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This paper presents a comparison of the exhibition of art in the Duke of Alba’s original Liria Palace in 1931, which was destroyed in the Spanish Civil War in 1936, with a later exhibition in the reconstructed Liria Palace in 1957. It examines what is known of the original Liria Palace’s exhibition of art, as well as the history of those spaces, and compare it with the reconstructed Liria Palace. It also reflects on the significance of the role the art collection played in the reconstruction process. The exhibition of the Alba collection in the reconstructed Liria Palace formed part of the Duke’s strategies for perpetuating social distinction in the 20th century by preserving collective family memory, manifesting continuity, and imbuing the collection with unique meaning through the contextualization in this private setting.

Loot boxes are virtual items that can be redeemed to receive randomly selected other virtual items, and have been criticized for being similar to gambling. The presence of loot boxes in video games has dramatically increased since 2010, with little evidence available for the current prevalence rate of loot box purchasing in the general population, particularly during and following the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. This study uses data from representative samples of American youth to estimate prevalence rates for video game play and loot box consumption before the pandemic (2019) and after the pandemic lockdowns (2022) to examine whether the pandemic has affected loot box usage in the general population and among gamers. The results suggest that youth loot box consumption has increased, rising from 24.9% in 2019 to 31.6% in 2022 among 8th grade (age 13–14) youth. The increase over this time period was larger for girls, though boys are still more likely to purchase loot boxes overall.

Esta nota realiza algunas consideraciones sobre el uso de un grabado de Guillaume Anabat para La venida del Espíritu Santo de Juan de Flandes; también de una miniatura de Sander Bening para la tabla del mismo tema en el Políptico de Isabel la Católica; además plantea cuestiones sobre la formación del pintor.

Online learning in higher education has been increasing for many years. This is happening across all of higher education and it is happening more specifically within STEM fields. The growth of online learning has significantly accelerated the past couple of years during the COVID-19 pandemic as colleges and universities have sought ways to continue educating students while also keeping students, faculty and staff safe. As result, many college faculty and instructors across all fields of study including STEM fields have made and continue to make the transition to teaching online for the first time. Teaching in an online environment is different from traditional classroom teaching in many ways and presents a unique set of challenges to college instructors. This study documents the development of an instrument used for instructors to self-report their instructional techniques and practices. Data from 251 instructors is also used to examine how this instrument can be used to better understand particular practices, with a focus in this study on discussion facilitation. The results align with the Community of Inquiry framework, including indicating that teaching through discussion forums involves direct contribution and/or facilitation.

A 1-year-old sexually intact female Labrador Retriever was evaluated for malodorous vaginal discharge, lethargy, and vomiting. A diagnosis of pyometra was suspected based on signalment, clinical signs, and abdominal ultrasonography. The dog underwent an exploratory celiotomy revealing a palpably enlarged cervix and edematous, fluid-filled vagina with an otherwise normal uterus. The ovaries, uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina were surgically resected. Histopathology revealed mild to moderate regionally extensive subacute neutrophilic cervicovaginitis due to an unknown underlying etiology. The dog did not exhibit any postoperative complications or recurrence of clinical signs in 6 months. This case represents an unusual disease condition, which presented in a manner typical for pyometra, yet required more extensive surgical resection.

Este trabajo tiene como propósito examinar funciones y responsabilidades un museo etnológico en un país en de desarrollo. Planteo la idea de que museo es tratado de forma en un país en desarrollo frente un país desarrollado, y éticas las razones por las cuales se tales diferencias entre unos y . Como marco utilizado un museo etnológico de Dominicana por la compleja que este país presenta, hasta día de hoy, en asuntos de identidad, por el modo como dichos asuntos son o dentro del museológico. Puede decirse que una gran polémica sobre la verdadera de los dominicanos causa de diversos de carácter , histórico y político que han llevado a negar sus raíces africanas a expresar un profundo desprecio la negritud.

The principles governing the functional organization and development of long-range network interactions in the neocortex remain poorly understood. Using in vivo widefield and two-photon calcium imaging of spontaneous activity patterns in mature ferret visual cortex, we find widespread modular correlation patterns that accurately predict the local structure of visually evoked orientation columns several millimeters away. Longitudinal imaging demonstrates that long-range spontaneous correlations are present early in cortical development before the elaboration of horizontal connections and predict mature network structure. Silencing feedforward drive through retinal or thalamic blockade does not eliminate early long-range correlated activity, suggesting a cortical origin. Circuit models containing only local, but heterogeneous, connections are sufficient to generate long-range correlated activity by confining activity patterns to a low-dimensional subspace via multisynaptic short-range interactions. These results suggest that local connections in early cortical circuits can generate structured long-range network correlations that guide the formation of visually evoked distributed functional networks.

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has been increasingly used for examining connectivity across brain regions. The spatial scale by which hemodynamic imaging can resolve functional connections at rest remains unknown. To examine this issue, deoxyhemoglobin-weighted intrinsic optical imaging data were acquired from the visual cortex of lightly anesthetized ferrets. The neural activity of orientation domains, which span a distance of 0.7-0.8 mm, has been shown to be correlated during evoked activity and at rest. We performed separate analyses to assess the degree to which the spatial and temporal characteristics of spontaneous hemodynamic signals depend on the known functional organization of orientation columns. As a control, artificial orientation column maps were generated. Spatially, resting hemodynamic patterns showed a higher spatial resemblance to iso-orientation maps than artificially generated maps. Temporally, a correlation analysis was used to establish whether iso-orientation domains are more correlated than orthogonal orientation domains. After accounting for a significant decrease in correlation as a function of distance, a small but significant temporal correlation between iso-orientation domains was found, which decreased with increasing difference in orientation preference. This dependence was abolished when using artificially synthetized orientation maps. Finally, the temporal correlation coefficient as a function of orientation difference at rest showed a correspondence with that calculated during visual stimulation suggesting that the strength of resting connectivity is related to the strength of the visual stimulation response. Our results suggest that temporal coherence of hemodynamic signals measured by optical imaging of intrinsic signals exists at a submillimeter columnar scale in resting state., Competing Interests: Author Disclosure Statement No competing financial interests exist.

The majority of neurons in primary visual cortex are tuned for stimulus orientation, but the factors that account for the range of orientation selectivities exhibited by cortical neurons remain unclear. To address this issue, we used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to characterize the orientation tuning and spatial arrangement of synaptic inputs to the dendritic spines of individual pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 of ferret visual cortex. The summed synaptic input to individual neurons reliably predicted the neuron's orientation preference, but did not account for differences in orientation selectivity among neurons. These differences reflected a robust input-output nonlinearity that could not be explained by spike threshold alone and was strongly correlated with the spatial clustering of co-tuned synaptic inputs within the dendritic field. Dendritic branches with more co-tuned synaptic clusters exhibited greater rates of local dendritic calcium events, supporting a prominent role for functional clustering of synaptic inputs in dendritic nonlinearities that shape orientation selectivity., Competing Interests: Competing financial interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

The spatial arrangement of luminance increments (ON) and decrements (OFF) falling on the retina provides a wealth of information used by central visual pathways to construct coherent representations of visual scenes. But how the polarity of luminance change is represented in the activity of cortical circuits remains unclear. Using wide-field epifluorescence and two-photon imaging we demonstrate a robust modular representation of luminance polarity (ON or OFF) in the superficial layers of ferret primary visual cortex. Polarity-specific domains are found with both uniform changes in luminance and single light/dark edges, and include neurons selective for orientation and direction of motion. The integration of orientation and polarity preference is evident in the selectivity and discrimination capabilities of most layer 2/3 neurons. We conclude that polarity selectivity is an integral feature of layer 2/3 neurons, ensuring that the distinction between light and dark stimuli is available for further processing in downstream extrastriate areas., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cascade dynamics on networks are usually analyzed statically to determine existence criteria for cascades. Here, the Watts model of threshold dynamics on random Erdos-Rényi networks is analyzed to determine the dynamic time evolution of cascades. The network is assumed to have a specific finite number of nodes n and is not assumed to be treelike. All combinations of threshold ϕ, network average nodal degree z, and seed sizes |S| from a single node up are included. The analysis permits study of network size effects and increased clustering coefficient. Several size effects not found by infinite network theory are predicted by the analysis and confirmed by simulations. In the region of ϕ and z where a single node can start a cascade, cascades are expanding, in the sense that each step flips a larger group than the previous step did. We show that this region extends to larger values of z than predicted by infinite network analyses. In the region where larger seeds are needed (size proportional to n), cascades begin by contracting: at the outset, each step flips fewer nodes than the previous step, but eventually the process reverses and becomes expanding. A critical mass that grows during the cascade beyond an easily-calculated threshold is identified as the cause of this reversal.

The tensile strength of vitreous membranes, induced by silk sutures imbedded in the vitreous body and removed one to two weeks later, was investigated in rabbits. Three types of membranes were distinguished by their appearance under an operating microscope; dense, opaque, cylindrical membranes, (Type 1), broken with 2 to 16 Gm. of force and elongated from 127 to 200 per cent before breaking; thin, cylindrical membranes, (Type 2), broken with 200 mg. to 2 Gm. of force and elongated from 51 to 152 per cent before breaking; and thin film-like membranes imbedded in formed vitreous gel, (Type 3), broken with 200 mg. to 5.5 Gm. of force and elongated from 53 to 186 per cent before breaking. Vitreous membranes formed two to eight weeks after surgery resisted forces greater than those required to detach rabbit retina. The results of the experiment are relevant in the design of vitrectomy instruments.