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Under the high-pressure and low-temperature environment of the deep sea, wax deposition will occur in the wellbore. This study discusses the effect of gas–liquid two-phase bubbly flow on wax deposition. In this study, wax deposition experiments of a gas–liquid two-phase flow in vertical pipelines were carried out using waxy white oil and air as the experimental medium. The results show that under the bubble flow pattern, within a short period of time from the start of wax deposition, it rapidly accumulates to the peak, then rapidly cuts off part of it, and then presents a simple harmonic dynamic trend until the final stability. The average wax-deposit thickness decreases first and then increases with the increase of superficial gas velocity, and it increases first and then decreases with the increase of superficial liquid velocity. The average wax-deposit thickness decreases with the increase of oil temperature. The average wax-deposit thickness was substantially constant and then decreases with the increase of ambient temperature. The wax-deposit thickness increases with the increase of wax content in oil flow. This research is useful for people to further understand the changes in the wax deposition process.

Vaccination is an effective method to prevent Newcastle disease (ND) in chickens. Marcol 52 and #10 white oil are mineral-based adjuvants and can be found in commercial inactivated ND virus vaccines. The present study demonstrated that a vegetable origin oil E515-D had lower polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and higher flash point than the commercial products Marcol 52 and #10 white oil. E515-D could be mixed with an aqueous phase containing ND virus antigen to form a stable water-in-oil vaccine emulsion and exhibited more potent adjuvant effects on the immune response than Marcol 52 and #10 white oil. Moreover, the absorption of E515-D–adjuvanted vaccine was faster than absorption of Marcol 52- and #10 white oil-adjuvanted vaccines when ND virus vaccines were injected in broilers. Therefore, E515-D was safe and could be a suitable adjuvant used in vaccines for food animals. In addition，E515-D is not easy to be flammable during shipping and storage owing to its higher flash point.

Understanding the physicochemical characteristics of oil-based cuttings (OBCs) is an important foundation for subsequent treatment and management. The macro- and microscopic properties of white oil-based cuttings (WOBCs) and diesel-based cuttings (DBCs) after the different pretreatment steps have been assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The organic and inorganic compositions of OBCs have been analyzed using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Inorganic matter (SiO2, BaSO4, and CaCO3), alkanes, aromatic compounds, and water were the main components of OBCs. The organic content (26.14%) and alkane content of the WOBCs were higher than that of the DBCs, whereas for the inorganic content (70.87%), the reverse was true. The macro- and micromorphologies of OBCs were quite different because their oil and water contents were different. The oil contents of OBCs decreased in the order A1 (14.64%) > A3 (12.67%) > A2 (11.06%) and B1 (9.19%) > B3 (8.94%) > B2 (4.66%); the water contents decreased in the order A1 (2.99%) > A3 (2.19%) > A2 (1.09%) and B1 (2.30%) > B3 (1.87%) > B2 (1.09%). Moreover, a skid-mounted treatment technology for OBCs was proposed. The results can be a scientific guidance for the treatment and management of OBCs.

A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of botanical extracts i.e. neem oil emulsified with NIFA adjuvant, turmeric and hinge crude extracts and neem oil in combination with white oil emulsified with NIFA adjuvants and the synthetic insecticides i.e. emamectin and bifenthrin on the control of Helicoverpa armigera on tomato crop. It was found that the highest control of H. armigera was observed for emamactin and the lowest was recoded for control. Similarly, the highest yield of tomato was recoded for neem-white oil treatment and lowest infestation was recorded for emamactin benzoate. The neem oil and neem oil in combination with white oil emulsified with NIFA adjuvant also showedbetter results than bifenthrin and hinge and turmeric crude extracts in controlling the larvae population of H. armigera. On the basis of these findings, neem oil and neem oil combined with white oil is the best management technique for controlling the H. armigera, as these agents pose least environmental hazards and are relatively nontoxic to beneficial insects and humans and readily photodegrade. Keywords

Background and purpose Adjuvant can reduce vaccine dosage and acquire better immune protection to the body, which helps to deal with the frequent outbreaks of influenza. Nanoemulsion adjuvants have been proved efficient, but the relationship between their key properties and the controlled release which greatly affects immune response is still unclear. The present work explores the role of factors such as particle size, the polydispersity index (PDI), stability and the safety of nanoemulsions by optimizing the water concentration, oil phase and modes of carrying, to explain the impact of those key factors above on adjuvant effect. Methods Isopropyl myristate (IPM), white oil, soybean oil, and grape-kernel oil were chosen as the oil phase to explore their roles in emulsion characteristics and the adjuvant effect. ICR mice were immunized with an emulsion-inactivated H3N2 split influenza vaccine mixture, to compare the nanoemulsion's adjuvant with traditional aluminium hydroxide or complete Freund's adjuvant. Results Particle size of all the nanoemulsion formed in our experiment ranged from 20 nm to 200 nm and did not change much when diluted with water, while the PDI decreased obviously, indicating that the particles tended to become more dispersive. Formulas with 80% or 85.6% water concentration showed significant higher HAI titer than aluminium hydroxide or complete Freund's adjuvant, and adsorption rather than capsule mode showed higher antigen delivery efficiency. As mentioned about oil phase, G (IPM), F (white oil), H (soybean oil), and I (grape-kernel oil) showed a decreasing trend in their adjuvant efficiency, and nanoemulsion G was the best adjuvant with smaller and uniform particle size. Conclusion Emulsions with a smaller, uniform particle size had a better adjuvant effect, and the adsorption mode was generally more efficient than the capsule mode. The potential adjuvant order of the different oils was as follows: IPM > white oil > soybean oil > grape-kernel oil.

This work aims to establish the relationship between the morphology and rheology changes affected by the addition of Flat-rheology modifier (FRM) to organoclay (OC)/white oil dispersions between 2 ...

Using Aspen Plus simulation software to simulate the hydrogen solubility of white oil raw materials, and calculate the de-aromatic hydrogen consumption. The liquid hydrogenation technology of white oil was studied by using 100mL uplink liquid hydrogenation evaluation device. The research results show that the ultraviolet absorbance of the liquid phase hydrogenation product is no more than 0.1, and saybolt color, copper plate corrosion, readily carbonizable substance can meet the quality requirements under the conditions of 230℃, 17 Mpa and LHSV 0.5 h-1. 2000 hours liquid phase hydrogenation test shows the stability of product quality which meets the food grade standard, and the liquid phase hydrogenation technology is feasible.

The water-lubricated transportation of heavy oil seems to be an attractive method for crude oil production with significant savings in pumping power. With oil surrounded by water along the pipe, oil–water core–annular flow forms. In this paper, the characteristics of oil–water core–annular flow in a horizontal acrylic pipe were investigated. Plexiglas pipes (internal diameter = 14 mm and length = 7.5 m) and two types of white oil (viscosity = 0.237 and 0.456 Pa·s) were used. Flow patterns were observed with a high-speed camera and rules of flow pattern transition were discussed. A pressure loss model was modified by changing the friction coefficient formula with empirical value added. Totally 224 groups of experimental data were used to evaluate pressure loss theoretical models. It was found the modified model has been improved significantly in terms of precision compared to the original one. With 87.4% of the data fallen within the deviation of ± 15%, the new model performed best among the five models.

MoSe2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method and treated with a novel dispersion method, ultrasonic dispersion in water. The tribological behaviors and wear mechanisms of MoSe2 nanoparticles as oil additives were investigated using a reciprocating ball-on-disk tribo-meter. The results showed that the average friction coefficient and wear rate decreased by 43% and 87% respectively with the addition of the treated MoSe2 nanoparticles compared with white oil. The lubrication mechanism was investigated and can be interpreted as that the MoSe2 had smaller particle size after being ultrasonically dispersed in water, which were beneficial to the formation of the tribo-film.

The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel oil-based suspension as a potential parenteral drug delivery system for drugs with poor water solubility. Most of the new active pharmaceutical ingredients are weak acid or basic drugs with pH-dependent solubility. To limit this dependence, use of micro-environmental pH-modifying solid dispersions (micro pHm SD) has been proved to increase the bioavailability of these drugs. Toltrazuril (TOL), a weakly acidic drug with poor aqueous and pH-dependent solubility, was studied as a model drug. Recently, studies on TOL with focus on the parenteral injection are rarely to find in the literature. A novel parenteral oil-based TOL suspension was prepared containing TOL micro pHm SD (TSD) powders suspended in oil-based vehicles and the optimal formulation was screened. The stability of this formulation was assessed considering particle size distribution, settling volume ratio, redispersibility, thermal stability, and drug content. The optimized white oil-based TOL pHm SD suspension (W-TSDS) showed significant improved stability and shear-thinning behavior. In particular, fumed silica as suspending agent positively influenced the physical stability of the formulation. Furthermore, W-TSDS showed good injectability using 21 G needles and more rapid and sustained drug release compared to TSD powders in vitro. In the in vivo safety evaluation, W-TSDS showed good histocompatibility in rabbits injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly. We believe these findings provide an alternative choice of dosage form for the delivery of new active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Separating organic pollutants from oil-based drill cuttings (OBDC) is the current trend for its safe disposal. In this study, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) was adapted to decontaminate OBDC for the first time. Two typical OBDC samples, i.e., diesel-based drill cuttings (OBDC-A) and white oil-based drill cuttings (OBDC-B), were statically extracted in a homemade batch autoclave. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) was applied to investigate the effects and interactive effects of three independent operating parameters (temperature, extraction time, and water volume) and to ultimately optimize the PHWE process. The results suggested that temperature is the dominant parameter, followed by water volume and extraction time. Interactive effects among the three parameters are present in the PHWE of OBDC-A but absent in the PHWE of OBDC-B. The suitable conditions for the effective PHWE of OBDC-A were found to be a temperature of 284-300 °C, water volume of 15-35 ml, and extraction time of 20-60 min. The corresponding conditions were 237-300 °C, 15-35 ml, and 20-60 min for the PHWE of OBDC-B. These different phenomena are caused by the different characteristics of the two OBDC samples. All of the polynomial models obtained from the RSM experiments are very valid and can adequately describe the relationship among the three independent operating parameters and responses. The experimental results also confirmed that PHWE is a more efficient separation technique for decontaminating OBDC than single organic solvent extraction or low-temperature thermal desorption because PHWE integrates the advantages of both these processes.

A Pickering emulsion stabilized with organophilic montmorillonite clay mineral (OMMTs) has potential applications in reducing radiation exposure as montmorillonite (MMT) can effectively slow down the migration of nuclides. In order to obtain more stable Pickering emulsions, OMMTs were prepared using quaternary ammonium salts of different carbon chain lengths, namely, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), stearyltrimethylammoniumchloride (STAC) and dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DODMAC). The OMMTs were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and SEM and a three-phase contact angle-measuring instrument. Stable W/O Pickering emulsions were prepared using modified montmorillonite as the emulsifier and white oil as the oil phase. The results showed that the quaternary ammonium salt was successfully inserted into the middle of the sheet of MMT, which reduced the hydrophilicity of MMT. The emulsions stabilized with OMMTs exhibited better stability than the emulsions stabilized with surfactants. The use of OMMTs reduced the average particle size of the emulsion and enhanced emulsion stability. With the increase in the carbon chain length of the modifier, the stability of the Pickering emulsion improved.

As the depth and horizontal length of shale gas development wells increase, the requirement for the temperature resistance and the ability of the drilling fluids to stabilize the shale formation becomes higher. A new type of high temperature and high density white oil based drilling fluid system has been developed in laboratory. Research shows that the drilling fluid system has good rheological property, low filtration loss, strong anti-debris pollution capability and good plugging performance at high temperature and high density. The system has been successfully applied in the 201H7-6 well. Application results show that the drilling fluid rheology, high temperature and high pressure fluid loss and demulsification voltage meet the field requirements. The drilling fluid performance is stable in drilling an 1800 m horizontal section, and no stuck or shale swelling and wellbore collapsing are induced. It is the first well drilled successfully with domestic white oil-based drilling fluid in Zigong Region. It also sets several new records including the deepest well, the shortest drilling cycle, and the fastest drilling speed in that region, which provides valuable experience for the future drilling activities.

In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients, mostly consisting of a variety of essential oils and botanical extracts. This publication, seventh in the series, re-evaluates NFCs with constituent profiles dominated by phenolic derivatives including carvacrol, thymol and related compounds using a constituent-based procedure first published in 2005 and updated in 2018. The procedure is based on the chemical characterization of each NFC as intended for commerce and the estimated intake of the constituent congeneric groups. The procedure applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant data on absorption, metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology of the constituent congeneric groups and the NFC under evaluation. Herein, the FEMA Expert Panel affirmed the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of seven phenolic derivative-based NFCs, Origanum Oil (Extractive) (FEMA 2828), Savory Summer Oil (FEMA 3013), Savory Summer Oleoresin (FEMA 3014), Savory Winter Oil (FEMA 3016), Savory Winter Oleoresin (FEMA 3017), Thyme Oil (FEMA 3064) and Thyme White Oil (FEMA 3065) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients.

Subsurface migration and accumulation of oil and gas have interested researchers for a long time, but these processes may occur over very long geological periods and are difficult to observe directly, so experimental simulations are warranted. In this study, an experimental method was developed to model hydrocarbon migration in the subsurface structure. Oil migration was simulated in a sandbox model, and industrial CT scanning was used to observe both the internal geometry of the model and the oil migration pathways. In the sandbox model, a NaI solution was used to simulate water, white oil was used to simulate hydrocarbon, and fine quartz sand, glass bead, silica powder, and brown corundum were chosen to represent brittle crust, based on suitable material parameters. A NaI-saturated layered sandbox model was constructed with an along-strike basal discontinuity, which during compression allowed a simple anticline with doubly verging reverse faults to form. Oil was then released continuously at a low rate from an orifice under one limb of the anticline. Initially, the oil migrated vertically through the fault zone until it reached the top of the fault zone; it then migrated laterally along the core of the anticline, saturating a model reservoir by buoyancy and capillary force. This experimental analog helps to explain hydrocarbon migration and accumulation within the Anjihai and Santai anticlines in northwest China.

Opacity interferes with the direct observation of the demulsification of heavy oil emulsions promoted by sand particles. According to measurements of asphaltene adsorbed on the surface of mineral particles (quartz and alginate) by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), some academics speculated that these particles adsorb asphaltene on an oil/water interfacial film, which destroys the strength of the oil/water interfacial film and promotes the coalescence and settling of water droplets, thus achieving demulsification and delamination. However, this mechanism cannot explain some of the phenomena observed in our experiments. In this study, bottle experiments, rheology tests, and wettability tests were carried out, the results were combined with van Oss theory and liquid bridge theory, and the mechanism by which sand promotes the demulsification of heavy oil emulsions was identified. The polar component of the surface energy of water is much greater than that of oils; as a result, water has better immersion wetting effect on quartz than oils, causing water to preferentially wet sand particles. When sand particles are small, and water droplets are large, the droplets completely wet and encapsulate the sand particles. When this occurs, the specific gravity of water droplets encapsulating sand particles increases and the settling speed of the water droplets is accelerated. This is the main reason why sand particles promote demulsification of heavy oil emulsions, which has been verified in this study by sand deposition experiments in white oil.

We investigated the effect of magnetically modified natural zeolite on the mechanical and damping properties of natural rubber-nanosilica compounds. We used natural rubber SIR 20 technical specified rubber (TSR) reinforced with a nanosilica filler. The results showed that using zeolite modified with magnetite and titanate coupling agent (TCA), which are alternative coupling agents to replace silane coupling agents, and amorphous silica as the filler in natural rubber TSR SIR 20 compounds enhanced the mechanical properties of the TSR vulcanization products. The relationships among the crosslink density, mechanical properties and damping properties were also explored. We also identified that an improvement in the properties resulted from a modification of the white oil softener and filler comprising the zeolite-nanosilica-magnetic blends. The results of magnetically modified zeolite showed that the crosslink density, mechanical properties and damping properties increased significantly. The damping ratio in the sample comprising Si + Fe + Z with or without the white oil softener was higher than that of the other samples herein (ζ > 0.03). Based on this result, a reinforced nanosilica filler with magnetically modified zeolite has the potential to replace carbon black and is applicable to damping devices.

To investigate the corrosion behavior of gas-injection well of CO2 flooding and then to take measures to inhibit the corrosion of casing, firstly an HTHP autoclave and surface characterization technology are applied to analyzing the corrosion behavior of casing and then a new type of oil-based annulus protection fluid has been developed to avoid the casing corrosion issue. The results show that the casing in the simulated supercritical CO2-saturated aqueous brine phase (SC CO2-saturated aqueous phase) has severe uniform corrosion, while that in the simulated water-saturated supercritical CO2 (SC CO2 phase) has severe pitting corrosion. The temperature and CO2 partial pressure can promote the water film adsorbed on the steel surface, further inducing the corrosion of casing. In order to prevent casing corrosion, an oil-based annulus protection fluid suitable for gas-injection well in CO2 flooding is developed, and the preparation process of oil-based annulus protection fluid is proposed. The oil-based annulus protection fluid is composed of white oil and 1000 mg/L imidazoline inhibitor. The flash point of the oil-based annulus protection fluid is over 160 °C, the freezing point −23 °C, and the density 0.85 g/cm3. The corrosion inhibition rate is more than 80% when P110 steel is in SC CO2 phase with oil-based annulus protection fluid, and it is more than 95% when P110 steel is in SC CO2-saturated aqueous phase. It proves that the newly developed oil-based annulus fluid can effectively solve the corrosion problem of P110 steel as casing in gas-injection well of CO2 flooding.

Oil-based drill cuttings (OBDC), which originate from drilling operations in oil and gas fields, have been included in the 2016 National Hazardous Waste Inventory of China. In this investigation, the decontamination of two typical OBDC samples from shale gas fields, i.e., a diesel type from a vertical well (A) and a white oil type from a horizontal well (B), was conducted using superheated steam at near-saturation pressure. The effects of different pressures (0.6–5.5 MPa), temperatures (175–225 °C), and water flow rates (2–8 ml min−1) on the removal efficiency were studied in a semi-continuous laboratory apparatus. The results indicated that temperature was the most important parameter, followed by water flow rate and pressure. The OBDC characteristics also significantly affected the removal efficiency. Both the superheated steam and subcritical water present during treatment removed not only all extractable organics but also some other organics. With the optimal parameters of 2.3 MPa, 225 °C, and 6 ml min−1, 78.56% and 83.09% of total organic carbon were removed from A and B, respectively. After treatment, the OBDCs were not hazardous any more as their oil content has dropped to almost zero. Further analysis confirmed that this method possessed the advantages of solvent extraction (excellent solubility) and thermal desorption (high temperature). The results of X-ray diffraction and Sanning electron microscopy indicated that the microstructure and crystalline structure of in-organics in OBDC were not obviously changed during the treatment. As a result, this method can be considered as a new potential separation technique for treatment of OBDC.

A short-time high-temperature environment is a common working condition in the use of bearings; it can occur as rapid heating before interference assembly of a bearing, or in a quick shutdown due to failure and heating of other parts of equipment. However, the current research mainly focuses on the influence of long-term high temperatures on bearing lubrication. In this paper, the 6204DDU ball bearing with lithium soap/mineral oil (paraffin base type) grease and fatty acid soap/mineral oil (refined white oil) grease (white grease) is investigated. The recovery performance of the two greases after a short-time high temperature is studied. It is found that a large number of fractures occur in the soap fibre of the white grease after 20 min exposure in 140 °C temperature environments, while lithium grease remains in a good working condition. The vibration velocity with white grease decreases during a temperature falls from 110 °C to the heated balanced temperature, while the vibration velocities with lithium grease is without significant fluctuations. Before and after heating, the vibration velocities in middle frequency band of rolling bearings with lithium grease and white grease increase with the increase in preload, but it is the opposite in the high frequency band except for white grease after heating condition. Infiltration with a small amount of water or oil can greatly affect the performance of white grease. Water can emulsify the white oil and accelerates the oxidation of white grease. The structure of the L-AN32 oil contaminant is different from that of white oil, resulting in uneven dispersion of saponified crystals and obvious flocculent agglomeration is presented.

Introduction: Clear acrylic resins are widely used in many applications in the field of dentistry such as removable complete and partial dentures. such materials are also used in the fabrication of scleral part of ocular prostheses when mixed with white oil paints. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the addition of oil paints on translucency of clear acrylic material. Materials and methods: The study included three main groups. Each group consists of 10 specimens. The concentration of white oil paints has increased from 1 ml to 2 ml, respectively. The translucency test was applied on all specimens. Results: The results showed that there was a significant decrease in translucency of acrylic following addition of white oil paints. Conclusion: the use of white paints has decreased the translucency of acrylic material. The adding of white oil paint at 1 ml to clear acrylic resin is necessary in the manufacture of the scleral part of ocular prostheses to match the colour of natural eye.

In order to realize the resource utilization of bloom algae from Lake Chao, this study presents the use of fresh algae to improve the mechanical and biological properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). In this study, the algae and LDPE were used as raw materials, maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MAH), polyethylene wax (PE-wax) and white oil, and glycerin were used as the compatibilizer, lubricant, and plasticizer, respectively. The single factor experiments were conducted with these three individual factors, and the response surface methodology technique was used to optimize the process conditions. In the single factor experiments, the mechanical properties of the composites increased with additions of PE-g-MAH, PE-wax/white oil, and glycerin. Both flexural strength and flexural modulus were maximized to optimize the preparation conditions. The optimum preparation conditions were found as follows: algae powder of 15.00 wt%, LDPE of 85.00 wt%, PE-g-MAH of 4.00 wt%, lubricant of 2.67 wt%, and glycerin of 3.00 wt%. This resulted in 11.60 MPa of tensile strength, 9.95 MPa of flexural strength, and 241.00 MPa of flexural modulus. The mechanical properties of composites were greatly improved compared with the absence of additives. In addition, compared with LDPE resin, the degradability of the composite was improved, and the weight loss rate was 7.73% after 6 months. The results recommended that the composites of the algae from Lake Chao and LDPE resin could be a useful material in the packaging field. Generally, the prepared composite particles can be used to produce foam products, packaging bags, or hard packing boxes with special shapes. It is more environmentally friendly, and more able to meet the challenges of sustainable development.

Nanosized copper powders were prepared by a gel-casting method using copper nitrate, acrylamide (AM) and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAM) as the main raw materials. The as-prepared copper powders were characterized by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy, and then added into a 48# industrial white oil. Dispersion and wear properties of the compounded lubricating oil were tested. The results show that the copper powders prepared are of high purity, fine dispersibility with mean particle size of about 60 nm and with a narrow particle size distribution. The nanosized copper powders can be well dispersed in the lubricating oil. The addition of the copper powders obviously improves the anti-wear properties of the lubricating oil owing to their good self-repairing performance. Compared with 48# industrial white lubricating oil, the friction coefficient of GCr15 steel with the compounded oil containing 0.6% copper powders reduces by 0.07 and nearly no wear chippings are found in the scratches of the friction counter parts.

The present experimental work uses the rotary chamber technique to observe bubbles rising in oil in a levitated position. Sizes from 0.3 mm to 8 mm are covered. Main bubble gases are oxygen, nitrogen and argon. The oil is white oil. The focus of the investigation is on the mass transfer rate of the bubble gas into the undersaturated oil. Constituent quantities are the rise velocity and the bubble shape. While velocity and shape show a low-key behavior the transfer rates are unusual. The normalized mass transfer in terms of the Sherwood number exhibits three zones. Both, the large bubble and the small bubble zone obey S h ∝ A r 1 / 3 . However, they are substantially shifted with respect to each other and connected by a transition zone. From arguments concerning the bubble drag we conclude that large bubbles have a mobile interface which develops into an immobile one for the smaller bubbles. Thus the state of the interface affects the mass transfer rate heavily.

Electric coalescence in alternating current (AC) electric field is one of the important electrical dehydrate technologies. In this study, the coalescence behavior of two water drops in an AC electr...

The purpose of this work was to expand the applications of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet additives by investigating their effectiveness and advantages for lubricating line contacts between bearing steel and medium carbon steel surfaces. The friction and wear effects of MoS2 nanosheet additives were investigated using block-on-ring tests, and compared with those from zinc dialkyldithiphosphates (ZDDP). Both additives were combined with ISO VG 32 white oil as base fluid. Results suggest 0.25 wt% MoS2 nanosheets exhibited similar friction coefficient, oil temperature and wear scar width with those of ZDDP at low loads; while the reductions of friction coefficient and wear scar width were 28.6% and 34.3%, respectively, compared to the behavior of ZDDP at high load (459 N). Furthermore, the wear scar widths of the ZDDP containing oil significantly increased in 2 h tests, while they remained constant with a smaller size for 0.25 wt% additives of MoS2 nanosheets at a load of 326 N. Scanning electron microscope observations showed some pits on the wear scar lubricated with ZDDP, compared with spalls for 0.06 wt% MoS2 nanosheets. The wear scar was smooth and had a patched film for tests using 0.25 wt% MoS2 nanosheets. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the patched surface film was composed of MoS2 and phosphate, and that film reduced friction coefficient and wear. The results highlight how high concentration MoS2 nanosheets exhibit significant advantages over ZDDP in reducing friction and wear in high load in line contact.

Toltrazuril (TOL) is a broad-spectrum anticoccidial drug which is widely used in poultry and livestock. A novel oral suspension based on soybean oil-based TOL micro-environmental pH-modifying solid dispersion (micro pHm SD) and a novel injectable suspension based on white oil-based TOL micro pHm SD were developed, showing high physicochemical stability and high drug release in vitro with good histocompatibility. The present study is to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of TOL and its major metabolites, e.g. toltrazuril sulfoxide (TOLSO) and toltrazuril sulfone (TOLSO2) in rabbits following oral or subcutaneous administration with these two TOL SD suspensions. The plasma concentrations of TOL, TOLSO and TOLSO2 were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plasma concentration-time data were analyzed by a non-compartmental model analysis. The soybean oil-based TOL suspension after single oral administration at 20 mg/kg body weight (bw) significantly increased the plasma concentrations of TOL, TOLSO and TOLSO2 compared with Baycox® 5 % suspension. Following subcutaneous administration of the white oil-based TOL suspension (20 mg/kg bw), TOL was well absorbed and metabolized more slowly to TOLSO and TOLSO2, compared with oral administration, resulting in the significantly prolonged residence time in rabbits. The two suspensions significantly improved the relative bioavailability of TOL and its two metabolites, showing their potential usage in the control of coccidian in poultry and livestock.

The use of water-lubricated bearings has increased dramatically in recent years because of environmental concerns. However, due to its low viscosity water generates easily broken lubrication film, which may cause wear and noises when water-lubricated bearings are subjected to short-time sever working conditions, e.g., low speeds and impact loads. A block-on-ring test rig is used in our work to simulate working conditions of water-lubricated bearings under the mixed lubrication regime and the coefficient of friction (COF) is monitored during the experiment. After the COF is stable between the rubber block and the stainless-steel ring lubricated by water, a small quantity of secondary lubricating medium (#5 white oil) is injected into the contact region. The COF decreases accordingly and its stable value is smaller than that under water-lubricated condition. The flow of water and #5 white oil, as well as the interaction between these two phases, are examined by CFD simulation. The results show that #5 white oil can break though the reverse water flow at the inlet and enter into the contact region to participate into the lubrication, and small oil droplets are formed during the injection, which are distributed throughout the contact area and stuck on the block and the ring to improve the lubrication performance. Therefore, the injected #5 white oil could enhance the film-forming ability of water, reduce the COF and improve the tribological behaviors of the water-lubricated contacts. Our work thus provides a new lubrication method to alleviate the friction and wear of water-lubricated bearings when subjected to short-time severe working conditions.

Coal indirect liquefied diesel soot (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis diesel soot, F-T DS) was collected by burning coal indirect liquefied diesel (F-T Diesel) with a self-made soot trap device in the laboratory. F-T DS was modified with oleylamine modification method to obtain oleylamine modified F-T DS (F-T DS-OLA). The effect of 10# white oil with F-T DS or F-T DS-OLA on the lubrication performance was investigated using a long-time four-ball friction and wear tester. The composition, structure, morphology and tribological mechanism for F-T DS and F-T DS-OLA had been studied by using FTIR, XPS, Raman, XRD and other instruments. The results show that F-T DS modified by oleylamine can increase lipophilic groups. The average particle size of F-T DS and F-T DS-OLA are 64 nm and 38 nm respectively. The main structure component is amorphous carbon with a small amount of graphite crystallites. The average friction coefficient (AFC) first decreases and then increases as the mass fraction of F-T DS and F-T DS-OLA increases in 10# white oil. When the mass fraction of F-T DS is 0.6 wt%, the AFC reaches the minimum, and the AFC reaches the minimum when the mass fraction of F-T DS-OLA is 0.8 wt%. The average wears scar diameter (AWSD) of the steel ball also decreases first and then increases. F-T DS reaches the minimum at 0.6 wt%, and F-T DS-OLA reaches the minimum at 0.8 wt%. Comprehensive AFC and AWSD analysis, the antifriction and anti-wear effect of F-T DS is greatly improved after oleylamine modified. Through the analysis of the surface morphology of the upper ball wear scar and valence state of the surface elements, it can be obtained that the wear scar of the upper test ball becomes shallow after adding F-T DS-OLA. A lubricating film containing C, O and iron oxides is formed on the surface, which can improve the antifriction and anti-wear effects of 10# white oil.

In order to improve the machining quality and reduce the energy consumption and the abrasion of roller and workpiece in the cold rolling process of zirconium alloy section, a special lubricant was developed. It uses 46# industrial white oil as base oil and the orthogonal decision method to select the appropriate additive formula. The results of physical and chemical properties analysis, rolling simulation test and practical application show that the developed oil can meet the requirements of zirconium alloy section cold rolling process.

Vorstenlanden tobacco is the best product of PT Perkebunan Nusantara X (PTPN X) Klaten, Central Java that is commonly produced into high economic value cigars. During the planting season of 2010/2011, there was an epidemy of leaf curl disease that caused billion rupiahs financial loss. Several efforts had been done, including the use of pesticides, but the result had not been satisfactory. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the pathogen of tobacco leaf curl disease and conduct integrated control system using three combinations in the nursery [A (biological agents treatment, plastic screenhouse, without physical barrier); B (biological agents treatment, plastic screenhouse + screen plot, with physical barrier of single screen, and sprayed insecticide); C (biological agents treatment, plastic screenhouse + single screen plot, with physical barrier of double screens, and fogging using white oil + insecticide)] and planting area [A (physical barrier of single screen and sprayed insecticide); B (physical barrier of single screen, sprayed insecticide, and sanitation of broad leaf weed + eradication of infected plant); C (physical barrier of double screens, fogging white oil + insecticide, and sanitation of broad leaf weed + eradication of infected plant)]. The result showed that leaf curl disease that occured at PTPN X Klaten was caused by Begomovirus, based on PCR result using Krusty and Hommer primers for Begomovirus Coat Protein gene. The most effective integrated disease control of leaf curl disease in the nursery was C combination, that consisted of biological agents treatment on the seedlings medium, screenhouse covered by plastic and double screens that was combined with physical barrier of double screens around the field, and fogging using white oil+insecticide of pyrethroid active ingredient. The most effective integrated disease control of leaf curl disease in the field was the same C combination, that consisted of the use of physical barrier of double screens, environmental sanitation of weeds around the field and eradication of infected plants and fogging using white oil + insecticide of pyretroid active agent. IntisariTembakau vorstenlanden merupakan produk andalan PT Perkebunan Nusantara X (PTPN X) Klaten, Jawa Tengah sebagai bahan baku cerutu yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Pada musim tanam 2010/2011 telah terjadi epidemi penyakit keriting atau kerupuk tembakau dengan kerugian mencapai milyaran rupiah. Upaya pengendalian yag telah dilakukan dengan mengandalkan pestisida tidak memberikan hasil yang memuaskan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengidentifikasi patogen penyebab penyakit kerupuk tembakau dan melakukan pengendalian secara terpadu dengan menggunakan tiga macam kombinasi yang dilakukan di pembibitan [A (perlakuan agens hayati, penyungkupan plastik, tanpa barier fisik ); B (perlakuan agens hayati, penyungkupan, barier fisik tunggal, dan penyemprotan insektisida); C (perlakuan agens hayati, penyungkupan, barier fisik ganda, dan aplikasi white oil)] dan di lahan pertanaman [A (barier fisik tunggal dan insekstisida); B (barier fisik tunggal, insektisida, dan sanitasi gulma); C (barier fisik ganda, white oil + insektisida, dan sanitasi gulma)]. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyakit kerupuk tembakau di PTPN X Klaten disebabkan oleh Begomovirus berdasarkan hasil PCR menggunakan primer Krusty dan Hommer untuk gen Coat Protein Begomovirus. Pengendalian terpadu penyakit kerupuk di pembibitan yang paling efektif adalah kombinasi C yang terdiri dari perlakuan agens hayati pada media bibit, penyungkupan rangkap plastik + waring ganda dipadukan dengan barier fisik berupa waring ganda sekeliling lahan dan aplikasi white oil + insektisida berbahan aktif piretroid dengan cara fogging. Demikian juga pengendalian terpadu penyakit kerupuk di lapangan yang paling efektif adalah kombinasi C yang terdiri dari perlakuan agens hayati pada media bibit, sanitasi gulma di sekitar lingkungan pertanaman dan eradikasi tanaman sakit, penyungkupan rangkap plastik + waring ganda dipadukan dengan barier fisik berupa waring ganda sekeliling lahan dan aplikasi white oil + insektisida berbahan aktif piretroid dengan cara fogging.