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American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) populations have suffered a history of exploitation and abuse within the context of mental health research and related fields. This history is rooted in assimilation policies, historical trauma, and cultural loss, and is promulgated through discrimination and disregard for traditional culture and community knowledge. In recognition of this history, it is imperative for researchers to utilize culturally sensitive approaches that consider the context of tribal communities to better address mental health issues for AIAN individuals. The public availability of data from large-scale studies creates both opportunities and challenges when studying mental health within AIAN populations. This manuscript has two goals; first, showcase an example of problematic use of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) StudySM data to promulgate stereotypes about AIAN individuals and, second, in partnership with collaborators from Cherokee Nation, we provide five recommendations for utilizing data from publicly available datasets to advance health research in AIAN populations. Specifically, we argue for the consideration of (1) the heterogeneity of the communities represented, (2) the importance of focusing on AIAN health and well-being, (3) engagement of relevant communities and AIAN community leaders, (4) consideration of historical and ongoing injustices, and (5) engagement with AIAN regulatory agencies or review boards. These recommendations are founded on principles from broader indigenous research efforts emphasizing community-engaged research and principles of Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Governance.

This study examined how resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data quality and availability relate to clinical and sociodemographic variables within the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. A sample of participants with an adequate sample of quality baseline rs-fMRI data containing low average motion (framewise displacement ≤ 0.15; low-noise; n = 4,356) was compared to a sample of participants without an adequate sample of quality data and/or containing high average motion (higher-noise; n = 7,437) using Chi-squared analyses and t-tests. A linear mixed model examined relationships between clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and average head motion in the sample with low-noise data. Relative to the sample with higher-noise data, the low-noise sample included more females, youth identified by parents as non-Hispanic white, and youth with married parents, higher parent education, and greater household incomes (ORs = 1.32-1.42). Youth in the low-noise sample were also older and had higher neurocognitive skills, lower BMIs, and fewer externalizing and neurodevelopmental problems (ds = 0.12-0.30). Within the low-noise sample, several clinical and demographic characteristics related to motion. Thus, participants with low-noise rs-fMRI data may be less representative of the general population and motion may remain a confound in this sample. Future rs-fMRI studies of youth should consider these limitations in the design and analysis stages in order to optimize the representativeness and clinical relevance of analyses and results.

Worry is a key feature of anxiety disorders and is associated with biased attention with respect to threat and safety signals. The current study evaluated whether worry affects attentional processes during an emotional conditioning paradigm using event-related potentials. Participants high (n = 27) and low (n = 28) in worry completed an emotional S1-S2 task to evaluate fear acquisition, and a subsequent neutral S1-S2 task to evaluate extinction. The stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) was used to evaluate preparatory resources for subsequent images, and the late positive potential (LPP) was used to evaluate emotional processing of threatening and neutral images. Results indicated that all participants displayed a more negative SPN for threatening images during the learning block, although across blocks worriers' SPN amplitude was not different for threat and safety cues. Additionally, high worriers displayed increased LPP for neutral images compared to low worriers. Results suggest that examining attentional processes during conditioning paradigms may increase our understanding of how worry affects fear learning., Author(s): DeMond M. Grant [sup.1] , Matt R. Judah [sup.2] , Evan J. White [sup.3] , Adam C. Mills [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.65519.3e, 0000 0001 0721 7331, Department of [...]

Social anxiety and depression are commonly comorbid and cause significant impairment in college students. Past research suggests that both poor attentional control and increased rumination are related to these disorders and independently mediate their relationship. Theory suggests that social anxiety loads working memory, thus decreasing attentional control, which influences rumination and depression. The current study aimed to investigate the potential combined influence of attention control and rumination on social anxiety and depression. Participants: Participants (80) were recruited from a large Midwestern university in September 2017. Methods: Participants completed questionnaires regarding social anxiety, attentional control, rumination, and depression and data were analyzed using bias-corrected bootstrapping analyses. Results: Results demonstrate a significant indirect relationship between social anxiety and depression through attentional control and rumination. Conclusions: Results indicated that college students with social anxiety may be at risk for depression due to decreased attentional control and increased rumination. Clinical implications are discussed.

Research has suggested that individuals high in the trait tendency to ruminate have an increased risk for the development of psychopathology. Recent literature has begun to identify how rumination affects cognitive processes in order to document mechanisms of this risk. The current report evaluated the effects of both state and trait rumination on memory processes. Seventy undergraduates selected based on high and low levels of the trait tendency to ruminate completed the retrieval inhibition task. Prior to final recall, participants were randomly assigned to engage in either a rumination or distraction task. Results found that state rumination impaired retrieval-induced forgetting, and trait rumination impaired forgetting of no longer relevant stimuli. Additional analyses suggested that self-report of shifting ability was associated with reduced inhibiting of irrelevant stimuli. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating both state and trait rumination when evaluating the effects of repetitive negative thinking on cognitive processes., Author(s): DeMond M. Grant [sup.1] , Adam C. Mills [sup.1] , Matt R. Judah [sup.1] , Evan J. White [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.65519.3e, 0000 0001 0721 7331, Department of [...]

Introduction: Prevalence rates of anxiety disorders and symptoms in primary care (PC) settings are very high. Behavioral health consultants in primary care behavioral health (PCBH) settings enable increased access to evidence-based anxiety treatment. Despite strong extant support for exposure-based therapy for anxiety disorders, the use of exposure to treat anxiety in PC settings is low. Although barriers to exposure therapy (ET) may be exacerbated in PC settings, many anxiety presentations in PC warrant an exposure-based approach to treatment. Thus, exploration of feasibility and efficacy of ET in PC represents a critical area for advancing evidence-based treatment of anxiety symptoms. Methods: The current article addresses this gap through the presentation of two case examples of ET conducted in PCBH. Theoretical and practical information regarding the implementation of exposure using a brief ([less than or equal to]30 min), time-limited (4-6 visit) approached are presented. Results: Results from the case examples demonstrate feasibility of conducting exposure in a brief format consistent with a PCBH approach. Additionally, patient outcomes presented suggest that ET conducted in PCBH reduces anxiety symptoms and may facilitate referral to specialty care settings. Discussion: Exposure may offer promise in improving the quality of anxiety treatment in PC. Future work documenting both effectiveness and implementation outcomes of exposure in PC in clinical work and research trials is needed. Keywords: anxiety, exposure therapy, primary care behavioral health, evidence-based therapy, Primary care behavioral health (PCBH) offers an opportunity to increase access to evidence-based treatment for anxiety symptoms. Anxiety is highly prevalent in the primary care (PC) setting, with a past-year [...]

American Indians and Alaska Natives suffer from disproportionately high rates of chronic mental and physical health conditions. These health inequities are linked to colonization and its downstream consequences. Most of the American Indian and Alaska Native health inequities research uses a deficit framework, failing to acknowledge the resilience of American Indian and Alaska Native people despite challenging historical and current contexts. This scoping review is based on a conceptual model which acknowledges the context of colonization and its consequences (psychological and health risk factors). However, rather than focusing on health risk, we focus on protective factors across three identified domains (social, psychological, and cultural/spiritual), and summarize documented relationships between these resilience factors and health outcomes. Based on the scoping review of the literature, we note gaps in extant knowledge and recommend future directions. The findings summarized here can be used to inform and shape future interventions which aim to optimize health and well-being in American Indian and Alaska Native peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to test whether there are sex differences in the relationship between impulsivity and amphetamine use disorder (AMP). Design: A naturalistic cross‐sectional design was used. Setting: The Tulsa 1000 study was held in Tulsa, OK, USA. Participants: There were two groups in this study: AMP+ (29F, 20M) and AMP– (57F, 33M). Measurements This project focuses on data related to impulsivity: UPPS‐P impulsive behavior scale and a stop signal task (SST) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recording. Group, sex and their interaction were compared for UPPS‐P ratings and SST fMRI and behavioral responses. Findings AMP+ reported higher UPPS‐P positive and negative urgency scores (Ps < 0.001; r = 0.56 and 0.51) and displayed greater bilateral insula and amygdala responses across correct SST trials (Ps < 0.001, g range = 0.57–0.81) than AMP–. fMRI results indicated that AMP+ exhibited larger right anterior/middle insula, amygdala and nucleus accumbens signals during successful difficult stop trials than AMP– (Ps < 0.01; g = 0.63, 0.54 and 0.44, respectively). Crucially, two group × sex effects emerged: (a) within females, AMP+ reported larger UPPS‐P lack of premeditation scores than AMP– (P < 0.001, r = 0.51), and (b) within males, AMP+ showed greater left middle insula signals than AMP– across correct SST trials (P = 0.01, g = 0.78). Conclusions: Both female and male amphetamine users appear to be characterized by rash action in the presence of positive and negative mood states as well as heightened recruitment of right hemisphere regions during behavioral inhibition. In contrast, planning ahead may be particularly difficult for female amphetamine users, whereas male amphetamine users may need to recruit additional left hemisphere resources during inhibitory processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]