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3. Automated comparison of X-ray images for cargo scanning

Author

Marius Costin, Alexander Flisch, Micha Slegt, Caroline Vienne, Diana Hardmeier, Abraham Marciano, Wicher Visser, Adrian Schwaninger, Frank Sukowski, Ulf Hassler, Andrea Canonica, Irene Dorion, Ger Koomen, Center for Adaptive Security Research and Applications (CASRA), Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Département Imagerie et Simulation pour le Contrôle (DISC), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Fraunhofer-Entwicklungszentrum Röntgentechnik (Fraunhofer IIS/EZRT), Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (Fraunhofer IIS), Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)-Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), Smiths Detection (SH), Dutch Customs Laboratory, Dutch Tax and Customs Administration (DTCA), Swiss Federal Customs Administration (FCA), Claycomb W.R., Center for Adaptive Security Research and Applications ( CASRA ), Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] ( EMPA ), Département Imagerie et Simulation pour le Contrôle ( DISC ), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies ( LIST ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, Fraunhofer Development Center X-ray technologies ( EZRT ), Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation [Stuttgart] ( IPA ), Smiths Detection ( SH ), Swiss Federal Customs Administration ( FCA ), and Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST)

Subjects
Risk perception, Computer - based trainings, [ INFO ] Computer Science [cs], Cargo scanning, Border control, Computer science, Declaration, Security screening, 02 engineering and technology, Efficiency, X ray analysis, computer.software_genre, Computer security, E-learning, Containers, Image analysis, Automation, Software, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, X ray screens, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], image, Enforcement, 050107 human factors, Information exchange, X-ray screening, Database, Computer aided analysis, Learning systems, business.industry, Information dissemination, Inspection, 05 social sciences, X-ray image, Automated target recognition, Cargo inspection, simulation, Order (business), Container (abstract data type), 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Crime, business, computer, Personnel training
Abstract

Conference of 50th Annual IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, ICCST 2016 ; Conference Date: 24 October 2016 Through 27 October 2016; Conference Code:125934; International audience; Customs administrations are responsible for the enforcement of fiscal integrity and security of movements of goods across land and sea borders. In order to verify whether the transported goods match the transport declaration, X-ray imaging of containers is used at many customs site worldwide. The main objective of the research and development project 'Automated Comparison of X-ray Images for Cargo Scanning (ACXIS)', which is funded by the European 7th Framework Program, is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the inspection procedures of cargo at customs using X-ray technology. The current inspection procedures are reviewed to identify risks, catalogue illegal cargo, and prioritize detection scenarios. Based on these results, we propose an integrated solution that provides automation, information exchange between customs administrations, and computer-based training modules for customs officers. Automated target recognition (ATR) functions analyze the X-ray image after a scan is made to detect certain types of goods such as cigarettes, weapons and drugs in the freight or container. Other helpful information can also be provided, such as the load homogeneity, total or partial weight, or the number of similar items. The ATR functions are provided as an option to the user. The X-ray image is transformed into a manufacturer-independent format through geometrical and spectral corrections and stored into a database along with the user feedback and other related data. This information can be exchanged with similar systems at other sites, thus facilitating information exchange between customs administrations. The database is seeded with over 30'000 examples of legitimate and illegal goods. These examples are used by the ATR functions through machine learning techniques, which are further strengthened by the information exchange. In order to improve X-ray image interpretation competency of human operators (customs officers), a computer-based training software is developed that simulates these new inspection procedures. A study is carried out to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the computer-based training as well as the implemented procedures. Officers from the Dutch and Swiss Customs administrations partake in the study, covering both land and sea borders.

Published
2016
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4. Creating a reference database of cargo inspection X-ray images using high energy CT of cargo mock-ups

Author

Ulf Hassler, Frank Sukowski, Alexander Flisch, Adrian Schwaninger, Micha Slegt, Eric Rochat, Selina Kolokytha, Mathieu Plamondon, Diana Hardmeier, Andrea Canonica, Marius Costin, Caroline Vienne, Stefan Hartmann, Ger Koomen, Irene Dorion, Thomas Lüthi, Wicher Visser, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Center for Adaptive Security Research and Applications (CASRA), Département Imagerie et Simulation pour le Contrôle (DISC), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Fraunhofer-Entwicklungszentrum Röntgentechnik (Fraunhofer IIS/EZRT), Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (Fraunhofer IIS), Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)-Fraunhofer (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), Smiths Heimann S.A.S. (SH), Swiss Federal Customs Administration (FCA), Dutch Customs Laboratory, Dutch Tax and Customs Administration (DTCA), European Project: 312998,EC:FP7:SEC,FP7-SEC-2012-1,ACXIS(2013), and Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA))

Subjects
High energy, Cargo scanning, Computer science, 010401 analytical chemistry, ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, Mock ups, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 16. Peace & justice, Computer security, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Identification (information), Key (cryptography), X ray image, Reference database, 0210 nano-technology, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, computer
Abstract

International audience; Customs continue to use a wide range of technology in protecting against terrorism and the movement of illicit trade and prohibited imports. The throughput of scanned vehicles and cargo increases and just keeps on growing. Therefore, the need of automated algorithms to help screening officers in inspection, examination or surveillance of vehicles and containers is crucial. In this context, the successful collaboration between manufacturers and customs offices is of key importance. Facing this topic, within the seventh framework program of the European Commission, the project ACXIS “Automated Comparison of X-ray Images for cargo Scanning” arose. This project develops a reference database for X-ray images of illegal and legitimate cargo, procedures and algorithms to uniform X-ray images of different cargo scanners, and an automated identification of potentially illegal cargo.

Published
2016
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