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22. Laboratory Experiments on Tsunamigenic Discrete Subaqueous Volcanic Eruptions. Part 2: Properties of Generated Waves

Author

Shen, Yaxiong Whittaker, Colin N. Lane, Emily M. White, James D. L. Power, William Nomikou, Paraskevi

Abstract

Submarine volcanic eruptions have the potential to generate tsunamis, which can cause destruction well beyond the range of the eruption itself. Here, we present a series of underwater eruption experiments in which a non-condensing gas was injected into a water tank with a range of water depths and applied pressures. This study proposes an effective scaled water depth and categorizes underwater eruptions into three types: deep-water eruptions, intermediate-water eruptions, and shallow-water eruptions. In deep-water eruptions, most of the energy is dissipated within the water column before the plume reaches the surface, and negligible waves are generated. In intermediate-water eruptions, reductions in water depth reduce the loss of energy to the water column, leaving more energy available for wave generation. This causes an increase in wave heights as water shallows, up to a point. In sufficiently shallow-water cases, the water depth is so small that almost all of the energy from the eruptive jet or plume passes through the water and is dissipated into the air, so there is only small wave-making potential, even with relatively intense source strength. Therefore, there exists a critical water depth at which an eruption with a given source intensity will generate the largest waves. That depth lies at the boundary between the intermediate- and shallow-depth regimes, where the energy available for wave generation is at a maximum. This research reveals fundamental wave generation mechanisms related to underwater gas eruptions, thereby extending our understanding of submarine volcanic tsunami generation and providing a foundation for future hazard assessment.

Published
2021

26. Ruapehu and Tongariro stratovolcanoes: a review of current understanding

Author

Leonard, Graham S., primary, Cole, Rosie P., additional, Christenson, Bruce W., additional, Conway, Chris E., additional, Cronin, Shane J., additional, Gamble, John A., additional, Hurst, Tony, additional, Kennedy, Ben M., additional, Miller, Craig A., additional, Procter, Jonathan N., additional, Pure, Leo R., additional, Townsend, Dougal B., additional, White, James D. L., additional, and Wilson, Colin J. N., additional

Published
2021
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34. Operational report for the 2017 Surtsey Underwater volcanic System for Thermophiles, Alteration processes and INnovative concretes (SUSTAIN) drilling project at Surtsey Volcano, Iceland

Author

Weisenberger, Tobias Björn, Gudmundsson, Magnús Tumi, Jackson, Marie Dolores, Gorny, Carolyn F., Türke, Andreas, Kleine, Barbara Irene, Marshall, Beau, Jørgensen, Steffen Leth, Marteinsson, Viggó Thór, Stefánsson, Andri, White, James D. L., Barich, Amel, Bergsten, Pauline, Bryce, Julie, Couper, Samantha, Fahnestock, Florencia, Franzson, Hjalti, Grimaldi, Carla, Groh, Marco, Gudmundsson, Ágúst, Gunnlaugsson, Ágúst Thór, Hamelin, Cedric, Högnadóttir, Thórdís, Jónasson, Kristján, Jónsson, Sigurdur Sveinn, Klonowski, Alexandra, Kück, Jochem, Magnússon, Rögnvaldur Líndal, Massey, Erica, McPhie, Jocelyn, Ólafsson, Einar Sindri, Onstad, Solveig Lie, Prause, Simon, Perez, Velveth, Rhodes, J. Michael, Snorrason, Snorri P., and ICDP Operational Report, ICDP, External Organizations

Abstract

In summer 2017, the ICDP SUSTAIN project (Surtsey Underwater volcanic System for Thermophiles, Alteration processes and INnovative concretes), drilled three cored boreholes (Table 1) through Surtsey at sites ≤10 m from a cored hole obtained in 1979. Drilling through the still hot volcano was carried out with an Atlas Copco CS1000 drill rig, whose components were transported by helicopter to Surtsey and re-assembled on site. The first vertical borehole, SE-02a, was cored in HQ diameter to 152 meters below surface (m b.s.) during August 7-16. It was terminated due to borehole collapse. A second vertical (SE-02b) cored borehole was then drilled in HQ diameter to 192 m during August 19-26. Wireline borehole logging in SE-02b was performed August 26. The anodized NQ-sized aluminum tubing of the Surtsey Subsurface Observatory was installed in SE-02b to 181 m depth on August 27. A third borehole, SE-03, angled 35° from vertical and directed 264°, was drilled from August 28 to September 4 and reached a measured depth of 354 m (~290 m vertical depth) under the eastern crater. The core is HQ diameter to a measured depth of 213 m and NQ diameter from 213-354 m measured depth. The core traverses the deep conduit and intrusions of the volcano to a total vertical depth of 290 m b.s. Seawater drilling fluid for boreholes SE-02a and SE-02b was filtered and doubly UV-sterilized at the drill site. No mud products were employed while coring SE-02a, while small amounts of attapulgite mud were used in SE-02b and SE-03. Core samples for geochemical analyses of pore water and microbiological investigations were collected on site from all three boreholes. About 650 m of core was transported by helicopter to Heimaey, 18 km northeast of Surtsey, to a processing laboratory where the core was scanned, documented, and described. Additional core processing has taken place at the Náttúrufraedistofnun Íslands, the Icelandic Institute of Natural History in Gardabaer, where both the 1979 and 2017 cores are stored.

Published
2019

35. Multilayer modelling of waves generated by explosive submarine volcanism.

Author

Hayward, Matthew W., Whittaker, Colin N., Lane, Emily M., Power, William, Popinet, Stéphane, and White, James D. L.

Subjects
SHALLOW-water equations, CRATER lakes, UNDERWATER explosions, VOLCANISM, PHASE velocity
Abstract

Theoretical source models of underwater explosions are often applied in studying tsunami hazards associated with submarine volcanism; however, their use in numerical codes based on the shallow water equations can neglect the significant dispersion of the generated wavefield. A non-hydrostatic multilayer method is validated against a laboratory-scale experiment of wave generation from instantaneous disturbances and at field-scale submarine explosions at Mono Lake, California, utilising the relevant theoretical models. The numerical method accurately reproduces the range of observed wave characteristics for positive disturbances and suggests a previously unreported relationship of extended initial troughs for negative disturbances at low dispersivity and high nonlinearity parameters. Satisfactory amplitudes and phase velocities within the initial wave group are found using underwater explosion models at Mono Lake. The scheme is then applied to modelling tsunamis generated by volcanic explosions at Lake Taupō, New Zealand, for a magnitude range representing ejecta volumes between 0.04–0.4 km3. Waves reach all shores within 15 minutes with maximum incident crest amplitudes around 4 m at shores near the source. This work shows that the multilayer scheme used is computationally efficient and able to capture a wide range of wave characteristics, including dispersive effects, which is necessary when investigating submarine explosions. This research therefore provides the foundation for future studies involving a rigorous probabilistic hazard assessment to quantify the risks and relative significance of this tsunami source mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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37. SUSTAIN drilling at Surtsey volcano, Iceland, tracks hydrothermal and microbiological interactions in basalt 50 years after eruption

Author

Jackson, Marie D., primary, Gudmundsson, Magnús T., additional, Weisenberger, Tobias B., additional, Rhodes, J. Michael, additional, Stefánsson, Andri, additional, Kleine, Barbara I., additional, Lippert, Peter C., additional, Marquardt, Joshua M., additional, Reynolds, Hannah I., additional, Kück, Jochem, additional, Marteinsson, Viggó T., additional, Vannier, Pauline, additional, Bach, Wolfgang, additional, Barich, Amel, additional, Bergsten, Pauline, additional, Bryce, Julia G., additional, Cappelletti, Piergiulio, additional, Couper, Samantha, additional, Fahnestock, M. Florencia, additional, Gorny, Carolyn F., additional, Grimaldi, Carla, additional, Groh, Marco, additional, Gudmundsson, Ágúst, additional, Gunnlaugsson, Ágúst T., additional, Hamlin, Cédric, additional, Högnadóttir, Thórdís, additional, Jónasson, Kristján, additional, Jónsson, Sigurdur S., additional, Jørgensen, Steffen L., additional, Klonowski, Alexandra M., additional, Marshall, Beau, additional, Massey, Erica, additional, McPhie, Jocelyn, additional, Moore, James G., additional, Ólafsson, Einar S., additional, Onstad, Solveig L., additional, Perez, Velveth, additional, Prause, Simon, additional, Snorrason, Snorri P., additional, Türke, Andreas, additional, White, James D. L., additional, and Zimanowski, Bernd, additional

Published
2019
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41. The pumice raft-forming 2012 Havre submarine eruption was effusive

Author

Manga, Michael, Fauria, Kristen, Lin, Christina, Mitchell, Samuel J., Jones, Meghan, Conway, Chris E., Degruyter, Wim, Hosseini, Behnaz, Carey, Rebecca, Cahalan, Ryan, Houghton, Bruce, White, James D. L., Jutzeler, Martin, Soule, Samuel A., Tani, Kenichiro, Manga, Michael, Fauria, Kristen, Lin, Christina, Mitchell, Samuel J., Jones, Meghan, Conway, Chris E., Degruyter, Wim, Hosseini, Behnaz, Carey, Rebecca, Cahalan, Ryan, Houghton, Bruce, White, James D. L., Jutzeler, Martin, Soule, Samuel A., and Tani, Kenichiro

Abstract

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2018. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters 489 (2018): 49-58, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.02.025., A long-standing conceptual model for deep submarine eruptions is that high hydrostatic pressure hinders degassing and acceleration, and suppresses magma fragmentation. The 2012 submarine rhyolite eruption of Havre volcano in the Kermadec arc provided constraints on critical parameters to quantitatively test these concepts. This eruption produced a > 1 km3 raft of floating pumice and a 0.1 km3 field of giant (>1 m) pumice clasts distributed down-current from the vent. We address the mechanism of creating these clasts using a model for magma ascent in a conduit. We use water ingestion experiments to address why some clasts float and others sink. We show that at the eruption depth of 900 m, the melt retained enough dissolved water, and hence had a low enough viscosity, that strain-rates were too low to cause brittle fragmentation in the conduit, despite mass discharge rates similar to Plinian eruptions on land. There was still, however, enough exsolved vapor at the vent depth to make the magma buoyant relative to seawater. Buoyant magma was thus extruded into the ocean where it rose, quenched, and fragmented to produce clasts up to several meters in diameter. We show that these large clasts would have floated to the sea surface within minutes, where air could enter pore space, and the fate of clasts is then controlled by the ability to trap gas within their pore space. We show that clasts from the raft retain enough gas to remain afloat whereas fragments from giant pumice collected from the seafloor ingest more water and sink. The pumice raft and the giant pumice seafloor deposit were thus produced during a clast-generating effusive submarine eruption, where fragmentation occurred above the vent, and the subsequent fate of clasts was controlled by their ability to ingest water., MM, KF, CL and BH are supported by NSF 1447559. SM and BH are supported by NSF 1357443. RJC was funded by the Australian Research Council (DP110102196, DE150101190). AS is supported by NSF 1357216. MJ is supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduation Fellowship. Additional support was provided by the Marsden fund and the 2017 Student Mentoring and Research Teams (SMART) Program, Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley.

Published
2018

42. The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century

Author

Carey, Rebecca, Soule, Samuel A., Manga, Michael, White, James D. L., McPhie, Jocelyn, Wysoczanski, Richard, Jutzeler, Martin, Tani, Kenichiro, Yoerger, Dana R., Fornari, Daniel J., Caratori Tontini, Fabio, Houghton, Bruce, Mitchell, Samuel, Ikegami, Fumihiko, Conway, Chris E., Murch, Arran, Fauria, Kristen, Jones, Meghan, Cahalan, Ryan, McKenzie, Warren, Carey, Rebecca, Soule, Samuel A., Manga, Michael, White, James D. L., McPhie, Jocelyn, Wysoczanski, Richard, Jutzeler, Martin, Tani, Kenichiro, Yoerger, Dana R., Fornari, Daniel J., Caratori Tontini, Fabio, Houghton, Bruce, Mitchell, Samuel, Ikegami, Fumihiko, Conway, Chris E., Murch, Arran, Fauria, Kristen, Jones, Meghan, Cahalan, Ryan, and McKenzie, Warren

Abstract

© The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): e1701121, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701121., The 2012 submarine eruption of Havre volcano in the Kermadec arc, New Zealand, is the largest deep-ocean eruption in history and one of very few recorded submarine eruptions involving rhyolite magma. It was recognized from a gigantic 400-km2 pumice raft seen in satellite imagery, but the complexity of this event was concealed beneath the sea surface. Mapping, observations, and sampling by submersibles have provided an exceptionally high fidelity record of the seafloor products, which included lava sourced from 14 vents at water depths of 900 to 1220 m, and fragmental deposits including giant pumice clasts up to 9 m in diameter. Most (>75%) of the total erupted volume was partitioned into the pumice raft and transported far from the volcano. The geological record on submarine volcanic edifices in volcanic arcs does not faithfully archive eruption size or magma production., This research was funded by Australian Research Council Postdoctoral fellowships (DP110102196 and DE150101190 to R. Carey), a short-term postdoctoral fellowship grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (to R. Carey), National Science Foundation grants (OCE1357443 to B.H., OCE1357216 to S.A.S., and EAR1447559 to J.D.L.W.), and a New Zealand Marsden grant (U001616 to J.D.L.W.). J.D.L.W. and A.M. were supported by a research grant and PhD scholarship from the University of Otago. R.W. was supported by NIWA grant COPR1802. J.D.L.W. and F.C.-T. were supported by GNS Science grants CSA-GHZ and CSA-EEZ. M.J. was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) through the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG) Program.

Published
2018

46. The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century

Author

Carey, Rebecca, primary, Soule, S. Adam, additional, Manga, Michael, additional, White, James D. L., additional, McPhie, Jocelyn, additional, Wysoczanski, Richard, additional, Jutzeler, Martin, additional, Tani, Kenichiro, additional, Yoerger, Dana, additional, Fornari, Daniel, additional, Caratori-Tontini, Fabio, additional, Houghton, Bruce, additional, Mitchell, Samuel, additional, Ikegami, Fumihiko, additional, Conway, Chris, additional, Murch, Arran, additional, Fauria, Kristen, additional, Jones, Meghan, additional, Cahalan, Ryan, additional, and McKenzie, Warren, additional

Published
2018
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