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In two earlier studies, we developed a new method to measure students' ability to transfer physics problem solving skills to new contexts using a sequence of online learning modules, and implemented two interventions in the form of additional learning modules designed to improve transfer ability. The current paper introduces a new data analysis scheme that could improve the accuracy of the measurement by accounting for possible differences in students' goal orientation and behavior, as well as revealing the possible mechanism by which one of the two interventions improves transfer ability. Based on a two by two framework of self-regulated learning, students with a performance-avoidance oriented goal are more likely to guess on some of the assessment attempts in order to save time, resulting in an underestimation of the student populations' transfer ability. The current analysis shows that about half of the students had frequent brief initial assessment attempts, and significantly lower correct rates on certain modules, which we think is likely to have originated at least in part from students adopting a performance-avoidance strategy. We then divided the remaining population, for which we can be certain that few students adopted a performance-avoidance strategy, based on whether they interacted with one of the intervention modules designed to develop basic problem solving skills, or passed that module on their first attempt without interacting with the instructional material. By comparing to propensity score matched populations from a previous semester, we found that the improvement in subsequent transfer performance observed in a previous study mainly came from the latter population, suggesting that the intervention served as an effective reminder for students to activate existing skills, but fell short of developing those skills among those who have yet to master it., Comment: Updated abstract, body, and captions after referee comments

Underrepresented minority (URM) students are subjected to historically rooted inequities when pursuing an education, especially in STEM disciplines with little diversity. In order to make STEM education equitable and inclusive, evidence for how students from different racial/ethnic demographics are faring is necessary. We use 10 years of institutional data at a large public university to investigate trends in the majors that Asian, URM, and White students declare, drop after declaring, and earn degrees in as well as the GPA of the students who drop or earn a degree. We find that higher percentages of the URM students drop most majors compared to other students and these trends are particularly pronounced in physics and economics. Moreover, we find alarming GPA trends in that the URM students consistently earn lower grades than their Asian and White peers. Furthermore, in some STEM disciplines, the URM students who earn a degree are earning the same grades as the Asian and White students who dropped the major. This troubling trend may signify lack of sufficient support, mentoring, and guidance to ensure excellence of the URM students who are already severely disadvantaged. These quantitative findings call for making learning environments equitable and inclusive so that many URM students who come to college with severe disadvantages are appropriately supported and can excel similar to other students., Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures, 11 tables. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2004.00560

Efforts to promote equity and inclusion using evidence-based approaches are vital to correct long-standing societal inequities that have disadvantaged women and discouraged them from pursuing studies, e.g., in many STEM disciplines. We use 10 years of institutional data at a large public university to investigate trends in the majors that men and women declare, drop after declaring, and earn degrees in as well as the GPA of the students who drop or earn a degree. We find that the majors with the lowest number of students also have the highest rates of attrition. Moreover, we find alarming GPA trends, e.g., women who drop majors on average earn higher grades than men who drop those majors, and in some STEM majors, women who drop the majors were earning comparable grades to men who persist in those majors. These quantitative findings call for a better understanding of the reasons students drop a major and for making learning environments equitable and inclusive., Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, 10 tables

There is a significant underrepresentation of women in many Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) majors and careers. Prior research has shown that self-efficacy can be a critical factor in student learning, and that there is a tendency for women to have lower self-efficacy than men in STEM disciplines. This study investigates gender differences in the relationship between engineering students' self-efficacy and course grades in foundational courses. By focusing on engineering students, we examined these gender differences simultaneously in four STEM disciplines (mathematics, engineering, physics, and chemistry) among the same population. Using survey data collected longitudinally at three time points and course grade data from five cohorts of engineering students at a large US-based research university, effect sizes of gender differences are calculated using Cohen's d on two measures: responses to survey items on discipline-specific self-efficacy and course grades in all first-year foundational courses and second-year mathematics courses. In engineering, physics, and mathematics courses, we find sizeable discrepancies between self-efficacy and performance, with men appearing significantly more confident than women despite small or reverse direction differences in grades. In chemistry, women earn higher grades and have higher self-efficacy. The patterns are consistent across courses within each discipline. All self-efficacy gender differences close by the fourth year except physics self-efficacy. The disconnect between self-efficacy and course grades across subjects provides useful clues for targeted interventions to promote equitable learning environments. The most extreme disconnect occurs in physics and may help explain the severe underrepresentation of women in "physics-heavy" engineering disciplines, highlighting the importance of such interventions., Comment: 31 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables

An analysis of institutional data to understand the outcome of the many obstacles faced by students from historically disadvantaged backgrounds is important in order to work towards promoting equity and inclusion for all students. We use 10 years of institutional data at a large public research university to investigate the grades earned (both overall and in STEM courses only) by students categorized on four demographic characteristics: gender, race/ethnicity, low-income status, and first-generation college student status. We find that on average across all years of study and for all clusters of majors, underrepresented minority students experience a larger penalty to their mean overall and STEM GPA than even the most disadvantaged non-URM students. Moreover, the underrepresented minority students with additional disadvantages due to socioeconomic status or parental education level were even further penalized in their average GPA. Furthermore, we also find that while women in all demographic groups had a higher average overall GPA, these gender differences are almost completely non-existent in STEM GPA except among the most privileged students. These findings suggest that there is need to provide support to bridge the gaps that emanate from historical disadvantages to certain groups., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures

Analysis of institutional data for physics majors showing predictive relationships between required mathematics and physics courses in various years is important for contemplating how the courses build on each other and whether there is need to make changes to the curriculum for the majors to strengthen these relationships. We use 15 years of institutional data at a large research university to investigate how introductory physics and mathematics courses predict male and female physics majors' performance on required advanced physics and mathematics courses. We used Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) to investigate these predictive relationships and find that among introductory and advanced physics and mathematics courses, there are gender differences in performance in favor of male students only in the introductory physics courses after controlling for high school GPA. We found that a measurement invariance fully holds in a multi-group SEM by gender, so it was possible to carry out analysis with gender mediated by introductory physics and high school GPA. Moreover, we find that these introductory physics courses that have gender differences do not predict performance in advanced physics courses. Also, introductory mathematics courses predict performance in advanced mathematics courses which in turn predict performance in advanced physics courses. Furthermore, apart from the introductory physics courses that do not predict performance in future physics courses, there is a strong predictive relationship between the sophomore, junior and senior level physics courses., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

In quantum field theory, the photon-fermion vertex can be described in terms of four form factors which encode the static electromagnetic properties of the particle, namely its charge, magnetic dipole moment, electric dipole moment, and anapole moment. For Majorana fermions, only the anapole moment can be nonzero, a consequence of the fact that these particles are their own antiparticles. Using the framework of quantum field theory, we perform a scattering calculation which probes the anapole moment with a spinless charged particle. In the limit of low-momentum transfer, we confirm that the anapole can be classically likened to a point-like toroidal solenoid whose magnetic field is confined to the origin. Such a toroidal current distribution can be used to demonstrate the Aharonov-Bohm effect. We find that, in the non-relativistic limit, our scattering cross section agrees with a quantum mechanical computation of the cross section for a spinless current scattered by an infinitesimally thin toroidal solenoid. Our presentation is geared toward advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate students. This work serves as an introduction to the anapole moment and also provides an example of how one can develop an understanding of a particle's electromagnetic properties in quantum field theory.