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Objective: Many patients have undergone visceral surgery. The effects on anatomy and physiology, which can result in further surgical or gastroenterological clinical pictures, are equally significant and require special knowledge. This content should be taught in an interdisciplinary elective course. The draft of the new 2025 approval regulation and the current approval regulation specify that preclinical and clinical content should specifically be combined within the framework of a Z-curriculum and that the new elective course should meet these requirements. Methodology: Practical and theoretical aspects of recognising and treating patients with postoperative modified anatomy are to be taught and the findings are to be demonstrated using anatomical and artificial preparations. The curriculum of the preclinical course covers anatomy and physiology. The target group of the curriculum is all participating students with a special interest in topics such as anatomy, visceral surgery and gastroenterology. However, the goal is to involve student tutors of the anatomical dissection courses, who, in turn, will pass on knowledge of modified anatomy to the supervised preclinical students.Results: According to Thomas and Kern, the curriculum development process entails the following six stages: general needs assessment, targeted needs assessment, the formulation of goals and content, the description of strategies, planned implementation and evaluation.Conclusion: A "modified anatomy" curriculum for an interdisciplinary elective course in surgery, gastroenterology, and anatomy was developed. Through the training of anatomy table tutors, a "dovetailing" with the preclinical stage is to be achieved. In addition, new concepts related to the transfer of knowledge and competencies were introduced and should be evaluated for suitability., Zielsetzung: Viele Patient*innen sind viszeralchirurgisch voroperiert. Die Auswirkungen auf die Anatomie und Physiologie, die weitere chirurgische oder gastroenterologische Krankheitsbilder bedingen können, sind gleichermaßen bedeutsam und benötigen besonderer Kenntnisse. Diese Inhalte sollen in einem interdisziplinären Wahlfach vermittelt werden. Der Entwurf der neuen Approbationsordnung 2025 sowie die geltende Approbationsordnung geben vor, dass gezielt vorklinische und klinische Inhalte im Rahmen eines Z-Curriculums miteinander verbunden werden und das neue Wahlfach diesen Anforderungen gerecht werden sollen. Methodik: Praktische und theoretische Aspekte im Erkennen und Behandeln von Patient*innen mit postoperativ veränderter Anatomie sollen vermittelt werden und Befunde durch anatomische und artifizielle Präparate demonstriert werden. Inhalte der Vorklinik, die in diesem Curriculum aufgegriffen werden, sind Anatomie und Physiologie. Die Zielgruppe des Curriculums bilden alle teilnehmenden Studierenden, die ein besonderes Interesse an Themen wie Anatomie, Viszeralchirurgie, oder Gastroenterologie haben. Fokussiert sollen jedoch studierende Tutor*Innen der anatomischen Präparier-Kurse eingebunden werden. Durch die Tutor*innen können die Kenntnisse in der veränderten Anatomie an die betreuten Studierenden der Vorklinik weitergegeben werden.Ergebnisse: Das sechs-schrittige Verfahren zur Curriculums-Entwicklung nach Thomas und Kern wird mit folgenden Etappen beschrieben: allgemeine Bedarfsanalyse, gezielte Bedarfsanalyse, Formulierung von Zielen und Inhalten, Beschreibung der Strategien, geplante Implementierung und Evaluation.Schlussfolgerung: Ein Curriculum "veränderte Anatomie" für ein interdisziplinäres Wahlfach in den Fächern Chirurgie, Gastroenterologie und Anatomie wurde entwickelt. Durch die Ausbildung von Anatomie-Tischtutor*Innen soll eine "Verzahnung" mit der Vorklinik erreicht werden. Neuartige Konzepte der Wissens- und Kompetenzvermittlung wurden eingepf

Community detection algorithms from the field of network theory have been used to divide a fluid domain into clusters that are sparsely connected with each other and to identify barriers to transport, for example in the context of larval dispersal. Communities detected by the community detection algorithm Infomap have barriers that have been shown to often coincide with well-known oceanographic features. Thus far, this method has only been applied to closed domains such as the Mediterranean. We apply this method to the surface of the Arctic and subarctic oceans and show that it can be applied to open domains. First, we construct a Lagrangian flow network by simulating the exchange of Lagrangian particles between different bins in an icosahedral-hexagonal grid. Then,Infomap is applied to identify groups of well-connected bins. The resolved transport barriers include naturally occurring structures, such as the major currents. As expected, clusters in the Arctic are affected by seasonal and decadal variations in sea-ice concentration. We also discuss several caveats of this method. Firstly, there is no single definition of what makes a cluster, since this is dependent on a preferred balance of internally high connectivity, sparse connectivity between clusters, and the spatial scale of investigation. Secondly, many different divisions into clusters may qualify as good solutions and it may thus be misleading to only consider the solution that optimizes a certain quality parameter the most. Finally, while certain cluster boundaries lie consistently at the same location between different good solutions, other boundary locations vary significantly, making it difficult to assess the physical meaning of a single solution. Particularly in the context of practical applications like planning Marine Protected Areas, it is important to consider an ensemble of qualifying solutions to find persistent boundaries.

The Southern Ocean was thought to be relatively free of plastic pollution, but multiple observations of plastic in the Southern Ocean surface waters have been reported in recent years. In this thesis, sources of plastic from outside the Southern Ocean are investigated using Lagrangian particle tracking. Plastic particles are simulated by releasing virtual particles of which the dynamics are integrated in time based on high resolution eddy resolving ocean model data. In this study, it is investigated where and at what time of the year particles enter the Southern Ocean. Simulations are performed for floating plastic and for neutrally buoyant plastic in the interior of the ocean. Particles are also simulated along isopycnals because simulations may be very diapycnal which is caused by the steeply tilted isopycnals in the Southern Ocean. Results for floating plastic show that particles are able to cross the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and enter the Southern Ocean in two identi?ed areas because of a combination of the ocean currents and Stokes drift. A clear peak in the winter months suggests that this is a consequence of storm events. Simulations with three different initial depths are performed for plastic in the interior of the ocean. Results show areas where particles are travelling southwards and are upwelling. Particles that enter the Southern Ocean have generally been upwelled. Also, a clear correlation between the change in depth and the change in latitude is found. Particles are entering the Southern Ocean uniformly throughout the year suggesting it is driven by the topography of the ocean floor. Two methods are described to simulate particles along isopycnals. It is shown that, besides some small differences, the general results of the isopycnal simulations are the same as for the simulations in the interior of the Southern Ocean where the particles are advected with the three dimensional ocean model data. This suggests that particles do not have to be simul