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The testing of vehicular communication technologies, the study of urban mobility patterns, the evaluation of new traffic policies cannot dispense from vehicle mobility simulation. As is often the case, the larger the dataset, the better. Indeed, in recent years, many projects in the fields of mobility or vehicular communication have sought new traffic simulators with extended areas of investigation, possibly covering a whole city and its suburbs. In this spirit, we have modeled an urban traffic simulation in a 600-Km 2 area in and around the Municipality of Turin, leveraging the SUMO tool. This paper aims at reporting in detail the methodology we followed in the creation of this dataset. Our results demonstrate that a complete modeling of such a wide area is possible at the expense of minor simplifications, reaching a very good level of approximation.

Thermal energy storage (TES) is playing a vital role in various applications and this paper intends to provide an overview of different applications involved in various areas. This work mainly focuses on review of TES applications in wide area such as waste heat recovery, Heavy electronic equipment’s cooling etc. The comprehensive study shows that thermal energy stored can be used for heating and cooling applications and have a great scope for developing new technology and methods for utilizing it to maximum extent. Exploring various thermal storage materials and methods for different application opening many ways towards the sustainable development and utilization of available thermal energy.

Voltage and current waveforms contain the most authentic and granular information on the behaviors of power systems. In recent years, it has become possible to synchronize waveform data measured from different locations. Thus large-scale coordinated analyses of multiple waveforms over a wide area are within our reach. This development could unleash a set of new concepts, strategies, and tools for monitoring, protecting, and controlling power systems and apparatuses. This paper presents an in-depth review and analysis of the advancements in synchronized waveform data, including measurement devices, data characteristics, use cases, and comparisons with synchrophasor data. Based on the findings, five strategies are proposed to discover and develop synchronized waveform based applications over multiple application areas. The paper also presents three complementary measurement platforms and two data screening algorithms for application implementation. It further discusses committee activities and standard developments useful to explore the full potential of the data.

PMU can directly measure positive sequence voltage, phase and system frequency. In this paper, the design and implementation for optimum placement of PMU in power system network (PSN) has been performed using 5 different intelligent approaches at an emulation platform. Different case studies based on IEEE 7, 14 and 30 bus system have been performed and analyzed. In the studies, PMU device is used for the measurement of voltage and current magnitude as well as its phase and its performance has been compared with measured real signals of PSN. PMU measurement gives the accurate results and reliability to PSN. But PMUs are not economical, so PSN operator needs to install a minimum number of PMU in PSN so that system should be fully observable in a real-time scenario. In this paper for optimal placement of PMU, five different intelligent methods have been analyzed for three different bus systems and obtained results are compared. For the further validation of selected PMUs for the PSN, a state estimation using WLS algorithm has been performed using conventional data and PMU data on IEEE14 and IEEE30 bus systems. The obtained results for voltage estimation error and phase estimation error with and without PMU data are compared.

High-velocity neutron stars (HVNSs) that were kicked out from their birth location can be potentially identified with their large proper motions, and possibly with large parallax, when they come across the solar neighborhood. In this paper, we study the feasibility of hunting isolated HVNSs in wide-area optical surveys by modelling the evolution of NS luminosity taking into account spin-down and thermal radiation. Assuming the upcoming 10-yr Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s LSST observation, our model calculations predict that about 10 HVNSs mainly consisting of pulsars with ages of 104–$10^5\, \rm yr$ and thermally emitting NSs with 105–$10^6\, \rm yr$ are detectable. We find that a few NSs with effective temperature $\lt 5 \times 10^5\, \rm K$, which are likely missed in the current and future X-ray surveys, are also detectable, and the detectability highly depends on NS cooling models. In particular, if considering dark matter heating in NS cores, we find that such cold NSs would account for $70{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the whole detectable sample, and they are typically older than $10^6\, \rm yr$ and tend to have slow transverse velocities, $\lesssim 100\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$, compared to already known pulsars. Thus, the future optical observation will give a unique NS sample, which can provide essential constraints on the NS cooling and heating mechanisms. Moreover, we suggest that providing HVNS samples with optical surveys is helpful for understanding the intrinsic kick-velocity distribution of NSs.

Supporting transfers of science big data over Wide Area Networks (WANs) with Data Transfer Nodes (DTNs) requires optimizing multiple parameters within the underlying infrastructure. New solutions for such data movement require new paradigms and technologies, such as NVMe over Fabrics, which provides high-performance data movement with direct remote NVMe device access over traditional fabrics. However, recent NVMe over Fabrics studies have been limited to local storage fabrics. To support increasing demands for the large volume of science data movement during Supercomputing (SC) conferences, we proposed a SCinet DTN-as-a-Service framework orchestrating the desired optimization to meet users, applications, and providers’ requirements. Furthermore, we extend the SCinet DTN-as-a-Service framework to incorporate new techniques, solve optimization issues in data-intensive science and evaluate NVMe over Fabrics with multiple WAN testbeds to examine its performance and discover new opportunities for optimization.

A public-private partnership (P3) and public-private-people partnership (P4) are amongst the institutional options available when it comes to funding cultural heritage management through the involvement of private players pertaining to the business or third sectors, respectively. In light of the growing relevance of P4 operations as a means to improve heritage management, this paper aims at analyzing the initiatives developed by the Fondazione Cariplo banking foundation, which can be considered exemplary instances of P4. A total of two projects were selected, which go by the name of Distretti Culturali and AttivAree, respectively, and may serve as highly indicative examples of community involvement and multi-sector-oriented action. To conduct a truly realistic analysis and reliably measure the adequacy of the outcomes obtained, interviews with the parties involved were performed and direct participation in the projects was provided for. Considering, also, that funding has, so far, typically been aimed at interventions on individual buildings, the foundation has managed to develop some true cross-sector programs, and thus further refine the multi-sector approach most likely to prove useful in future community-centered initiatives. Herein, some of the features are isolated, those which we deem most suitable for adoption in the planning of future cultural heritage-related projects.

Today, advances in ICT are exponential in nature, and many technologies are now being added from which businesses can benefit from their application in their processes. Digitization is a wide area that already finds active application in businesses processes. It helps create new possibilities in terms of improving process performance, responding more quickly to changes, or helping to reduce costs for different production areas. In general, digitization in an enterprise can be understood as having specific financial as well as personnel requirements. There are few levels of digitalization that we can achieve (document digitalization, digital factory, virtual factory, and smart factory). The research goal of the article is a detailed description and comparison of the individual digitization levels and their tools. The article contains two case studies in which the analysis of processes in the form of questionnaires defines the appropriateness of the level of digitization. Also, based on the analysis, it is possible to say each of the levels of digitization has a particular area of application depending on the nature of production. The main findings of the case studies are that irrelevant digitization is costly and personally demanding without achieving more significant results without analysis. Companies' more efficient operation can be achieved even if the company does not use the latest technological advances and what simple changes need to be incorporated.

The optimal placement of micro-Phasor Measurement Units (µPMUs) reduce the cost of wide area monitoring system (WAMS) in active distribution networks (ADNs); therefore, it is becoming a popular research topic. However, µPMUs alone cannot minimize the WAMS cost. An appropriate location of Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) and a fiber optic communication link (CL) that transfers data from µPMUs to PDCs also need to be optimized. Hence this paper proposes a hybrid algorithm that determines the optimal cost-effective solution of the placement problem of µPMUs, PDC, and CL. The proposed algorithm uses the graph theory and binary integer linear programming (BILP) with the constraints of distribution generation (DG) presence, regular network reconfiguration, and maximizing system redundancy. The proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 69 bus, IEEE 123 bus, and 345 bus active distribution system. The results obtained show the reduction in cost mainly through the CL and optimal placement of µPMUs in decentralized WAMS.

Nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds has acquired their remarkable and distinct place in the wide area of organic synthesis due to the broad range of applications. Among them, quinoline motifs have attracted researchers in the synthetic chemistry because of its presence in the large number of pharmacologically active compounds. Different methods for synthesis of quinoline derivatives are reported, among them the Friedlander synthesis have provided comparatively more efficient approach. Many of the reported conventional Friedlander methodologies have some problems such as difficult product isolation procedures, poor yields and use of expensive catalysts, etc. Recently, polymer or solid supported synthetic approaches have attracted the attention of researchers because of their easy execution, greater selectivity, increased product yields, simple work-up procedures, recoverability and reusability of the catalysts. In consideration with the advantages of polymer supported synthetic strategies, the proposed review covers the role of polymers in the Friedlander synthesis; which may use polymers of organic, inorganic or hybrid in nature and of nanolevel as well.

Dynamic multipath routing gives users flexibility over the transmitting path to deliver messages for security. Several protocols have already presented, such as multipath TCP, random routing mutation. However, they often limited to scalability, which mainly reflects on two aspects of network resource consumption and compossibility with other main transfer protocols. In this paper, to enhance the security of data delivery in wide area networks, a novel multipath routing scheme for end‐to‐end communication is proposed. The basic idea is concurrently using two paths (a fixed path and a changing path) to deliver the data of a pair, the fixed routing path undertakes the main delivery tasks, and the continually changing routing path only transfers a little data of the flow during the whole communication period. For systematically achieving security, Information Dispersal Algorithm disperses the flow data over the two paths for resisting anyone routing path compromised. Further, the method can maintain more routing path change since the burst network resource requirement decreases significantly at the routing mutation moment. Meanwhile, it brings a small amount of bandwidth disturbance over the traffic statuses of the network, thus alleviating instead of worsening the compossibility with other protocols.

Balikpapan Botanical Garden, which was established in 1994, held potential to be developed more. It was possible since Balikpapan Botanical Garden had 300 hectare wide area. The development of Balikpapan Botanical Garden supported East Kalimantan Government plan to enhanced their tourism sector. Therefore, the concept of Balikpapan Botanical Garden development was necessary. By using descriptive qualitative analysis, the concept formulated as followed. Ensuring safety and security of tourist, creating special zone for interaction between tourist and nature, holding event, providing transportation mode, and deploying trained and professional staff.

Distinctive, dark-coloured, glaze-like mineral accretions are common on low-angle surfaces in sandstone rock shelters in the Kimberley region of north-western Australia, where they provide an attractive medium for the production of deep engravings, and occasionally, are associated with painted rock art. These accretions form within the shelter dripline and are similar to those reported from other sites around the world, where they have been used for radiocarbon dating of associated rock art. This study uses extensive field observations and mineralogical analysis of 77 such oxalate-rich accretions collected at 41 different sites across a wide area of the north Kimberley region. The mineralogy of these accretions is dominated by well-crystallised calcium oxalate and sulphate minerals, most commonly whewellite and gypsum, with significant occurrences of phosphates in some samples. The accretions are typically several millimetres thick and characterised by distinctive internal laminations that show regular stacked undulations, giving a stromatolitic appearance under the microscope. Together with other apparently microbial features observed under the scanning electron microscope, these features provide strong support for a microbiological origin for these oxalate-rich accretions. The well-crystallised nature of the oxalates and the preservation of fine laminar features within the accretions supports their use for radiocarbon dating.

Limited by resources, single centralised ZigBee cannot be deployed in very large-scale application. To solve this problem, the paper presents a strategy design of ZigBee network that can be central...

Wide Area Networks (WANs) form the network core that covers wide geographical areas. WANs often have complex topologies, and it is challenging to incorporate multiple controllers in the control plane to reduce the network delay in Wide Area Software Defined Networks (WASDNs). We propose a distributed controller placement problem (DCPP) for various control plane structures to address this challenge. While existing exhaustive and greedy algorithms cannot efficiently solve the DCPP over many large-scaled WASDNs, we propose a network simplification strategy based on a novel global network coefficient, polyindex, to identify all the nonoverlapped cliques in networks and characterize the topology features of such complex networks. With such strategy, the good number, organization, and placements of controllers for the DCPP over large-scaled WASDNs can be determined. Extensive evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of the polyindex in capturing the features of sparse WANs. While applying the proposed strategy over large-scaled WANs with small and medium polyindexes can quickly find the placements for the DCPP while meeting the given delay requirement, carefully adjusting the delay requirement and threshold is the key to generate high quality frontiers while keeping the time cost low over the WANs with large scales and polyindexes.

The six-generation (6G) wireless network is expected to satisfy the requirements of ubiquitous connectivity and intelligent endogenous. Terrestrial-satellite networks (TSN) enable seamless coverage for terrestrial users in a wide area, making it very promising in 6G. As data traffic in TSNs surges, the integrated management for caching, computing, and communication (3C) has attracted much research attention. In this paper, we investigate the multi-resource management in the uplink and downlink transmission of TSN, respectively. In particularly, we aim to guarantee both throughput fairness and data security in the uplink transmission of TSN. Considering the intermittent communication of the satellite, we introduce two kinds of relays, i.e., terrestrial relays (TRs) and aerial relays (ARs) to improve the system throughput performance in the downlink transmission of TSN. Finally, we study a specific case of TSN with the uplink and downlink transmission, and the corresponding simulation results validate the effectiveness of our proposed schemes.

Equations of state are considered that correspond to a model of static concentration waves which describe order–disorder phase transitions of the substitution type in binary alloys. A phase diagram associated with a three-dimensional order parameter that describes ordering in Cu–Au alloys is presented as an example. It is established that the equations of state of the theory of concentration waves allow additional solutions not considered in existing theories of ordering based on the hypothesized predominant role of pair interactions. These solutions correspond to states that are partially ordered and stable over a wide area of the phase diagram.

Ketersediaan data menjadi hal yang krusial dalam analisis hidrologi. Banyak permasalahan menyangkut ketersediaan data yang seringkali ditemui di lapangan, seperti minimnya data, data yang tidak kontinyu, atau sebaran stasiun yang tidak merata. Seiring berkembangnya teknologi, permasalahan tersebut dapat diselesaikan dengan memanfaatkan data pengamatan satelit yang memiliki resolusi spasial dan temporal tinggi, cakupan luas, akses cepat, dan ekonomis. Akan tetapi, data satelit perlu divalidasi dengan data pengamatan nyata di lapangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk validasi data satelit TRMM terhadap data observasi berbasis darat dengan membandingkan debit limpasan dari data hujan terukur di darat atau ARR ( Automatic Rainfall Recorder ) dengan data hujan TRMM, lalu dikoreksi dengan debit limpasan terukur di stasiun AWLR ( Automatic Water Level Recorder ) Gemawang. Debit limpasan dari hujan dihitung dengan menggunakan Metode SCS. Hasil penelitian menunjukan jeda waktu rata-rata pengukuran hujan TRMM dan ARR sekitar 8,5 jam. Ditemukan perbedaan bentuk hidrograf limpasanTRMM. Pada data 18 Januari 2018, terdapat kesalahan bentuk gelombang hidrograf (Ew) sebesar 11.843. Dari analisis indeks kesesuaian dan efisiensi, data satelit TRMM mendapat hasil koefisien korelasi rata-rata debit ARR-AWLR dan TRMM-AWLR tergolong rendah yaitu masing-masing sebesar 0,2416 dan 0,1041, sedangkan koefisien efisiensinya 1,67 yang dikategorikan sebagai data yang efisien. Availability of sufficient data as input data is important. Data availability tends to have several data problems, such as the lack of data availability, incomplete data, or the number of stations that are less scattered. As the development of the technology problems, those probelms can be solved by replacing ground-based observation data with satellite observations that have high spatial and temporal resolution, wide area coverage, fast access, and economics. This research was conducted to validate and correct TRMM satellite data on observation data at the AWLR Gemawang station with the SCS Method. The results of this study showed a delay in the average measurements of satellite rainfall and surface approximately 8.5 hours based on the data analysis used in this study. The results of the model error analysis can be concluded that TRMM rainfall data can be used in these needs. However, there is still an error in the TRMM data, which is on the data of January 18, 2018 which results in a hydrograph (Ew) waveform error of 11.843. From the conformity index and efficiency analysis, TRMM satellite data gets the correlation coefficient average ARR-AWLR debit of 0,2416 which is categorized as low efficiency data and TRMM-AWLR of 0,1041 which is categorized as quite low coefficient data, while the efficiency coefficient gets an average value 1,67 which is categorized as highly efficient optimization data. Availability of sufficient data as input data is important. Data availability tends to have several data problems, such as the lack of data availability, incomplete data, or the number of stations that are less scattered. As the development of the technology problems, those probelms can be solved by replacing ground-based observation data with satellite observations that have high spatial and temporal resolution, wide area coverage, fast access, and economics. This research was conducted to validate and correct TRMM satellite data on observation data at the AWLR Gemawang station with the SCS Method. The results of this study showed a delay in the average measurements of satellite rainfall and surface approximately 8.5 hours based on the data analysis used in this study. The results of the model error analysis can be concluded that TRMM rainfall data can be used in these needs. However, there is still an error in the TRMM data, which is on the data of January 18, 2018 which results in a hydrograph (Ew) waveform error of 11.843. From the conformity index and efficiency analysis, TRMM satellite data gets the correlation coefficient average ARR-AWLR debit of 0,2416 which is categorized as low efficiency data and TRMM-AWLR of 0,1041 which is categorized as quite low coefficient data, while the efficiency coefficient gets an average value 1,67 which is categorized as highly efficient optimization data.

Discourse analysis is a pivotal aspect of linguistic studies to understand the discourse that is examined and to understand the function of language which is used in the discourse. Also, while conducting discourse analysis, many researchers use some devices to analyze the discourse better, so they are important aspects of discourse analysis. Since discourse analysis is crucial process for linguistics, there is much information about discourse analysis and its devices on the internet, and this might make understanding of those elements complicated; therefore, making these elements clearer and more understandable to researchers or readers and mentioning the important ideas of different experts about discourse analysis and devices for discourse analysis collectively and clearly are the main aims of this paper, and the term discourse, discourse analysis, and devices for conducting discourse analysis more fruitfully are this paper’s main topics that were analyzed and explained by using document analysis technique. As a result of this document analysis, it was understood that discourse analysis is an analysis process which covers a wide area, includes analysis of language in conversation and text, interactions, and people’s ability to understand the language in text and conversation, and to make these more successfully and frankly, cohesion, coherence, speech events, and background knowledge are effective devices for discourse analysis.

This review paper is based on the invited talk presented by the same authors at the 8th International Workshop on Far-Infrared Technologies (IW-FIRT 2021). It overviews some well-known and novel and emerging applications of gyrotrons in diverse scientific and technological fields and presents both the current status and the prospects of the research in such a wide area worldwide.

Urban flood models that use Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to simulate extent and depth of flood inundation rely on the accuracy of DEMs for predicting flood events. Despite recent advances in developing vegetation corrected DEMs, the effect of building height and density errors in global DEMs in urban areas are still poorly understood, and their correction remains a challenge. In this research we developed a methodology for building error correction that can be applied to any other case study, where building density data and a local reference DEM data are available. This methodology was applied to Nairobi, Kenya using six global DEMs (SRTM, MERIT, ALOS, NASADEM, TanDEM-X 12 m, and TanDEM-X 90 m DEM). Our results show building error at highest building density varying between 1.25 m and 5.07 m for the DEMs used, with the MERIT DEM showing the smallest vertical height error from the reference DEM. The six DEMs were corrected by deriving a linear relationship between building density and DEM error. Our findings show that the removal of building density error resulted in the improvement of the vertical height accuracy of the global DEMs of up to 45% for MERIT and 40% for ALOS. This methodology was also applied to the Central Business District (CBD) area of Nairobi, characterized by taller buildings and high building density. The error parameters in the CBD area resulted to be between 15 to 45% higher than those of the Nairobi city wide area for the six global DEMs, thus providing further insights into the contribution of building heights to errors in global DEMs. Building height data is still unavailable on a global scale and our results show that global DEMs can be usefully corrected for building density errors in urban areas, even where specific building height data are not available.

Obesity is an body fat increase. Overweight is a relative body weight increase when compared to the standard. Overweight then became a term that represented "obesity" both clinically and epidemiologically. Flexibility is the effectiveness of a person in adjusting himself to all activities with stretching the body in a wide area of the joint. The design used in this study is a 2x2 factorial. It is explained about factorial experiments that what is measured is not only the influence of the main factor of each independent variable on the dependent variable, but also the influence of the interaction between the independent variables. The population in this study is the 50 members of Larasati gymnastics in Semarang, who in productive age women between 30-40 years.The number of samples is quite representative (representing) for the large population in this study. The sampling technique in this study was using purposive sampling, which is a sampling technique determined by giving equal opportunity to each member of the population as a sample, namely the number is adjusted to the member of the subject in each group, the experimental group of obesity type pear and apple type obesity control group. Based on the results of the research achieved, it turns out that women who have high flexibility have a large reduction in fat if they have the apple type of obesity. Women who have high flexibility with apple obesity type have a better decrease in body fat than women with low flexibility and have pear obesity type. Fcount = 6.962> Ftable = 3.11. The effectiveness that is applied to reduce body fat is influenced by the type of high flexibility and type of low flexibility of those women.

Across Europe early medieval archaeologists have long recognised significant numbers of graves displaying evidence for the intentional post-burial disturbance of skeletons and artefacts. The practice of reopening and manipulating graves soon after burial, traditionally described—and dismissed—as ‘robbing’, is documented at cemeteries from Transylvania to southern England. This article presents a synthesis of five recent regional studies to investigate the evidence of and the motivations for the reopening of early medieval graves. From the later sixth century AD, the reopening of individual graves and removal of selected artefact types rapidly became part of the shared treatment of the dead across this wide area.

With the development of the wide-area monitoring system (WAMS), power system operators are capable of providing an accurate and fast estimation of time-varying load parameters. This study proposes a spatial-temporal deep network-based new attention concept to capture the dynamic and static patterns of electrical load consumption through modeling complicated and non-stationary interdependencies between time sequences. The designed deep attention-based network benefits from long short-term memory (LSTM) based component to learning temporal features in time and frequency-domains as encoder-decoder based recurrent neural network. Furthermore, to inherently learn spatial features, a convolutional neural network (CNN) based attention mechanism is developed. Besides, this paper develops a loss function based on a pseudo-Huber concept to enhance the robustness of the proposed network in noisy conditions as well as improve the training performance. The simulation results on IEEE 68-bus demonstrates the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed network through comparison with several previously presented and state-of-the-art methods.

In recent years, sediment disaster has frequently been caused by heavy rainfall and has cost many human lives and great property losses. To estimate such risks, Wakai et al. [1] proposed a simplified prediction method to calculate the variation of groundwater levels in natural slopes both at the time of rainfall in wide areas and in real time. To calculate the variation of groundwater levels using this method, the slope conditions (such as material constant and initial conditions) must be determined in advance. This study takes the 2017 heavy rainfall in Northern Kyushu as an example to analyze surface layer thickness, one of the slope conditions that most significantly influences slope stability, over wide areas. The findings reveal that the prediction of slope failure distribution differs depending on how the surface layer thickness and sliding surface are determined.

In this paper a novel method is proposed to estimate the rotor speed of synchronous generators in steady state and dynamic conditions using phasor measurement unit's data. This method uses the synchronous generator model to find the relationship between generator rotor speed and frequencies at different buses of the power system. The principles of the proposed method are first presented through a simple network consisting a generator connected to a transmission line. Afterward the general formulation is developed. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, IEEE 9‐bus and IEEE 39‐bus power systems are used as the benchmark systems. Different tests are carried out under three conditions including, normal condition, presence of measurement errors and uncertainty of the power system parameters. As well, the estimation results are compared with the results of other estimation methods. The results show the high accuracy of the proposed method in different conditions.

Due to price and technical reasons, it is currently impossible to install phasor measurement units in the entire network. How to use the minimum number of phasor measurement units to maximize the observation of the state or dynamic behavior of the power grid is the first consideration for the wide-area measurement system at this stage. This paper proposes a method to optimize the configuration of the phasor measurement unit while ensuring that the power grid is fully observable and can capture the dynamic behavior of the power grid under transient conditions. This paper proposes a load modeling method based on wide-area measurement. Aiming at the problems of traditional large-area power grid load modeling based on load characteristic measurement devices and the characteristics of the current wide-area measurement system, a load modeling method based on local PMU observations is proposed. This method combines particle swarm optimization algorithm and time. Domain simulation calculation can identify the load models at all load nodes of the system at the same time. This paper proposes a CPPS information flow transmission model based on graph theory and information flow dynamics. This model considers the coupling effect of CPPS, the processing capacity of communication equipment and the transmission mode of CPPS information flow, and constructs a CPPS dynamics model from the perspective of communication transmission. In the analysis of the calculation example, by applying the information flow transmission model to CPPS topologies generated by different scales and different modeling methods, the influence of network scale, key nodes and network topology structure on the efficiency of CPPS information transmission was explored, and the effectiveness of the model was verified.

METHODS: The research method used in this research was experimental laboratory with pre-and posttest only control group design. RESULTS: The result shows that the extradiol level which has range of 26.30–31.03 from 28 experimental animals measured, this showed more measurement diameter which has not had measurement addition compare with the wide percentage of measurement. The result shows strong correlation between digitalized measured wide follicles to the changing of estradiol level with value of 0.453. The result of comparation between estradiol level and measured diameter shows weak correlation. This shows that manual measurement of follicle diameter still weak to the changing of estradiol level. CONCLUSION: There is strong correlation between measured wide area follicle used ImageJ applications to the changing of estradiol level compare to the measurement of follicle diameter.

The pressure-driven analysis is essential for modelling the pressure deficient condition of water distribution networks. Owing to the complexity, the development of pressure-driven analysis algorithms remains a grey area over the past few decades. As a milestone, EPANET 2.0 got upgraded to EPANET 2.2 with the inclusion of pressure-driven analysis. However, EPANET 2.2 has a shortcoming of using only a single value for the parameters, minimum pressure-head and required pressure-head of the demand nodes. Ironically, when a water distribution network serves for a wide area or during a fire-fighting period, the demand nodes have variable values for each of these parameters. To address this, a new method named Fictitious Component Free - Pressure Deficient Network Algorithm (FCF-PDNA) is proposed in this paper. The FCF-PDNA does not require any additional fictitious components. It can be used for both steady-state and extended period simulations. The proposed method is applied to water distribution networks of different sizes and types and confirmed that the FCF-PDNA could deal with variable values of minimum and required pressure-head. The suitability of this method for different scenarios that will lead to pressure deficient conditions is also analysed and verified. Moreover, the computational time taken by the FCF-PDNA and the EPANET 2.2 pressure-driven analysis is similar.

This chapter reviews two important time services in internet of things systems that is data timestamping and clock synchronization. It describes the system model and the problems of natural timestamping and clock synchronization. The chapter introduces the background knowledge about electric network frequency fluctuations and powerline electromagnetic radiation (EMR). It presents key hardware and algorithm designs for EMR natural timestamping. The chapter also presents a low‐cost implementation of the proposed technique, and discusses benchmark results that guide the settings of several important parameters of the natural timestamping algorithm. It then presents the applications of EMR natural timestamping. The chapter provides an extensive set of experiments at five office and residential deployment sites conducted over long periods of time to validate the EMR natural timestamping. It also discusses three applications of time recovery, run‐time clock verification, and secure clock synchronization.