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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an essential food crop for more than 750 million people in tropical and sub-tropical dry climates of Africa, India, and Latin America. The domestic sorghum market in Indonesia is still limited to the eastern region (East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, Java, and South Sulawesi). Therefore, it is crucial to carry out sorghum research on drylands. This research aimed to investigate the effect of sorghum genotype and planting distance and their interaction toward growth and sorghum’s productivity in the Gunungkidul dryland, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In addition, the farm business analysis, including the feasibility of sorghum farming, was also examined. The research used a randomized complete block design (RCBD), arranged in a 5 × 4 factorial with 3 replicates. The first treatment consisted of 5 varieties (2 high-yielding varieties (Bioguma 1 and Kawali) and 3 local sorghum varieties (Plonco, Ketan Merah, and Hitam Wareng)). The second treatment consisted of 4 levels of planting distance, namely 50 × 20 cm, 60 × 20 cm, 70 × 15 cm, and 70 × 20 × 20 cm. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data, where Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) was used post hoc. Plant height, panicle height, panicle width, panicle weight, stover weight, grains weight/plot, and productivity were significantly affected by sorghum varieties (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant effect from the planting distance treatment and no interaction between planting distance and varietal treatments. Ketan Merah had the highest height, panicle length, and panicle width, while Bioguma 1 had the highest stover weight, panicle weight, grain weight/plot, and productivity. There was a significant linear regression equation, i.e., productivity = 0.0054– 0.0003 panicle height + 0.4163 grains weight/plot. Our findings on farm business analysis suggested that four out of five tested sorghum varieties were feasible to grow, except for the Ketan Merah variety. The most economically profitable sorghum variety to grow in Gunungkidul dryland was Bioguma 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine effect of local feed on the production and quality of duck eggs in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. This study was conducted in Juli 2020 in Dompak Village, Tanjungpinang City. The material of research were Mojosari duck ages 38-48 weeks and local feed (feed A, B and C). This study used a non-experimental design using a survey method. Sampling using purposive sampling method. The parameter measured were egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk color and egg production. The data obtained were then compared to the average using the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the ration A treatment was not significantly different from ration B (P>0,05) but both were significantly different from ration C (P0,05). The highest duck egg production was obtained from ration B, which was 80 eggs per day. The conclusion of this study is that the treatment of local feed-based rations can affect the physical quality of Mojosari duck egg.

The existing cultivation pattern of chilli pepper in Riau Islands is unable to fulfilled all market demands. Dissemination of double production (Produksi Lipat Ganda or Proliga) technology was an effort to increase chilli pepper production in Riau Islands. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of chilli pepper farming with Proliga technology application. This research was conducted in Mei 2019 until April 2020 at Maju Mandiri Farmer Group, Setokok Village, Bulang District, Batam City. The primary data obtained from interviews, and the secondary data obtained from related agencies. Data analysis was carried out by calculating costs, revenues, income, and farming efficiency. Based on analysis results, it can be concluded that chilli pepper farming with Proliga technology generates an income of IDR 699,000,000, and the cost incurred in one planting season (12 months) reached IDR 213,193,500. Therefore, the income obtained by farmers is IDR 485,806,500 / hectare. This chilli pepper farming is considered efficient and profitable for farmers, as indicated by the R/C ratio value of 3.27.

Sorghum is uniquely adapted to dryland and used by the Indonesian government to optimize the utilization of dryland and increase farmers' incomes. The objective of this study was to analyze the contribution of sorghum to increasing income and the level of welfare of dryland farmer households in Wonogiri, Central Java, Indonesia. The study was conducted from October to December 2022 using a survey method through direct interviews with purposively selected sorghum-growing farmers. A set of questions included household income and expenditure. The average total income and expenditure indicators, poverty line figures, RMW, and ERFHI were used to measure the welfare level of farmer households. The study found that the income derived from sorghum contributes 22.87% to total household income and tends to increase household income by 29.65%. According to the average total income earned, farming households were in a prosperous condition. This can be seen from the total income, which is higher than the total expenditure, the average per capita income higher than the poverty line, the average total income higher than RMW, and the value of ERFHI at 1.25. Income derived from sorghum has increased by 21.43–56.00% from less prosperous households to prosperous ones. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the existing literature on sorghum development and farmers' income and to be a reference for policy makers in formulating poverty alleviation programs and improving the welfare of farmer households, as well as expanding sorghum development by optimizing the utilization of agroecological, economic and social resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of using virtual reality-based learning in learning social studies for junior high school students. Methodology: The population of this study amounted to 288 students of SMPN 137 grade VII in the 2022/2023 school year in Cempaka Putih, Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Sampling was carried out by simple random sampling technique, using the Slovin formula to obtain a sample size of 160 seventhgrade junior high school students. This study used an experimental research method with a one-group pretestposttest. In addition, the researcher used the paired sample t-test to test the hypothesis and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov t-test to test normality in this study. Findings The results of the independent samples test show that the significance value with 2-tailed is 0.000 < 0.05; then, as the basis for decision-making in the independent sample T-test, it can be concluded that H0 is rejected, and Ha is accepted. Thus, there is a significant difference between the average student learning outcomes in the experimental and control groups. In other words, applying the treatment was given to the experimental group, and no treatment to the control group resulted in different learning outcomes towards social studies learning. Implications to Research and Practice This research contributes to improving 21st-century competencies facing Industrial revolution 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum is an important food crop commodity in the midst of climate change conditions and the threat of a global food crisis. Sorghum, which has an adaptive advantage to all land conditions, is suitable for use as a food substitute for rice and wheat. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic value, farmers' perceptions, and specific strategies for developing sorghum in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research was conducted in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java, and Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta from September to November 2022. The research was carried out through the observation of 120 respondents with indicators of farming characteristics and farmers' perceptions of sorghum development, as well as focus group discussions (FGD) and depth interviews with indicators of internal and external factors for sorghum development. The analysis used is benefit cost (BC) to evaluate the economic value of sorghum farming, the Likert scale to determine farmers' perceptions of sorghum, and Strength Weak Opportunity Threat (SWOT) to determine specific strategies for developing sorghum. The results showed that sorghum farming is feasible to develop in Wonogiri Central Java and Gunungkidul Yogyakarta because it provides a profit value greater than production costs with a BCR value of >1. The perception of farmers in Central Java regarding the development of sorghum is included in the very good category with an average value of 3.31, and the perception of farmers in Yogyakarta is included in the good category with an average value of 2.55. The operational policy strategy for developing sorghum in Wonogiri Central Java and Gunungkidul Yogyakarta is an expansion strategy (S-O). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]