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Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if Escherichia coli produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia.

A common indicator used to examine the frequency and distribution of antibiotic resistance against other enteric bacteria in humans and animals is the commensal enteric bacterium, Escherichia coli. The transmission of plasmids harboring ESBL enzymes, primarily generated by E. coli, is the cause of this resistance. The purpose of this study was to identify the CTX-M gene in ESBL-producing E. coli from broiler chicken cloacal swabs in traditional Surabaya markets. The samples used were 96 cloacal swabs from broiler chickens in the traditional markets of Dukuh Kupang, Keputran, Pacar Keling, and Pucang. The antibiotic disks used in this study belonged to five different antibiotic classes; they are aztreonam (monobactam), chloramphenicol (phenicol), kanamycin (aminoglycoside), ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), and tetracycline (tetracycline). Presumptive ESBL strains were then molecularly screened for the presence of CTX-M gene. Results revealed that out of the 96 chicken cloacal swab samples collected, 58 (60.42%) were positive for E. coli based on morphological culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Additionally, 15 out of the 58 E. coli isolates recovered from broiler chicken cloacal swabs were multidrug-resistant (MDR) while 7 of E. coli isolates harbored CTX-M gene. Conclusively, this study has shown that broiler chickens sold in traditional Surabaya markets harbor MDR E. coli which possess CTX-M gene. Conditions in traditional markets with low levels of cleanliness and chickens placed close together can spread resistance genes with serious public health consequences. Therefore, it is imperative to observe good hygienic practices in Surabaya traditional markets in order to curtail the spread of MDR bacterial pathogens in the food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stray cats survive by getting food or drink that is available in the environment, correspondingly, stray cats have relatively high exposure to antibiotic resistance obtained from resistant bacteria found in the environment. The present study was conducted to determine patterns of multidrug resistance and Escherichia coli resistance in stray cats. A total of 50 stray cat anal swab samples were taken randomly from the previously recorded stray cat population in the Surabaya area, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were brought using buffered peptone water. They were cultured on MacConkay Agar differential selective media, and all suspicious colonies of Escherichia coli were examined by biochemical tests. Isolates were then identified, and susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The results of the resistance test indicated that the multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli bacteria taken from cats was 14.6% (7/48). The high antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli bacteria in stray cats, which were resistant to many drugs, provides an early warning of environmental health. Environmental health is closely related to animal and human health, especially antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Vet Indones. The Indonesian Veterinary Journal / Jurnal Acta Veterinaria Indonesiana is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if Escherichia coli produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia. A total of 115 broiler cloacal swab samples were obtained from 22 farms and studied for the presence of E. coli. The isolates were identified using approved standard methods and were purified on eosin methylene blue agar media. The E. coli isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing using beta-lactam antibiotics, and ESBL production was confirmed by a double-disc synergy test. The presence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes was identified using a PCR. It was found that 99/115 (86.1%) of the isolated E. coli were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and 34/115 (29.6%) of them were phenotypically detected to be ESBL producers. Of the 34 isolates that were confirmed ESBL producers, 32/34 (94.1%) of them harboured the blaCTX-M and 13/34 (38.2%) the blaTEM genes. The blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected together in 12/34 (35.3%) isolates. This study discovered that broiler chickens are possible reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli that may infect humans. Thus, a committed public health education campaign is recommended in order to mitigate the potential threat to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was isolated Escherichia coli from cloacal swab of broiler chicken farms in Blitar area to investigate cases of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Escherichia coli and their Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli. This research was conducted on broiler chicken farms in Blitar district in June until August 2019. Samples using cloaca swabs on broiler chickens were 160 animals from 6 districts in Blitar district. Samples were taken at random and brought to the laboratory for isolation of Escherichia coli bacteria. Positive isolates of Escherichia coli were tested for antibiotic sensitivity and Escherichia coli resistant to beta lactam groups were then confirmed using the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) confirmation test, to confirm as ESBL-producing bacteria. The results showed the percentage of antibiotic resistance to Escherichia coli bacteria in broilers in Blitar District was 88.75% (Ampicillin), 78.75% (Streptomycin), 76.87% (Erithromycin), 50.63% (Tetracyclin) and 75% (sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim). The incidence of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli bacteria in Broiler chickens in Blitar District was 85.63%, and around 28.75% were Escherichia coli bacteria that produce Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL). In conclusion, the high level of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in broiler chicken cloaca swabs is a threat to public health and the environment and is an important concern to reduce the rate of its spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to identify blaTEM and blaSHV genes of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) of Escherichia coli from cloacal swab of broiler chicken in several broiler farms in Blitar. This study used 95 broiler chicken samples, with cloacal swab method. The samples were isolated and identified to find Escherichia coli with several procedures, MacConckey Agar (MCA), Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA), Gram staining, indole test, Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer (MR-VP), citrate, and Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA). ESBL-producing Escherichia coli bacteria isolated from cloacal swabs of broiler chicken were confirmed by the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). This confirmation test with DDST was conducted to evaluate the presence of inhibitory zones of ESBL activity with clavulanic acid using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck, Germany). Double Disc Synergy Test uses the antibiotic disc Amoxycillin-clavulanic 30µg (Oxoid, England), Cefotaxime 30µg (Oxoid, England), Ceftazidime 30µg (Becton Dickinson, USA and Aztreonam 30µg (Oxoid, England). ESBL producing E. coli were 10 isolates and blaTEM gene from 7 isolates and blaSHV gene was no isolate. It can be explained that broiler chicken should be considered as a source of transmission for ESBL of E. coli to the public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of antibiotics in poultry can encourage antibiotic resistance, one of which is Escherichia coli which produces Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase is most produced by Escherichia coli. This study was carried out in a cross sectional descriptive manner aimed to determine the prevalence of ESBL in Escherichia coli bacteria in layer and broiler chicken farms in Talun and Kademangan subdistricts, Blitar district. Samples of 76 cloacal swabs were taken from laying hens and broilers. Positive isolates of Escherichia coli were tested for antibiotic sensitivity on agar-resistant Mueller-Hinton agar and Escherichia coli-resistant beta lactam (ampicillin) groups and then confirmed using the Double Disc Synergy Test, to confirm as Escherichia coli producing ESBL. The results showed a high prevalence of MDR in commercial chicken farms in Blitar district. Escherichia coli has MDR resistance properties in Layer Chicken in Talun sub-district by 88.23%, and in Kademangan sub-district by 63.16%, while for Broiler chickens in Talun sub-district by 90% and in Kademangan sub-district by 100%. The prevalence of Escherichia coli producing ESBL in Kademangan Sub-district was 15.79% and in Talun subdistrict by 5.88%, while in Broiler chickens in Kademangan sub-district was 85%, and in Talun sub-district the Escherichia coli producing ESBL was not detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella spp. is a bacterial causative agent that can cause salmonellosis in humans and animals. Salmonellosis is categorized as an important zoonotic disease in public health. Infection can be acquired by direct contact and indirect contact with animals. Indirect transmission can occur through contact with the environment around animals or with contaminated objects around poultry farms. Salmonella in humans, which is an infectious disease, has three types of infections, namely typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS). Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are caused by S. typhi and S. enterica serovar Paratyphi (S. paratyphi), in contrast, S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, Salmonella enterica serovar newport (S. newport), and Salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg (S. heildeberg) causes non-typhoid Salmonella infection. The distribution of Salmonella is very widespread and persistent in dry environments but can persist in water for up to several months. In poultry, Salmonella can cause clinical disease or subclinical infection in asymptomatic animals which are often referred to as carriers. Infectious disease control in poultry farms always uses antibiotics. High antibiotic use can lead to increased antibiotic resistance. Raising awareness is critical to limiting the inappropriate use of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli is one of the causes of infection in humans and animals which can easily cause resistance to antibiotics, one of which is resistance caused by ESBL. This study used 160 broilers cloaca swabs from 6 subdistricts in Blitar District. Isolation of Escherichia coli using Mac Conkey Agar selective media, and identified by biochemical testing of IMVIC and TSIA. Escherichia coli resistance test uses 5 different types of antibiotics, including beta lactam (Ampicillin), aminoglycoside (Streptomycin) group, macrolide group (Erythromicin), tetracycline (Tetracycline) group, and sulfonamide group (Sulfamethoxazole-Trimetropin). ESBL-producing Escherichia coli bacteria were confirmed by the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method. CTX gene characterization using the PCR method. The results showed that 45 isolates (97.8%) were Escherichia coli isolates producing ESBL CTX encoding gene found in broiler cloaca swabs in Blitar district. Positive results on the CTX gene showed electrophoretic results of the samples depicting the same fragment as positive control with a gene length of 550 bp. Escherichia coli which has MDR resistance properties in broiler chickens in Blitar District there were 137 isolates from a total of 160 Escherichia coli. The incidence rate of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in cloaca swabs in broiler chickens with the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method in the results of this study showed 46 (28.75%) positive isolates of ESBL. These results indicate that the spread of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli is high, therefore it can cause spreading antimicrobial resistance to animal and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study was isolated Escherichia coli from cloacalswab of layer poultry farms in Blitar area to investigate their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Materials and Method: Fourty swab cloacal samples were collected from 8 farms where located in Blitar for 3 months. In order for MacConkey agar to be a medium for inoculation and biochemical tests to identify isolates such as IMViC and TSIA test were performed. The method of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Escherichia coli was tested by disk diffusion. Results: The result revealed40 samples, 34 samples were exposed to contamination by E.coli. The pattern of antibiotic sensitivity showed high resistance against ampicillin (62%), ciprofloxacin (56%), tetracycline and trimethrophim sulfamethoxazole (53%). Sensitive antibiotics were also observed for amoxicillin clavulanic acid, cefepime, ampicillin sulbactam, amikacin and meropenem. The presence of MDR and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cloacal swabs of layer poultry farms in Blitar were 47.1% (16/34) and 5.9% (2/34), respectively. Conclusion: This research to find out exposed the layer poultry farms to consider critical antibiotic resistance of E. coli and regarded potential public health hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]