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9. Monitoring a Fragile Child Protection System: a Longitudinal Local Area Ecological Analysis of the Inequalities Impact of Children's Services Inspections on Statutory Child Welfare Interventions in England.

Author

BENNETT, DAVARA L, SCHLÜTER, DANIELA K, MELIS, GABRIELLA, WEBB, CALUM JR, REDDY, STEVE, BARR, BEN, WICKHAM, SOPHIE, and TAYLOR-ROBINSON, DAVID

Subjects
CHILD welfare, POISSON distribution, PROFESSIONAL practice, CHILD health services, SOCIAL services, POVERTY areas, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, LONGITUDINAL method, HEALTH equity, JUDGMENT (Psychology), MEDICAL needs assessment, NEEDS assessment, DATA analysis software, CONFIDENCE intervals, WELL-being, ECOLOGICAL research, REGRESSION analysis
Abstract

Child protection systems monitoring is key to ensuring children's wellbeing. In England, monitoring is rooted in onsite inspection, culminating in judgements ranging from 'outstanding' to 'inadequate'. But inspection may carry unintended consequences where child protection systems are weak. One potential consequence is increased child welfare intervention rates. In this longitudinal ecological study of local authorities in England, we used Poisson mixed-effects regression models to assess whether child welfare intervention rates are higher in an inspection year, whether this is driven by inspection judgement, and whether more deprived areas experience different rates for a given inspection judgement. We investigated the impact of inspection on care entry, Child Protection Plan-initiation, and child-in-need status. We found that inspection was associated with a rise in rates across the spectrum of interventions. Worse judgements yielded higher rates. Inspection may also exacerbate existing inequalities. Unlike less deprived areas, more deprived areas judged inadequate did not experience an increase in the less intrusive 'child-in-need' interventions. Our findings suggest that a narrow focus on social work practice is unlikely to address weaknesses in the child protection system. Child protection systems monitoring should be guided by a holistic model of systems improvement, encompassing the socioeconomic determinants of quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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11. The social environment and psychosis : search for symptom specificity

Author

Wickham, Sophie, Bentall, Richard, and Kinderman, Peter

Subjects
616.89
Abstract

Research with clinical and nonclinical samples has linked multiple psycho-social risk factors with psychosis. There has since been an emphasis on the importance of investigating specific symptoms experienced within the psychosis spectrum to better understand the psychological processes involved. The studies included in this doctoral thesis used cross sectional methods to explore relationships between specific social adversities and specific symptoms within the psychotic domain and also depression, using a number of different samples (students, client groups and general population). This thesis also explores mediating mechanisms between adversities and specific symptoms, paying particular attention to the role of specific adversities in paranoid ideation. I found that perceived childhood inequality, neglect and adulthood social deprivation and insecure attachment styles predicted paranoid thoughts in student, epidemiological and clinical samples. In my student study I further developed and validated a tool to measure perceived relative deprivation. I then used this tool and found that personal perceptions of injustice and low social rank mediated the relationship between perceived relative deprivation and paranoia. In my epidemiological study I found that experiences of discrimination, lack of trust and stress partially explained the relationship between current social disadvantage and paranoia. In my two clinical studies I found that negative self-esteem explained the association between insecure attachment dimensions and paranoia, and strong perceptions of injustice and an over perception of justice in the world explained the association between childhood emotional neglect and paranoia. Considering hallucinations, I found specific associations between perceived childhood deprivation and hallucinations in my student sample and between sexual abuse and hallucinations in my patient sample, although none of the mediating variables tested in this thesis accounted for these associations, suggesting other mechanisms may be important. The findings of the current studies suggest that it is possible to identify specific associations between adversity and psychotic symptoms in general, and highlight the need to develop a science of public mental health, which at present barely exists as a discipline. In the future, more complex and imaginative designs examining specific environments, specific outcomes, and specific mediating mechanisms will be required if this is to be achieved.

Published
2014
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12. Impact of Parental Mental Health and Poverty on the Health of the Next Generation: A Multi-Trajectory Analysis Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study

Author

Adjei, Nicholas Kofi, primary, Schlüter, Daniela K., additional, Melis, Gabriella, additional, Straatmann, Viviane S., additional, Fleming, Kate M., additional, Wickham, Sophie, additional, Munford, Luke, additional, McGovern, Ruth, additional, Howard, Louise M., additional, Kaner, Eileen, additional, Wolfe, Ingrid, additional, and Taylor-Robinson, David C., additional

Published
2023
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16. Exploring the health and sociodemographic characteristics of people seeking advice with claiming Universal Credit:A cross-sectional analysis of UK Citizens Advice data, 2017-2021

Author

Brown, Heather, Xiang, Huasheng, Cheetham, Mandy, Morris, Steph, Gibson, Marcia, Vittal Katikireddi, Srinivasa, Munford, Luke Aaron, Taylor-Robinson, David, Finney, Hannah, Bartle, Victoria, Baxter, Andrew J, Wickham, Sophie, Craig, Peter, Bambra, Clare, Brown, Heather, Xiang, Huasheng, Cheetham, Mandy, Morris, Steph, Gibson, Marcia, Vittal Katikireddi, Srinivasa, Munford, Luke Aaron, Taylor-Robinson, David, Finney, Hannah, Bartle, Victoria, Baxter, Andrew J, Wickham, Sophie, Craig, Peter, and Bambra, Clare

Abstract

Background The UK Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) administers Universal Credit (UC) – the main UK benefit for people in- and out-of-work. UC is being rolled out nationally from 2013 to 2024. Citizens Advice (CA) is an independent charity that provides advice and support to people making a claim for UC. The aim of this study is to understand who is seeking advice from CA when making a UC claim and how the types of people seeking advice are changing as the rollout of UC continues. Methods Co-developed with Citizens Advice Newcastle and Citizens Advice Northumberland we performed longitudinal analysis of national data from Citizens Advice for England and Wales on the health (mental health and limiting long term conditions) and socio-demographic of 1,003,411 observations for people seeking advice with claiming UC over four financial years (2017/18 to 2020/21). We summarised population characteristics and estimated the differences between the four financial years using population-weighted t-tests. Findings were discussed with three people with lived experience of seeking advice to claim UC to help frame our interpretation and policy recommendations. Results When comparing 2017/18 to 2018/19, there was a significantly higher proportion of people with limiting long term conditions seeking advice with claiming UC than those without (+2.40%, 95%CI: 1.31%-3.50%). However, as the rollout continued between 2018/29 and 2019/20 (-6.75%, 95%CI: -9.62%--3.88%) and between 2019/20 and 2020/21 (-2.09%, 95%CI: -2.54%--1.64%), there were significantly higher proportions of those without a limiting long term condition seeking advice than with. When comparing 2018/19 to 2019/20 and 2019/20 to 2020/21, there was a significant increase in the proportion of self-employed compared to unemployed people seeking advice with claiming UC (5.64%, 95%CI: 3.79%-7.49%) and (2.26%, 95%CI: 1.29%-3.23%) respectively. Conclusion As the rollout for UC continues, it is important to understand how ch

Published
2023

17. Additional file 1 of Exploring the health and sociodemographic characteristics of people seeking advice with claiming universal credit: a cross-sectional analysis of UK citizens advice data, 2017–2021

Author

Brown, Heather, Xiang, Huasheng, Cheetham, Mandy, Morris, Steph, Gibson, Marcia, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Munford, Luke Aaron, Taylor-Robinson, David, Finney, Hannah, Bartle, Victoria, Baxter, Andrew J, Wickham, Sophie, Craig, Peter, and Bambra, Clare

Abstract

Supplementary Material 1

Published
2023
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20. OP23 Impact of parental mental health and poverty on the health of the next generation: a multi-trajectory analysis using the UK Millennium Cohort Study*

Author

Adjei, Nicholas Kofi, primary, Schlüter, Daniela K, additional, Melis, Gabriella, additional, Straatmann, Viviane S, additional, Fleming, Kate M, additional, McGovern, Ruth, additional, Howard, Louise M, additional, Kaner, Eileen, additional, Wolfe, Ingrid, additional, Taylor-Robinson, David C, additional, and Wickham, Sophie, additional

Published
2022
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26. Evaluation of the mental health impacts of Universal Credit:Protocol for a mixed methods study

Author

Craig, Peter, Barr, Benjamin, Baxter, Andrew J., Brown, Heather, Cheetham, Mandy, Gibson, Marcia, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Moffatt, Suzanne, Morris, Steph, Munford, Luke Aaron, Richiardi, Matteo, Sutton, Matt, Taylor-Robinson, David, Wickham, Sophie, Xiang, Huasheng, Bambra, Clare, Craig, Peter, Barr, Benjamin, Baxter, Andrew J., Brown, Heather, Cheetham, Mandy, Gibson, Marcia, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Moffatt, Suzanne, Morris, Steph, Munford, Luke Aaron, Richiardi, Matteo, Sutton, Matt, Taylor-Robinson, David, Wickham, Sophie, Xiang, Huasheng, and Bambra, Clare

Abstract

Introduction The UK social security system is being transformed by the implementation of Universal Credit (UC), which combines six existing benefits and tax credits into a single payment for low-income households. Despite extensive reports of hardship associated with the introduction of UC, no previous studies have comprehensively evaluated its impact on mental health. Because payments are targeted at low-income households, impacts on mental health will have important consequences for health inequalities. Methods and analysis We will conduct a mixed methods study. Work package (WP) 1 will compare health outcomes for new recipients of UC with outcomes for legacy benefit recipients in two large population surveys, using the phased rollout of UC as a natural experiment. We will also analyse the relationship between the proportion of UC claimants in small areas and a composite measure of mental health. WP2 will use data collected by Citizen's Advice to explore the sociodemographic and health characteristics of people who seek advice when claiming UC and identify features of the claim process that prompt advice-seeking. WP3 will conduct longitudinal in-depth interviews with up to 80 UC claimants in England and Scotland to explore reasons for claiming and experiences of the claim process. Up to 30 staff supporting claimants will also be interviewed. WP4 will use a dynamic microsimulation model to simulate the long-term health impacts of different implementation scenarios. WP5 will undertake cost-consequence analysis of the potential costs and outcomes of introducing UC and cost-benefit analyses of mitigating actions. Ethics and dissemination We obtained ethical approval for the primary data gathering from the University of Glasgow, College of Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee, application number 400200244. We will use our networks to actively disseminate findings to UC claimants, the public, practitioners and policy-makers, using a range of methods and formats. Tr

Published
2022

27. Evaluation of the mental health impacts of Universal Credit : Protocol for a mixed methods study

Author

Craig, Peter, Barr, Benjamin, Baxter, Andrew J., Brown, Heather, Cheetham, Mandy, Gibson, Marcia, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Moffatt, Suzanne, Morris, Steph, Munford, Luke Aaron, Richiardi, Matteo, Sutton, Matt, Taylor-Robinson, David, Wickham, Sophie, Xiang, Huasheng, Bambra, Clare, Craig, Peter, Barr, Benjamin, Baxter, Andrew J., Brown, Heather, Cheetham, Mandy, Gibson, Marcia, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Moffatt, Suzanne, Morris, Steph, Munford, Luke Aaron, Richiardi, Matteo, Sutton, Matt, Taylor-Robinson, David, Wickham, Sophie, Xiang, Huasheng, and Bambra, Clare

Abstract

Introduction The UK social security system is being transformed by the implementation of Universal Credit (UC), which combines six existing benefits and tax credits into a single payment for low-income households. Despite extensive reports of hardship associated with the introduction of UC, no previous studies have comprehensively evaluated its impact on mental health. Because payments are targeted at low-income households, impacts on mental health will have important consequences for health inequalities. Methods and analysis We will conduct a mixed methods study. Work package (WP) 1 will compare health outcomes for new recipients of UC with outcomes for legacy benefit recipients in two large population surveys, using the phased rollout of UC as a natural experiment. We will also analyse the relationship between the proportion of UC claimants in small areas and a composite measure of mental health. WP2 will use data collected by Citizen's Advice to explore the sociodemographic and health characteristics of people who seek advice when claiming UC and identify features of the claim process that prompt advice-seeking. WP3 will conduct longitudinal in-depth interviews with up to 80 UC claimants in England and Scotland to explore reasons for claiming and experiences of the claim process. Up to 30 staff supporting claimants will also be interviewed. WP4 will use a dynamic microsimulation model to simulate the long-term health impacts of different implementation scenarios. WP5 will undertake cost-consequence analysis of the potential costs and outcomes of introducing UC and cost-benefit analyses of mitigating actions. Ethics and dissemination We obtained ethical approval for the primary data gathering from the University of Glasgow, College of Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee, application number 400200244. We will use our networks to actively disseminate findings to UC claimants, the public, practitioners and policy-makers, using a range of methods and formats. Tr

Published
2022

28. Evaluation of the mental health impacts of Universal Credit: protocol for a mixed methods study

Author

Craig, Peter, primary, Barr, Benjamin, additional, Baxter, Andrew J, additional, Brown, Heather, additional, Cheetham, Mandy, additional, Gibson, Marcia, additional, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, additional, Moffatt, Suzanne, additional, Morris, Steph, additional, Munford, Luke Aaron, additional, Richiardi, Matteo, additional, Sutton, Matt, additional, Taylor-Robinson, David, additional, Wickham, Sophie, additional, Xiang, Huasheng, additional, and Bambra, Clare, additional

Published
2022
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29. Difference-in-difference effect estimates of the mental health impacts of the implementation of Universal Credit using Annual Population Survey data (2013-2018 rollout period)

Author

Baxter, Andrew, Coombes, Emma, Barr, Benjamin, Katikireddi, Vittal, Brown, Heather, Sutton, Matthew, Wickham, Sophie, Cheetham, Mandy, Munford, Luke, Craig, Peter, Huasheng Xiang, Mattheo Richiardi, and Taylor-Robinson, David

Abstract

Documentation and code files for the DiD analysis on APS data

Published
2022
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39. Neighbourhood unemployment and other socio-demographic predictors of emergency hospitalisation for infectious intestinal disease in England: A longitudinal ecological study

Author

Rose, Tanith C., primary, Adams, Natalie L., additional, Whitehead, Margaret, additional, Wickham, Sophie, additional, O'Brien, Sarah J., additional, Hawker, Jeremy, additional, Taylor-Robinson, David C., additional, Violato, Mara, additional, and Barr, Benjamin, additional

Published
2020
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43. Robust association between autistic traits and psychotic-like experiences in the adult general population: epidemiological study from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey and replication with the 2014 APMS.

Author

Martinez, Anton P., Wickham, Sophie, Rowse, Georgina, Milne, Elizabeth, and Bentall, Richard P.

Subjects
*HALLUCINATIONS, *CONFIDENCE intervals, *PSYCHOSES, *NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests, *AUTISM, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *QUESTIONNAIRES, *LOGISTIC regression analysis, *ODDS ratio, *PARANOIA, *DISEASE complications, *ADULTS
Abstract

Background: Studies have shown that there are overlapping traits and symptoms between autism and psychosis but no study to date has addressed this association from an epidemiological approach in the adult general population. Furthermore, it is not clear whether autistic traits are associated with specific symptoms of psychosis or with psychosis in general. We assess these associations for the first time by using the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) 2007 and the APMS 2014, predicting an association between autistic traits and probable psychosis, and specific associations between autistic traits and paranoia and strange experiences. Methods: Participants (N = 7353 in 2007 and 7500 in 2014) completed the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ) and a 20-item version of the Autism Quotient (AQ-20). Binomial logistic regressions were performed using AQ-20 as the independent variable and probable psychosis and specific symptoms as dependent variables. Results: In the APMS 2007 dataset, significant associations were found between autism traits and probable psychosis, paranoia, thought insertion, and strange experiences. These results were replicated in APMS 2014 but with the additional significant association between autistic traits and hallucinations. Participants in the highest quartile of the AQ-20, compared with the lowest quartile, had an increased risk of probable psychosis of odds ratio (OR) = 15.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.57–52.6] in APMS 2007 and OR = 22.5 (95% CI 7.64–66.3) in APMS 2014. Conclusions: Autistic traits are strongly associated with probable psychosis and psychotic experiences with the exception of mania. Limitations such as the cross-sectional nature of the study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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44. Poverty dynamics and health in late childhood in the UK: evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study

Author

Lai, Eric T C, Wickham, Sophie, Law, Catherine, Whitehead, Margaret, Barr, Benjamin, and Taylor-Robinson, David

Subjects
Male, Adolescent, Anthropometry, Social Determinants of Health, longitudinal study, child poverty, United Kingdom, Mental Health, Adolescent Behavior, Adolescent Health Services, Prevalence, trajectories, Humans, Original Article, Female, Prospective Studies, Policy Making, physical health, Poverty
Abstract

Objective To assess the prevalence of different trajectories of exposure to child poverty and their association with three indicators of adolescent physical and mental health in UK children. Methods We analysed data on 10 652 children from a large, prospective, nationally representative sample in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. The outcomes were mental health, measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), physical health, measured by obesity and any longstanding illness, at age 14. The exposure was relative poverty (

Published
2019

50. Are social inequalities in early childhood smoking initiation explained by exposure to adult smoking? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

Author

van Wouwe, Jacobus P., Taylor-Robinson, David C., Wickham, Sophie, Campbell, Melisa, Robinson, Jude, Pearce, Anna, and Barr, Ben

Abstract

Introduction: \ud To assess the socio-economic gradient in early smoking initiation at age 11 years and the extent to which any inequality was explained after accounting for longitudinal exposure to adult smoking.\ud \ud Methods: \ud Analysis of the UK Millennium Cohort Study, based on 9, 609 children from ages 9 months to 11 years. The outcome was smoking initiation by age 11. Odds ratios (ORs) for smoking initiation were estimated using logistic regression, according to maternal education, whilst adjusting for baseline demographic factors. Longitudinal exposure to a regular smoker in the same room was assessed as potential mediator of the association between maternal education and early smoking, along with other socially patterned risk factors for early smoking initiation, such as parental separation and mental health.\ud \ud Results: \ud Overall 2.7% (95% CI: 2.3–3.1) of children had tried a cigarette by age eleven. Children of mothers with no qualifications were more than six times as likely to have tried a cigarette than children of mothers with degree level qualifications or higher (OR 6.0 [95%CI 3.5–10.1]), with clear social gradient. Controlling for potentially mediating variables, particularly exposure to a regular adult smoker reduced the OR smoking initiation in children of mothers with no qualifications by 63% (aOR 2.9 [95%CI 1.7 to 5.1]).\ud \ud Conclusions: \ud Smoking initiation is more common in disadvantaged children, and this is largely explained by regular exposure to an adult smoker in the same room. Reducing adult smoking in front of children may reduce inequalities in smoking initiation in children by over a half.

Published
2017

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