months of age with weight ranging between 200-300 grams were used and divided randomly into 3 groups (n=9). Group I were injected by trimetyiltin with a dose of 6 mg / kg, group II were injected by trimetyltin with a dose of 8 mg / kg and group III as control without injection. Observation of brain pathology was done by euthanasia on day 14, 21 and 28 after treatment, three rats each. Cortex and hippocampus of the brain were observed using Hematoxilin and Eosin staining (HE). All of the research procedure was done with the approval and supervision of Animal Ethics Committee LPPT UGM No. 300/KEC-LPPT/VII/2015. The observation of histopathology of the brain's neuron cells injected by trimetyltin dose of 6 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg body weight was showed increasing cell death of brain neurons in the cortex and hippocampus compared to the control group. The highest cell death was on day 14 in the hippocampus and cortex cerebral on day 21after TMT injection. The neuron cell death characterized by the shrink of brain neurons as well as colored eosinophilic cytoplasm. One way ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant difference number of neurons cell death between control and treatment groups. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the trimetyltin injection dose of 6 mg / kg and 8 mg / kg of body weight caused neuron cell death in the brain rats from fourteen day after treatment, especially in the hippocampus and cortex.

Carrageenan is a sulfated polysaccharide obtained from red seaweed (Rhodophyceae) and can trigger inflammatory activation in both humans and laboratory animals. This study aimed to investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the number of inflammatory cells (neutrophil) involved in a carrageenan-induced acute inflammatory model in the back skin of mice. Paraffin blocks from the back skin of female Swiss mice aged 8 weeks were used in this study. The back-skins of 4 groups of 5 mice in each group were subcutaneously injected with 1%, 2%, and 4% carrageenan powder in 0.9% buffer saline and 0.9% buffer saline as control. Skin samples on paraffin blocks were taken 6 hours after carrageenan injection. Furthermore, paraffin blocks were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) to count the number of inflammatory cells. Immunohistochemistry staining using anti-COX-2, COX-1, and IL-6 antibodies was performed to determine the role of inflammatory mediators. The results showed that the number of inflammatory cells (neutrophils) increased significantly following an increase in carrageenan concentrations. The COX-2, COX-1, and IL-6 expressed by inflammatory cells increased significantly at carrageenan concentrations of 1% to 4%. Histopathological features supported the results obtained from the calculation of the number of inflammatory cells and the expression of COX-2, COX-1, and IL-6. The inflammatory markers consisting of COX-2, COX-1, and IL-6 were expressed on the back skin of mice at 6 hours post-injection with 1% to 4% carrageenan. It can be concluded that carrageenan can be used for an acute inflammatory model of the back skin of a mouse. This inflammation model is intended to facilitate the evaluation or measurement of therapeutic and inflammatory responses when test substances are administered topically or transdermal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of freshwater farming in the Special Region of Yogyakarta is very high. Infectious and non-infectious diseases can cause significant economic losses. The main problem of infectious disease is caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. This study was conducted to identify diseases that attack freshwater fish using data analysis on fish disease cases in the Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UGM in 2019. A total of 239 cases of fish diseases were examined by the Laboratory Diagnostic Co-assistance students in 2019 from the Special Region of Yogyakarta which includes Sleman district, Kulonprogo district, Yogyakarta City, Bantul district and Gunungkidul district. Based on data analysis, it showed that the highest fish sample was tilapia (52%), came from Sleman Regency (94%). The highest disease infection was caused by bacterial infections (54%) followed by parasite infections (35%). Macroscopic changes were observed in the liver (25%), skin (19%). and gills (26%). These changes included a yellow swollen liver, ulcer in the skin, fragile consistency and nodules in the surface of kidneys, attachment lamella and necrosis of gill lamellas. The parasite identification resulted in following parasite taxa/species Dactylogyrus., Trichodina sp., Gyrodactylus sp. and Ichtyopthirius sp. in the Parasitology Laboratory. The histopathological changes were identified using the the Hematoxillin & Eosin st aining technique, the organs showed dermatitis (18%), hepatitis (27%) and branchitis (23%). It can be concluded that in this research the highest cases of freshwater fish disease in Yogyakarta Special Region were caused by bacterial infections of tilapia from the Sleman district.

(+)-2,2’Epicytoskyrin A (EpiA) is a secondary metabolite derived from an endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. associated with the Gambier plant. EpiA has been reported to possess anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. In a mouse model, EpiA was also shown to low oral toxicity. Until now, there is no negative effect of EpiA reported yet. This study aimed to study the subchronic toxicity of this component in mice. This study used 60 male mice (Mus musculus) which were divided into four groups of treatments. Parameters that were analyzed were body weight, food consumption, blood chemicals, and histology. The results showed no significant difference in body weight gain and food consumption in all groups. Blood chemicals analysis showed increasing AST and ALT in dosage 12.5 mg/kg BW groups at day 90. Histological changes showed fatty degeneration and hydropic degeneration in the liver and mild inflammation in the kidney. No irreversible toxic effect of this component. So it can be beneficial for plant-based drug discovery. On the other hand, this study provides information about the safety of the development of EpiA as a drug candidate.

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This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Chemoprevention Curcumin Analog-1.1 (CCA-1.1) and Pentagamavunone-1 (PGV-1) in vivo and in vitro in colorectal cancer model. CCA-1.1 or PGV-1 was administered orally to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced rats for 16 weeks. The cytotoxicity of both compounds was tested on Caco-2, CT26, and NIH/3T3 cells using the MTT method. The cell cycle, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed through flow cytometry. X-gal staining was used to examine the compound's effect on senescence. Oral co-administration of CCA-1.1 or PGV-1 significantly suppressed the carcinogenic characteristics and symptoms of premalignant colon cancer relative to DMH-only and untreated groups. CCA-1.1 and PGV-1 administration did not affect the blood profile. CCA-1.1 and PGV-1 demonstrated great cytotoxicity on Caco-2 and CT26 cells, with 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 4.3 ± 0.2 and 3.1 ± 0.1 μM for CCA-1.1 and 11.2 ± 1.1 and 4.8 ± 0.1 μM for PGV-1, respectively, while not toxic against fibroblast cells. Both compounds instigated G2/M arrest and efficiently induced cell senescence and apoptosis. Moreover, these analogs selectively elevated oxidative stress in colon cancer cells without inducing noticeable changes in fibroblasts. In conclusion, PGV-1 and CCA-1.1 suppressed colorectal tumor formation and induced mitotic arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]