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Spontaneous dissection of the iliac artery is very rare but known as a complication of high-energy traumatic injuries and has been reported in connection with pregnancy, collagen diseases, and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. The authors report a 42-year-old man with an acute dissection of the common iliac artery during exercise. Groin pain and claudication were the early symptoms. Computerized angiotomography was diagnostic. Operative iliac artery reconstruction was performed. A prerelease control computed tomography examination showed a dissection of the distal aorta and left iliac artery. To their knowledge, the combination of the 2 dissections has not been previously published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Different graft materials have been proposed for in situ reconstruction in the setting of vascular graft infection (VGI). We analyzed the long-term outcomes after in situ aortoiliac reconstruction with cryopreserved allografts., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone in situ aortoiliac reconstruction with cryopreserved arterial allografts for VGI from 2000 to 2015. The end points were the perioperative and long-term mortality and graft-related complications, including stenosis, occlusion, pseudoaneurysm, and reinfection., Results: A total of 33 patients (91% male) with a median age of 67 years (range, 53-83 years) had undergone in situ aortoiliac reconstruction with cryopreserved allografts. The 30-day mortality was 6% (n = 2); both deaths were related to the allograft (one early allograft-enteric fistula and one graft rupture). Another two patients had experienced early (≤30 days) graft-related events (one allograft-enteric fistula and one graft limb occlusion), for an early graft-related complication rate of 12% (n = 4). Of the 31 discharged patients, 13 (42%) had died after a median of 47 months (range, 2-97 months). The median follow-up for the 18 remaining patients was 96 months (range, 10-146 months). The estimated survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 88%, 81%, and 66%, respectively. Nine patients (29%) had experienced at least one of the following graft-related events during follow-up, including graft stenosis requiring intervention in five (16%), graft occlusion in four (13%), pseudoaneurysm in three (10%), and reinfection in two patients (6%). The estimated freedom from any first graft-related event at 1, 3, and 5 years was 78%, 71%, and 62%, respectively. The estimated primary patency and primary assisted patency at 1 and 3 years was 87% and 79%, and 90% and 83%, respectively., Conclusions: In situ aortoiliac reconstruction with cryopreserved allografts to treat VGI was associated with relevant perioperative graft-related complications. Although the reinfection rate was acceptable, other graft-related complications were frequent in the long term, in particular, graft occlusion and stenosis., (Copyright © 2020 Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: In order for Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) and Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) to actually have a positive effect on trainees' learning, the way in which the tools are implemented is of key importance. However, there are many factors influencing their implementation. In this study, we aim to develop a comprehensive model of such factors. Methods: Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, we performed eight focus groups. Participants were postgraduate trainees and supervisors from three different specialties; all were experienced with Mini-CEX and/or DOPS. Data were analyzed for recurring themes, underlying concepts and their interactions using constant comparison. Results: We developed a model demonstrating how the implementation of Mini-CEX and DOPS for trainees' learning is influenced by 13 factors relating to four categories: organizational culture (e.g. value of teaching and feedback), work structure (e.g. time for Mini-CEX and DOPS, faculty development), instruments (e.g. content of assessment), and users (e.g. relationship between trainees and supervisors), and their interaction. Conclusions: We developed a complex model of influencing factors relating to four categories. Consideration of this model might support successful implementation and trainees' learning with Mini-CEX and DOPS.

Introduction: In Switzerland, the outcome of vascular access creation in the 4500 current dialysis patients is unknown, mainly because there is no prospective registry for patients undergoing vascular access surgery for renal replacement therapy. The aim of the study was to assess the quality of vascular access creation and to compare it with the current literature and guidelines, in order to define strategies to improve clinical outcome., Methods: Retrospective single-centre study in a tertiary referral centre. All consecutive patients over 18 years of age undergoing primary vascular access creation between January 2013 and December 2014 were included. Follow-up data for at least 12 months were collected., Results: During the study period, 365 patients had a surgical intervention for renal replacement therapy. A primary vascular access was created in 74 patients (20%), who were further analysed in our study: 63 (85%) had an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and 11 (15%) an arteriovenous graft (AVG). The intervention-free survival (primary patency rate) of the primary vascular access at 1 year was 46% (95% confidence interval [CI] 33-58%) for AVF and 30% (95% CI 7-58%) for AVG, with a secondary patency rate at 1 year of 75% (95% CI 63-84%) for AVF and 50% (95% CI 18-75%) for AVG. Twenty-seven patients (36%) with primary vascular access underwent central venous catheter (CVC) placement (tunnelled or non-tunnelled) before the access creation. Thirty-seven (50%) patients had their first dialysis through a CVC. Thirty-one patients (42%) never received a CVC., Conclusions: The primary patency of vascular access was unexpectedly low, and the number of CVC requests unexpectedly high. In light of this, we consider it essential that centres creating vascular access should register their activities and compare their outcomes with current guidelines to check and improve clinical management. To facilitate this, there is an initiative starting in 2018 encouraging all Swiss vascular surgeons to provide data on vascular access interventions, including 1-year follow-up, in the national online registry "SwissVasc 2.0".

Operating room (OR) team safety training and learning in the field of dialysis access is well suited for the use of simulators, simulated case learning and root cause analysis of adverse outcomes. The objectives of OR team training are to improve communication and leadership skills, to use checklists and to prevent errors. Other objectives are to promote a change in the attitudes towards vascular access from learning through mistakes in a nonpunitive environment, to positively impact the employee performance and to increase staff retention by making the workplace safer, more efficient and user friendly., (© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel)

In the last years, simulation training has become widespread in different areas of medicine due to social expectations, political accountability and professional regulation. Different types of simulators allow to improve knowledge, skills, communication and team behavior. Simulation sessions have been proven to shorten the learning curve and allow education in a safe environment. Patients on dialysis are an expanding group. They often suffer from several comorbidities and need complex surgical procedures with regard to their dialysis access. Therefore, education in evidence-based algorithms is as important as teaching of practical skills. In this chapter, we are presenting an overview of available dialysis access training modalities. We are convinced that simulation will become more important in the near future and has a substantial impact on strategies to improve aspects of patient safety., (© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Rapidly growing technical developments and working time constraints call for changes in trainee formation. In reality, trainees spend fewer hours in the hospital and face more difficulties in acquiring the required qualifications in order to work independently as a specialist. Simulation-based training is a potential solution. It offers the possibility to learn basic technical skills, repeatedly perform key steps in procedures and simulate challenging scenarios in team training. Patients are not at risk and learning curves can be shortened. Advanced learners are able to train rare complications. Senior faculty member's presence is key to assess and debrief effective simulation training. In the field of vascular access surgery, simulation models are available for open as well as endovascular procedures. In this narrative review, we describe the theory of simulation, present simulation models in vascular (access) surgery, discuss the possible benefits for patient safety and the difficulties of implementing simulation in training.

Today, a growing activity to improve patient safety in all domains of medicine is reality. This chapter deals with patient safety research in general, but is also about strategies to implement this evidence in the daily clinical work treating patients on dialysis. Good clinical research practice has been well established for some years. In the domain of dialysis access, further basic, clinical, epidemiological and health service research will be important to further improve patient safety as a whole., (© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel)

For more than 15 years, patient safety has been an issue in different domains of medicine. There is evidence for this subject and also a great need for information. First, we should be familiar with the basic terminology such as the relationship between adverse events and errors, and understand the variations of error. In patient management, besides skills and knowledge (evidence-based medicine), the ability (competence) of healthcare professionals to act and react in unexpected situations is key to prevent and treat adverse events. Not only healthcare professionals should be involved in the process but also healthy people in a way that they understand and patients in a way that they are actively involved. This paper will show how a more general view of patient safety can and should be implemented in the daily work of caregivers dealing with dialysis access in different aspects. A key factor to advance in this subject is to be open-minded and sensualized for this topic. The reader should get an idea of how an institution can create a culture of safety.

Morbidity and mortality are significant in hemodialysis patients, and every vascular access (VA) is prone to complications - some more, some less. The risk of complications rises from arteriovenous fistulae to arteriovenous grafts and peaks in nontunneled central lines. Strategies to achieve complete evaluation of the patient and precise planning mark the start of successful VA creation. Furthermore, preoperative considerations include safety checklists, team time-out procedures, and antibiotic prophylaxis. Intraoperative technical features and postoperative aspects of documentation and surveillance schemes complete careful and safe VA creation., (© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate a new surgical concept for the treatment of graft infections after operation or endovascular treatment of thoracic, thoracoabdominal, and abdominal aortic diseases., Methods: Between 2004 and 2011, 15 patients (mean age 72 ± 10 years, 87% men) with prosthetic graft or endovascular graft infection were treated with complete removal of the infected prosthetic material, extensive debridement of the surrounding tissues, and orthotopic vascular reconstruction with self-made xenopericardial tube grafts constructed from a patch. Perioperative and long-term outcomes were evaluated., Results: Perioperative mortality was 27% (n = 4). All deaths were due to multiorgan failure resulting from uncontrolled septicemia from the local infectious process. Mean observational follow-up was 24 months (5 to 83 months). Control computed tomographic scans showed normal findings at the operative site in all patients. Antibiotic treatment was continued for a mean of 6 months. Freedom from reinfection was 100%. Freedom from reoperation was also 100%., Conclusions: Treatment of graft infections after operation or endovascular treatment of thoracic, thoracoabdominal, and abdominal aortic diseases by complete removal of the infected prosthetic material and extensive debridement as well as orthotopic vascular reconstruction using self-made xenopericardial tube grafts as neoaortic segments provides excellent results with regard to durability and freedom from reinfection and reoperation. This new concept is an additional alternative to cryopreserved homografts that extends the armamentarium for treating patients with these highly complex conditions., (Copyright © 2011 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine whether advanced age was independently associated with prohibitive surgical risks or impaired long-term prognosis after ruptured aortic aneurysm repair., Design: Post-hoc analysis of prospective cohort., Materials: Consecutive patients undergoing ruptured aneurysm repair between January 2001 and December 2010 at a tertiary referral centre., Methods: Surgical mortality (i.e., <30 days) was compared between octogenarians and younger patients using logistic regression modelling to adjust for suspected confounders and to identify prognostic factors. Long-term survival was compared with matched national populations., Results: Sixty of 248 involved patients were octogenarians (24%) and almost all were offered open repair (n = 237). Surgical mortality of octogenarians was 26.7% (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.9-5.2) and confounded by cardiac disease. Hypovolaemic shock predicted perioperative death of octogenarians best (OR 5.1; 95%CI, 1.1-23.4; P = 0.037). After successful repair, annual mortality of octogenarians averaged 13.7% vs. 5.2% for younger patients. At 2 years, octogenarian survival was at 94% of the expected 'normal' survival in the general population (vs. 96% for younger patients)., Conclusions: Surgical mortality of ruptured aneurysm repair was not independently related to advanced age but mainly driven by cardiac disease and manifest hypovolaemic shock. An almost normal long-term prognosis of aged patients after successful repair justifies even attempts of open repair, particularly in carefully selected patients., (Copyright © 2011 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Treatment of dialysis access-related hand ischaemia with preservation of the access remains an issue. We report the case of a patient presenting critical hand ischaemia 2 years after proximalisation of a distal radio-cephalic fistula with preservation of the original access. After valvulotomy, the distal cephalic vein was used as in situ bypass and directly anastomosed to the distal brachial artery, providing a direct flow to the hand. This procedure relieved the hand ischaemia without sacrificing the functioning fistula. Six months later, the fistula and bypass were still patent, showing that flow reversal of a previous fistula can be an efficient strategy to correct dialysis access-related hand ischaemia in selected cases., (Copyright © 2011 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Surgery offers several options in prevention of chronic venous insufficiency and its sequelae. Both the operation on veins with valve dysfunction to reduce reflux and the elimination of obstruction in thrombosed veins aim for the reduction of venous hypertension. Elevated venous pressure, impairment of cutaneous capillaries and a chronic inflammatory process result in sclerosis of skin and subcutaneous tissue and might proceed to the fascia resulting in a chronic compartment syndrome. Non- healing chronic venous ulcers under conservative therapy for more than three months may be treated by vein-surgery, local wound care therapy like shaving and negative pressure treatment and if necessary by lowering of elevated intracompartimental pressure by fasciotomy or even fasciectomy.

Background and Aims: Two thirds of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) have relevant coronary artery disease (CAD). AAAs are prevalent in up to 16% of smokers with CAD. General screening of AAA is controversial. Aim was to assess the potential of finding AAA prior to rupture among patients with known CAD. Main endpoint was whether AAA could have been found during follow-up by sonography or at other time of cardiovascular evaluation., Material and Methods: Retrospective study. 213 consecutive, formerly unknown emergently operated AAAs, treated emergently for symptoms (n = 91) or rupture (n = 122) (rAAA) between January 1998 and June 2005. Patient charts were analysed and primary care physicians contacted., Results: At presentation, mean age was 71 (+/-9) years, twenty (9%) were female. AAA had a mean diameter of 7.6 cm. Two thirds (143) were clinically obese (BMI 27 +/-5). 137 (64%) were active smokers, 32 (15%) had diabetes, 151 (71%) were hypertensive, and 80 (38%) received statin treatment. CAD had been diagnosed in 95 (45%) 9 years earlier and followed up. Thirty-five (16%) had had myocardial infarction. Echocardiography had been performed in 52 (24%). Thirty day mortality after open surgery was 25 (21%)., Conclusion: All patients with rAAA had been seen by a GP or cardiologist within a year prior to presentation. The cost effectiveness of selective AAA screening should be evaluated in a larger study.

Cystic adventitial degeneration is a rare non-atherosclerotic cause of peripheral arterial occlusive disease, mainly seen in young men without other evidence of vascular disease. Diagnosis will be established by clinical findings and by ultrasound or angiography and can be treated by excision or enucleation of the affected arterial segment or by percutaneous ultrasound-guided aspiration. However, the etiology of adventitial cysts remains unknown. We report a case of cystic adventitial degeneration showing a connection between the joint capsule and the adventitial cyst, supporting the theory that cystic adventitial degeneration may represent ectopic ganglia from adjacent joint capsules.

Background: Aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA) and generalized arteriomegaly., Patients and Methods: In this consecutive serie, thirty-three patients (1 woman, mean age 69.7 +/- 9.6 years) undergoing PAA repair between 1996 and 2000 agreed to participate in a duplex screening program to assess the diameters of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, common and external iliac, common and superficial femoral and contralateral popliteal arteries as well as common carotid and brachial arteries., Results: The prevalence of arteriomegaly and aneurysmal disease, respectively, was as follows: abdominal aorta 15/33 (45.5%) and 8/33 (24.2%), common iliac artery 34/66 (51.5%) and 23/66 (34.8%), common femoral artery 55/66 (83.3%) and 7/66 (10.6%) as well as contralateral popliteal artery 7/33 (21.2%) 15/33 (45.5%). Significantly larger carotid artery diameters were found comparing PAA patients with age- and body surface adjusted healthy controls (p < 0.001). Furthermore, patients with multiple peripheral arterial aneurysms had significantly larger diameters of the brachial (p < 0.02) and external iliac (p < 0.005)., Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis of a diathesis for a generalized arteriomegaly with a predilection for further aneurysms of the abdominal aorta, iliac arteries, femoral and contralateral popliteal arteries in patients with PAA.

Purpose: To report two cases of life-threatening aortic infection after percutaneous endovascular coil embolization prior to endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (EVAR)., Case Report: Two 76-year-old patients were readmitted 5 days and 3 weeks, respectively, after technically successful percutaneous coil embolization of aortic side branches in advance of scheduled EVAR. In the first patient, the right hypogastric artery, the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), and a lumbar artery had been embolized, whereas in the second patient only the right hypogastric artery and the IMA had been occluded. On admission, both patients presented with severe abdominal pain. Investigations revealed acute aortic infection in both patients, combined with substantial AAA enlargement in one. Open surgical infrarenal aortic replacement was performed using homografts, and antibiotic therapy was initiated. After uneventful recovery, both patients were asymptomatic, had intact aortic homografts, and showed no evidence of infection after 12 and 18 months of follow-up, respectively., Conclusion: Endovascular infections are a potentially serious complication following percutaneous coil embolization of major aortic branches. Early diagnosis and dedicated therapy are mandatory. Immediate resection of the infected aorta and replacement with homografts in association with prolonged antibiotic treatment showed good midterm results.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and patency rate of bovine mesenterial vein grafts (BMVG) for vascular access (VA) in hemodialysis patients (HDP), compared to expanded polytetrafluorethylene (ePTFE grafts) over a mid- to long-term period., Methods: Patency and complication rate of 23 consecutive HDP with BMVG for VA were compared to a control group consisting of 23 similar HDP with ePTFE grafts. In both groups, the graft was placed preferably in a forearm loop configuration. The same surgeon performed all procedures. All patients were followed over a period of 4 yrs., Results: Graft placement was successful in all patients. Patency rates did not differ significantly in both groups. However, there were less severe complications in the BMVG group., Conclusion: The BMVG is a viable alternative for HD access in patients where autologous construction is not possible, and should be given priority in patients with a failed ePTFE graft or high risk for infection.

Low cardiac output impairs the hepatic arterial buffer response (HABR). Whether this is due to low abdominal blood flow per se is not known. Dobutamine is commonly used to increase cardiac output, and it may further modify hepatosplanchnic and renal vasoregulation. We assessed the effects of isolated abdominal aortic blood flow changes and dobutamine on hepatosplanchnic and renal blood flow. Twenty-five anesthetized pigs with an abdominal aorto-aortic shunt were randomized to 2 control groups [zero (n = 6) and minimal (n = 6) shunt flow], and 2 groups with 50% reduction of abdominal blood flow and either subsequent increased abdominal blood flow by shunt reduction (n = 6) or dobutamine infusion at 5 and 10 microg kg(-1) min(-1) with constant shunt flow (n = 7). Regional (ultrasound) and local (laser Doppler) intra-abdominal blood flows were measured. The HABR was assessed during acute portal vein occlusion. Sustained low abdominal blood flow, by means of shunt activation, decreased liver, gut, and kidney blood flow similarly and reduced local microcirculatory blood flow in the jejunum. Shunt flow reduction partially restored regional blood flows but not jejunal microcirculatory blood flow. Low-but not high-dose dobutamine increased gut and celiac trunk flow whereas hepatic artery and renal blood flows remained unchanged. Neither intervention altered local blood flows. The HABR was not abolished during sustained low abdominal blood flow despite substantially reduced hepatic arterial blood flow and was not modified by dobutamine. Low-but not high-dose dobutamine redistributes blood flow toward the gut and celiac trunk. The jejunal microcirculatory flow, once impaired, is difficult to restore.

Objectives: This observational study was set up to prospectively follow all bovine heterograft (ProCol) fistulas implanted for hemodialysis access between 1998 and 2002., Methods: ProCol was implanted if autogenous vein was not available or if patients presented with a history of failed, infected or otherwise complicated ePTFE grafts and/or on immunosuppressive therapy. Fistula patency was the primary outcome; secondary outcomes were clinical events and the rate of access revisions., Results: Sixty-two ProCol grafts were implanted in 56 patients. The mean primary (PP) and secondary patency (SP) was 334 (SEM 57) and 528 (SEM 59) days, respectively. Coronary heart disease was associated with a significantly better SP (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.9) whilst diabetes mellitus was associated with a significantly worse SP (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.9). Reinterventions were performed at a mean rate of 1.23 (SEM 0.17) per fistula. The relative risk of access revision was significantly higher in patients with diabetes mellitus (OR 9.2, 95% CI 2.3-37.2)., Conclusions: ProCol grafts, used for AV-fistulas, demonstrate acceptable patency rates in high-risk haemodialysis patients. Diabetes mellitus jeopardizes the patency of these fistulas and is associated with a high revision rate.

Since the first use of vacuum-assisted therapy (V.A.C.) in wound care, the indications of this therapy have rapidly expanded. Vascular surgery presents many types of problematic wounds. In the current cost conscious atmosphere, there is a great demand for simple and effective therapies. The V.A.C. system has a lot of potential in the management of vascular wounds. In this article we present indications for vacuum-assisted therapy in vascular surgery: chronic leg ulcers, mesh skin graft, wound care after fasciotomy for compartment syndrome, problematic inguinal wound, false aneurysms, diabetic foot gangrene and amputations with marginal circulations.

Objectives: Poor results have been reported following infrainguinal reconstructions using heterogenous grafts. The objective of this study was to assess the use of bovine mesenteric vein (ProCol) graft in patients with critical limb ischaemia (CLI), tissue loss/infection and no autologous vein available for reconstruction., Methods: Prospective analysis of 32 patients with CLI and tissue loss/infection, in whom reconstruction with ProCol was undertaken between October 1999 and May 2002., Results: The primary patency rate was 16% at 1 month. After thrombectomy, the secondary patency rate was 50% at 1 month and 26% at 14 months. No graft infections were seen. Aneurysmal dilatation of the graft occurred in 2 (6%). Limb salvage at 14 months was 47%., Conclusion: In patients with critical limb ischaemia, tissue loss/infection and no available vein, the ProCol graft may be an alternative. However, primary patency is a problem. In situations without tissue loss/infection, where the risk of graft infection is less, prosthetic material may be a better alternative.

Background: Aim was to analyze the association between local infection and amputation rate in patients with chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI) with or without successful revascularization., Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 56 consecutive patients with 57 critically ischemic legs seen at the University Hospital Bern. Patients with CLI were selected if ischemic lesions and follow-up of more than 2 months were documented. Infection was suggested when 2 of the following criterion were present: temperature > 37 degrees C, C-reactive protein > 50 mg/L, leukocytes > 10 x 10(3)/microliter ("2 of 3" criterion), or a putrid secretion was documented ("secretion" criterion)., Results: In patients with successful revascularization (n = 39), there was a significant shift from 10.3% major to 33.3% minor amputations (Chi Square p value = 0.014) as compared to patients without or with failed revascularization (n = 18) with 44.4% and 11.1% (Chi Square p value = 0.008), respectively. An infection was suggested in 22 of 53 limbs (41.5%) according to the "2 of 3" criterion, and 30 of 57 limbs (52.6%) satisfying the "secretion" criterion. Both criteria, were significantly more common in patients undergoing amputation as compared to patients without amputation (p = 0.001). Multiple lesions were more common in patients with major amputations (p = 0.026)., Conclusion: Successful revascularization effectively reduces major amputations and leads to healing of ischemic ulcers. Secondary foot infections are frequent. Infections are associated with a significantly higher rate of minor and major amputations, also in patients with successful revascularization, and should be treated adequately as well as in time with antibiotics.

Background and Aims: Femoral artery aneurysms are rare. Their natural history, tendency to embolize or rupture are not well known., Material and Methods: Data of all patients seen 1996-2002 with femoral artery aneurysms at the Swiss Cardiovascular Center were analysed. Nine patients with 13 aneurysms of the common femoral artery (CFA) were identified. Only true aneurysms with a diameter of at least 2.5 cm were included. All patients were male, mean age 70 years (range: 57-85 years). Four patients had bilateral femoral aneurysms. Risk factors included hypertension (9/9), smoking (7/9). One of the aneurysms was palpable in 5/9. Four patients were asymptomatic, 5 had Fontaine class II claudication. Five patients also had an aortic aneurysm (AAA), one a thoracic aneurysm; and 6/9 popliteal aneurysms. In all patients, diagnosis was confirmed with duplex scan. Angiography was performed preoperatively., Results: The aneurysms were operated on electively using aneurysm secclusion and interposition grafting. There were no significant perioperative complications. Median hospital stay was 8 days., Conclusion: CFA aneurysms are rare. They are palpable in nearly half of the cases. They rarely cause thrombotic or embolic complications, but are almost always connected to other aneurysms. Patients with CFA aneurysms should be screened with duplex scan. Operative therapy is straightforward, few complications can be expected. Postoperative follow-up with annual duplex scans is suggested.

We report a case of aorto-iliac occlusion due to descending aortic dissection treated initially with femoro-femoral cross-over bypass and secondarily with unilateral aorto-iliac stenting because of progression of the dissection. A 75-year-old man presented with acute ischemia of the right leg. CT revealed occlusion of the right iliac artery due to descending aortic dissection with a clotted false lumen. Three days after femoro-femoral cross-over bypass, ischemia of both legs developed and angiography demonstrated occlusion of the infrarenal aorta and left common iliac artery. Two overlapping stents were deployed in these vessel segments. Completion angiography confirmed successful recanalization with adequate distal flow and good patency of the cross-over bypass. Peripheral pulses were restored and the patient's symptoms were alleviated. Combined treatment with cross-over bypass and endovascular recanalization may be considered as a viable alternative to open aortic surgery in selected cases of complicated aorto-iliac dissection with bilateral leg ischemia.

Arterial access for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair is usually gained through a common femoral artery approach. In small femoral arteries this can be difficult or even impossible owing to the large size of the introduction sheath of the delivery system. In such cases the iliac arteries or the abdominal aorta can be used for vascular access, although, in heavily calcified arteries,even this can be hazardous. The authors report an 81-year-old woman with a contained rupture of the thoracic aorta in whom a polyester graft was used to facilitate vascular access to the common iliac artery for a safe two-stage endovascular repair of the aneurysm.

In patients with varicose vein a duplex ultrasound is absolutely necessary prior to surgery in order to check the deep and the superficial vein systems. A standard classification is recommended to describe the type of venous insufficiency. Teleangiectasis and small varicose veins can be treated by sclerotherapy, but laser-therapy gets more and more popular. The inverting (partial)stripping of the greater and/or lesser saphenous vein avoiding nerve damage has gained popularity as did the miniphlebectomy. Newer methods using heat by radiofrequency order cryosurgery should generate less complications and have to show similar long term results than the classical procedures. Subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS) is effective. Local or extended fascioctomy followed by skin transplantation in patients with recurrent ulcerations is considered as an option of therapy.

Background: Comparison of intrathoracic latissimus dorsi (LD) versus serratus anterior (SA) muscle transposition for treatment of infected spaces, broncho-pleural fistulae, and for prophylactic reinforcement of the mediastinum after extended resections following induction therapy., Patients and Methods: Twenty LD and 17 SA transfers were performed for prophylactic reinforcement (11 LD; nine SA), and treatment of infections (nine LD; eight SA) from 1995 to 1998., Results: The 30-day mortality was 0% following prophylactic reinforcement and 29% following treatment of infections (three LD; two SA). Prophylactic mediastinal reinforcement was successful in 11 of 11 patients with LD and nine of nine with SA transpositions, and treatment of infected spaces in eight of nine patients with LD and two of three with SA transfers. Morbidity requiring re-intervention consisted of flap necrosis (one LD), bleeding (one SA), and skin necrosis over a winged scapula (one SA). Subcutaneous seromas and chest wall complaints were more frequent following LD (45 and 36%, respectively) compared with SA transfers (29 and 27%, respectively), whereas impaired shoulder girdle function was more frequent after SA than after LD transfer (27 vs. 21%)., Conclusion: Intrathoracic LD and SA muscle transpositions are both efficient for the prevention or control of infections following complex thoracic surgery, and are both associated with similar and acceptable morbidity and long-term sequelae.

Objectives: in a retrospective study, attempts have been made to identify individual organ-dysfunction risk profiles influencing the outcome after surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms., Methods: out of 235 patients undergoing graft replacement for abdominal aortic aneurysms, 57 (53 men, four women, mean age 72 years [s.d. 8.8]) were treated for ruptured aneurysms in a 3-year period. Forty-eight preoperative, 13 intraoperative and 34 postoperative variables were evaluated statistically. A simple multi-organ dysfunction (MOD) score was adopted., Results: the perioperative mortality was 32%. Three patients died intraoperatively, four within 48 h and 11 died later. A significant influence for pre-existing risk factors was identified only for cardiovascular diseases. Multiple linear-regression analysis indicated that a haemoglobin <90 g/l, systolic blood pressure <80 mmHg and ECG signs of ischaemia at admission were highly significant risk factors. The cause of death for patients, who died more than 48 h postoperatively, was mainly MOD. All patients with a MOD score >/=4 died (n=7). These patients required 27% of the intensive-care unit (ICU) days of all patients and 72% of the ICU days of the non-survivors., Conclusion: patients with ruptured aortic aneurysms from treatment should not be excluded. However, a physiological scoring system after 48 h appears justifiable in order to decide on the appropriateness of continual ICU support., (Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.)

The compartment syndrome is an extremely rare complication after varicose vein surgery. If the early symptoms are not recognized and a treatment is not performed immediately most patients lose sensomotory function. Three cases with compartment syndrome after varicose vein stripping were the reason to point out the anatomy and pathophysiology of this complication and to explain the surgical technique.

Introduction: Thoracoscopic treatment of pleural empyema is still a controversial method, especially in the chronic stage of the disease. The issue is raised whether the thoracoscopic approach to the empyema-possibly combined with a small additional thoracotomy in advanced stages-is successful and of low risk., Patients and Methods: Between January 1993 and May 1995 we treated 13 patients in advanced stages of pleural empyema. The patients were all seriously ill and had severe underlying disease. The procedures were performed under general anesthesia involving intubation with a double-lumen endotracheal tube. The steps of our standard operative procedure are outlined., Results: In 5 patients with a pleural empyema in stage III thoracoscopy was facilitated by a small additional thoracotomy. A complete resolution of the disease was obtained in 12 cases and a secondary intervention was necessary in 1 patient. There was no peri- or postoperative mortality, and apart from a prolonged drainage of the pleural cavity in 3 patients no morbidity was registered. In the long-term follow up, 3 patients had died. There was no correlation between the deaths and the intervention or the empyema disease., Discussion: We discuss the advantages of a limited additional thoracotomy in case of intraoperative difficulties encountered with late stages of empyema. This treatment can still be considered minimally invasive. All patients tolerated the procedure well, and the overall results were favourable in 92% of our collective. However, thoracoscopic treatment should preferably take place at an earlier stage., Conclusion: We recommend the thoracoscopic approach-possibly combined with a limited thoracotomy-as primary treatment in late stages of pleural empyema.

We describe a rare variant of carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. A 70-year-old man with several illnesses and a newly appeared jaundice was investigated and a signet-ring cell carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater diagnosed. We performed a local transduodenal excision. One year after operation the patient is asymptomatic. This is the second case report in the literature.

Especially in obese or severely ill patients, forming of an ileostomy or colostomy can be very difficult and laparotomy itself can lead to many complications. The intraabdominal part of this operations can easily be performed laparoscopically. The method is quick and simple and many complications can be avoided.

In a prospective study 50 patients undergoing a hernia repair were asked their opinion about an information sheet which was given to them preoperatively. For 94% this paper is of help; for 82% the written information has to be clarified by an additional personal talk with the doctor. Another possibility, especially good for visualisation, is the video. At the hospital of Davos there are at the moment 7 clips available to explain the treatment and the aftercare after an operation or conservative therapy in traumatology.