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Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The translational arrest is a phenomenon wherein a temporary pause or slowing of the translation elongation reaction occurs due to the interaction between ribosome and nascent peptide. Recent studies have revealed that translational arrest peptides are involved in intracellular protein homeostasis regulatory functions, such as gene expression regulation at the translational level and regulation of cotranslational protein folding. Herein, we established a method for the large-scale in vitro selection of translational arrest peptides from DNA libraries by combining a modified mRNA display method and deep sequencing. We performed in vitro selection of translational arrest sequences from random-sequence libraries via mRNA display based on the Escherichia coli PURE system or wheat germ extract. Following several rounds of affinity selection, we obtained various candidate sequences that were not similar to known arrest peptides and subsequently confirmed their ribosome stalling activity by peptidyl-tRNA detection and toeprinting assay. Following the site-directed mutagenesis of the selected sequences, these clones were found to contain novel arrest peptide motifs. This method, termed STALL-seq (Selection of Translational Arrest sequences from Large Library sequencing), could be useful for the large-scale investigation of translational arrest sequences acting on both bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes and could help discover novel intracellular regulatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Smart, multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) combine targeting strategies to overcome barriers and increase the efficacy of drug delivery. They can encapsulate anti-cancer therapeutic drugs, possess a targeting mechanism to locate malignant tissue effectively, and respond to stimuli releasing its cargo. The properties of these smart NPs ensure that the therapeutic drugs are not released before reaching target tissues and are only released at a specific rate to provide the most potent and sustained effect. Here, we designed and fabricated a functionalized folic acid (FA) conjugated poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (SMA) via biological linker 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) (FA–DABA–SMA) copolymer. The empty FA–DABA–SMA interactions with folic acid receptors (FRα) have been reported to disrupt intracellular signaling processes by dysregulating FRα, resulting in a secondary therapeutic mechanism of action. This process depends on the size and shape of the FA–DABA–SMA. In this study, we investigated if the FRα glycosylation profiles impact the FA–DABA–SMA binding and internalization of pancreatic PANC-1 cancer cells. Folate receptor alpha (FRα) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane-anchored protein containing three N-glycosylated residues at the N47, N139, and N179 termini. These glycosylation sites have been reported to be crucial for the receptor's structural integrity and its ability to bind and internalize FA. Here, we investigated the role of FRα glycosylation in the binding and internalization efficacy of FA–DABA–SMA in pancreatic PANC-1 cancer cells. There is a strong association of the FA copolymer with FRα with a Pearson coefficient R-value of 0.7179. PANC-1 cancer cells were pretreated with maackia amurensis lectin II (MAL-2), sambucus Nigra lectin (SNA-1), peanut agglutinin (PNA), and wheat germ agglutinin lectin (WGA) at different doses followed by 20 kDa and 350 kDa FA–DABA–SMA loaded with coumarin 153 (C153). Increasing the dosage of MAL2, SNA-1, PNA, and WGA concomitantly and significantly increased the internalization of C153-loaded FA–DABA–SMA in the cells. The half maximal effective lectin concentrations (EC50) to induce cellular internalization into the cytoplasm of the lectins for MAL-2 were 35.88 µg/mL, 3.051 µg/mL for SNA-1, 7.883 µg/mL for PNA, and 0.898 µg/mL for WGA. Live cell imaging of the internalization of 20 kDa and 350 kDa FA copolymers indicated an aggregation of 350 kDa copolymer with FRα in the cytoplasm. In contrast, the 20 kDa FA copolymer remained in the membrane. The data indicate for the first time that the mobile positions of the glycosyl radical groups and the receptor tilt in generating steric hindrance impacted the individual FRα receptors in the binding and internalization of 350 kDa FA–DABA–SMA in cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Despite the high productivity of the sugarcane crop, attacks by pests is one of the main factors affecting crop yields. Among them, the curculionid Sphenophorus levis has become very important, with management made difficult by the pest's habit of life. The study of insect biology is essential for year-round research in order to provide more effective control. In the literature, only one artificial diet is available for S. levis, with viability only for the larval stage, making it difficult to study the pest. This research therefore used response surface models, using Design-Expert® software (Version 11), to optimize a new artificial diet that would provide viable adults capable of reproducing in the laboratory. Using the program, it was possible to identify diet components that acted positively and negatively on the viability and larval development variables by varying six components of the initial diet studied (casein, agar, wheat germ, sugar cane bagasse, sucrose and nipagin). The casein and agar components acted positively on the development of S. levis, while the sugarcane bagasse component acted deleteriously. It was possible to find egg-adult viability of over 60% in the two diet combinations tested by the Software. Pest attacks, especially by Sphenophorus levis, are a factor affecting sugarcane production. As the pest's life habits make chemical control difficult, efforts are focused on finding integrated management alternatives. It is therefore essential to study the biology of S. levis, using artificial diets for rearing the insect in the laboratory. Artificial diets are commonly used for rearing pest insects, providing specimens year-round even when they are present only seasonally in the field, as is the case with S. levis. However, there is no diet in the literature that provides viable egg-to-adult development for rearing pests in the laboratory. Recently, studies to optimize diets using software with an interactive approach have shown good results in diet development. This study aimed to develop an artificial diet for S. levis using Design-Expert® software (Version 11) to enable development and viability comparable to insects in the wild. The multivariate approach consisted of initially varying six components of the diet and then varying the three components that most influenced viability and the development rate, providing viabilities of over 60% at the end of the S. levis cycle in both phases of the screening design. However, the physical characteristics of the diet, such as the water content and texture, proved to be preponderant factors for the proper development of the insect and should be considered when using its artificial diet using a suitable container and uncrushed wheat germ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspartic proteases (APs), hydrolases with aspartic acid residues as catalytic active sites, are closely associated with processes such as plant growth and development and fungal and bacterial pathogenesis. F. graminearum is the dominant pathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat. However, the relationship of APs to the growth, development, and pathogenesis of F. graminearum is not clear. Therefore, we selected the FGSG_09558 gene, whose function annotation is aspartate protease, for further study. In this study, FGSG_09558 was found to contain a conserved structural domain and signal peptide sequence of aspartic acid protease and was therefore named FgAsp. The function of FgAsp in F. graminearum was investigated by constructing the knockout and complementation mutants of this gene. The results showed that with respect to the wild type (PH-1), the knockout mutant showed a significant reduction in mycelial growth, asexual spore production, and sexual spore formation, highlighting the key role of FgAsp in the growth and development of F. graminearum. In addition, the mutants showed a significant reduction in the virulence and accumulation level of deoxynivalenol (DON) content on maize whiskers, wheat germ sheaths, and wheat ears. DON, as a key factor of virulence, plays an important role in the F. graminearum infection of wheat ears, suggesting that FgAsp is involved in the regulation of F. graminearum pathogenicity by affecting the accumulation of the DON toxin. FgAsp had a significant effect on the ability of F. graminearum to utilize various sugars, especially arabinose. In response to the stress, hydrogen peroxide inhibited the growth of the mutant most significantly, indicating the important function of FgAsp in the strain's response to environmental stress. Finally, FgAsp plays a key role in the regulation of F. graminearum growth and development, pathogenicity, and environmental stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urine samples were systematically collected from inseminated Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 (with day 0 representing the day of artificial insemination). Following confirmation of pregnancy via trans rectal palpation 45 days of insemination, the animals were categorised into pregnant and non‐pregnant groups (n = 10 each). The urine samples on 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of pregnant and one sample from non‐pregnant preferably collected on 28th day was used for SDS‐PAGE after diafiltration. We focused on urine samples obtained on 28th day of insemination as it could contain high fetuin‐A levels associated with pregnancy. Each of the two urine samples from both the pregnant and non‐pregnant groups underwent purification through wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) affinity separation. The resulting fraction/elute was subsequently employed for the determination and validation of fetuin‐A through 1D SDS‐PAGE, western blotting and MALDI‐TOF analysis. The samples were used for measuring the concentration of fetuin‐A by ELISA. Fetuin‐A was significantly higher (1020.50 ± 19.75 mg/L) in pregnant Murrah buffalo urine than their non‐pregnant counterparts (86.5 ± 6.33 mg/L), with a p < 0.05. On SDS‐PAGE analysis, the WGA fractions revealed distinct protein bands, notably between ~54 to 70 kDa and slightly above ~91 kDa, in pregnant Murrah buffaloes compared with their non‐pregnant counterparts. Following confirmation of fetuin‐A at ~58 kDa through western blotting, the corresponding protein band was excised from the SDS gel and subjected to mass spectrometry for MALDI‐TOF analysis. Peptide mass fingerprinting, coupled with protein BLAST, confirmed the upregulated protein as Alpha2‐HS glycoprotein, also known as fetuin‐A. These findings are crucial for elucidating the presence of fetuin‐A in urine samples from pregnant Murrah buffaloes, offering valuable insights into their physiological status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is an important crop for global food security and the key to its production is germination. The germination is a laborious and long process susceptible to be altered by biotic and abiotic factors therefore innovative technologies can be used to improve seeds' germination behavior. The objective of this study was to assess the germination of two varieties of durum wheat, Simeto and Chen's, subjected to two physical treatments: ultrasound (US) and pulsed electric field (PEF). The germination parameters studied were germination kinetic, precocity of germination (PG), final germination rate (FGR), germination speed (GS) and germ's length (LG). The seeds were exposed to ultrasound at frequencies of 20, 30 and 40 kHz for 20, 40 and 60 min, as well as to a pulsed electric field of intensity 350 V/cm, 700 V/cm, 2 kV/cm and 4 kV/cm with 10, 50 and 100 pulses (P). The results show that an optimal treatment with ultrasound is obtained at 40 kHz/20 min, giving an earliness of 80% and a final germination rate of 96.66% obtained at 30 kHz/20 min and 40 kHz/40 min for Simeo variety. For PEF, the final germination rate of 86.66% is obtained with treatment at 700 V/cm 50 pulses, while the best germination speed of 0.47 is obtained with 4 kV/cm 10 pulses for the Chen's variety. These results indicate that ultrasonic exposure of durum wheat affects germination precocity and speed, while PEF had a significant effect on germ's length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) still depends on subjective information in terms of various symptoms regarding mood. Detecting the characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in blood may result in finding a diagnostic biomarker that reflects the depressive stage of patients with MDD. Here, we report the results on the glycosylation pattern of enriched plasma EVs from patients with MDD. We compared glycosylation patterns by lectin blotting expressed in EVs isolated from the plasma of both patients with MDD and age-matched healthy control participants (HCs) using size-exclusion chromatography. The levels of Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), and N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, sialic acid) - binding lectin, were significantly decreased in patients with MDD in the depressive state compared to HCs and in remission state. Furthermore, proteome analysis revealed that the von Willebrand factor (vWF) was a significant factor recognized by WGA. WGA-binding vWF antigen differentiated patients with MDD versus HCs and the same patients with MDD in a depressive versus remission state. In this study, the change patterns in the glycoproteins contained in plasma EVs support the usability of testing to identify patients who are at increased risk of depression during antidepressant treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Folia Pharmacologica Japonica is the property of Japanese Pharmacological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bone loss caused by ageing has become one of the leading health risk factors worldwide. Wheat germ (WG) is consists of high amounts of bioactive peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary fibre. Currently, WG has been proven to possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We recently explored the beneficial effects and relevant mechanisms of a WG-rich diet (2.5% and 5% WG, m/m) on bone homeostasis in aged rats. Our results showed that 5% WG supplementation for 12 months effectively attenuated ageing-induced microstructural damage and differentiation activity changes in the femur. The 5% WG supplementation also significantly increased the levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (P < 0.01), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.05), and decreased inflammatory cytokine levels (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the WG-rich diet reshaped the composition of the gut microbiota, enhancing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing microbes and reducing inflammation-related microbes. In addition, metabolomics analysis showed that 5% WG supplementation improved plasma metabolites related to bone metabolism. Conclusively, our study purports long-term WG-rich diet may preserve bone homeostasis by regulating gut microbiota and plasma metabolites in aged rats.

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a type of cardiomyopathy caused by long-term diabetes, characterized by abnormal myocardial structure and function, which can lead to heart failure. Berberine (BBR), a quaternary ammonium alkaloid isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma, a traditional Chinese medicine, has superior anti-diabetic and heart-protective properties. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of BBR on DCM. Methods: This study used a systems pharmacology approach to evaluate the related proteins and signalling pathways between BBR and DCM targets, combined with experimental validation using diabetic mouse heart sections. Microstructural and pathological changes were observed using Hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome stain and wheat germ agglutinin staining. Immunofluorescence and western blot were used to determine protein expression. Results: The results indicate that BBR and DCM share 21 core relevant targets, with cross-targets predominantly located in mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane components. BBR exerts its main effects in improving DCM by maintaining mitochondrial integrity, particularly involving the PI3K-AKT-GSK3ß and apoptosis signalling pathways. In addition, post-treatment changes in the key targets of BBR, including cysteine aspartate specific protease (Caspase)-3, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitochondria-related proteins, are suggestive of its efficacy. Conclusion: BBR crucially improves DCM by maintaining mitochondrial integrity, inhibiting apoptosis, and modulating PI3K-AKT-GSK3ß signaling. Further studies must address animal model limitations and validate clinical efficacy to understand BBR's mechanisms fully and its potential clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated, secreted phosphoprotein known to be elevated in both human and mouse retinas during various stages of diabetic retinopathy. However, its specific roles in modulating ocular surface dynamics and immune responses in diabetes remain unexplored. This study aims to investigate the role of OPN in the development of ocular surface disease (OSD) in type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice. Methods: Three- to four-week-old C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and OPN-knockout (OPN-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ; 40 mg/kg body weight) in citrate buffer (vehicle); non-diabetic controls were injected with vehicle alone. Diabetes was confirmed if blood glucose levels were >200 mg/dL, measured 1–2 weeks post-STZ injection. Control, age- and sex-matched db/db diabetic mice fed a standard chow diet were also included in this study. Ocular surface inflammation was assessed using ELISA to quantify inflammatory cytokine proteins and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining was utilized to highlight corneal surface irregularities. Clinical signs were evaluated by corneal fluorescein staining, tear production measurements, and tear sodium (Na+) concentration assessments. These evaluations were conducted 4, 6, 8 and 16-weeks post-diabetes onset in WT and OPN-/- mice and were compared to those obtained in non-diabetic controls. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA, with significance set at P < 0.05. Results: Both WT and OPN-/- mice developed T2D within 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, following HFD + STZ treatment. Corneal OPN levels in WT diabetic mice increased ~2-fold at 2 weeks and ~4-fold at 16 weeks compared to non-diabetic controls, with similar elevations observed in their tear fluid. Diabetic db/db mice also exhibited elevated OPN levels in the blood and ocular surface, which persisted as diabetes progressed. Enhanced fluorescein staining, indicating corneal irregularities, appeared in WT mice at 8 weeks and in OPN-/- mice at 10 weeks post-T2D induction. Additionally, WGA staining showed a significant reduction in fluorescence intensity in WT mice treated with HFD and STZ, confirming corneal surface irregularities that were delayed in OPN-/- mice. Elevated tear sodium concentration was observed in both WT and OPN-/- diabetic mice without affecting tear production rates. Notably, OPN levels increased early, at week 2, following HFD and STZ treatment, preceding changes in interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Upregulation of IL-6 became apparent at 6 weeks in WT mice and was delayed until 10 weeks in OPN-/- mice post-T2D induction. Conclusions: Elevated OPN levels were detected early post-T2D induction in diabetic WT and db/db mice corneas without initial subclinical changes. This early increase in OPN precedes other proinflammatory cytokines associated with eventual ocular surface inflammation as diabetes progresses. Persistence of OPN also correlated with clinical signs such as increased corneal surface irregularities and elevated tear Na+ concentration. Future research will explore OPN's role as a biomarker in ocular surface disease (OSD), including dry eye disease (DED), and investigate its impact on inflammatory processes and other mechanistic pathways in diabetic ocular complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve a more sustainable global food production, a shift from animal to plant protein based food is necessary. At the same time, these plant proteins are preferentially derived from side-streams of industrial processes. Wheat bran and germ represent two major side-streams of the wheat milling industry, and contain aqueous-phase soluble proteins with a well-balanced amino acid composition. To successfully use wheat bran and germ proteins in novel plant-based liquid and semi-solid foods, they need to (i) be rendered extractable and (ii) contribute functionally to stabilizing the food system. Prior heat treatment and the occurrence of intact cell walls are important barriers in this regard. Several strategies have been applied to overcome these issues, including physical processing and (bio)chemical modification. We here present a comprehensive, critical overview of the aqueous-phase extraction of protein from (modified) wheat bran and germ. Moreover, we discuss the functionality of the extracted protein, specifically in the context of liquid (foam- and emulsion-type) and semi-solid (gel-type) food applications. In each section, we identify important knowledge gaps and highlight several future prospects that could further increase the application potential of wheat bran and germ proteins in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to increase the antifungal and insecticidal activities of NaD1, as an antimicrobial peptides (AMP), by improving its interaction with the fungal cell wall and chitin monomeric units in insect midguts. Hence, the chitin-binding domains (CBDs) of wheat germ agglutinin protein (WGA) were fused to either N- or C-terminus of NaD1 generating transgenic Nicotiana tabacum hairy roots (HRs). Molecular assessments confirmed the integration of NaD1 transgenes, their transcription and production of recombinant peptides in the HR lines. Total protein of (CBD)4-NaD1 and NaD1-(CBD)4 transgenic lines inhibited the growth of Pyricularia oryzae mycelium, suggesting that fusion of CBD to NaD1 can increase NaD1 half-life, leading to higher affinity toward cell wall chitin. Furthermore, feeding the third-instar larvae of Chilo suppressalis with both (CBD)4-NaD1 and NaD1-(CBD)4 extracts exhibited a higher mortality rate. Both NaD1-CBDs caused a significant decrease in trypsin (TRY) and chymotrypsin (CTR) activities in the larvae, while enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, APX, and SOD. Therefore, feeding the larvae by total extract of NaD1-(CBD)4 and (CBD)4-NaD1 HR lines probably increased affinity to midgut chitin in C. suppressalis, enhancing insecticidal activities. Overall, the results indicate that recombinant peptides are effective in enhancing fungal and insect resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To investigate the role and possible mechanisms of disulfiram （DSF） in a rat model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction （HFpEF） induced by high-fat diet （HFD） and nitric oxide blocker Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester （L-NAME）. METHODS: The HFpEF rat model was constructed using HFD and L-NAME. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group （fed with a normal diet and water）, HFpEF group （fed with HFD and drinking water containing 0. 5 g/L L-NAME）, and DSF+HFpEF group（ treated with DSF in addition to HFD and L-NAME）. After 5 weeks, cardiac function of the rats was examined using echocardiography and exercise test. Myocardial pathological changes were detected using hematoxylin-eosin and wheat germ agglutinin staining, the degree of cardiac fibrosis was assessed using Masson staining, and apoptosis levels were observed using TUNEL staining. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）, cleaved caspase-1, gasdermin D N-terminal fragment（ GSDMD-N） in the myocardium, and serum level of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP）, and interleukin （IL）-1β and IL-18 in the myocardium were detected by ELISA. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the rats in HFpEF group showed increased body weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, E/E′ ratio, left ventricular anterior wall thickness at diastole and serum NT-proBNP level （P<0. 05）, and decreased E/A ratio and absolute value of global longitudinal strain （GLS; P<0. 05）. In contrast, the rats in DSF+HFpEF group showed decreased body weight, E/E′ ratio, diastolic blood pressure and serum NT-proBNP level （P<0. 05）, and increased E/A ratio and absolute value of GLS （P<0. 05）, with no significant changes in systolic blood pressure, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at diastole and left ventricular ejection fraction （P>0. 05）. The rats in HFpEF group had increased myocardial fibrosis area, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, and apoptotic rate compared with control group （P<0. 05）, while these indexes were reduced in DSF+HFpEF group （P<0. 05）. The results of Western blot and ELISA showed that the levels of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD-N, IL-1β and IL-18 were increased in the myocardium of rats in HFpEF group compared with control group （P<0. 05）, but decreased in DSF+HFpEF group compared with HFpEF group （P<0. 05）. CONCLUSION: Disulfiram improves cardiac function and attenuates myocardial remodeling in HFpEF rats. The mechanism may be related to the modulation of NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway and the reduction of myocardial inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have mentioned the advantages of adding wheat germ to chicken diets, but few were interested in studying the effect of the fermentation process on this addition. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of adding fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) and immunostimulant (IS) to the broiler diet and water, respectively, on growth performance, hematological and blood biochemical parameters, immune status, and carcass characteristics. A total of 180 one-day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly and equally assigned into four treatment groups of 5 replicates (9 chicks/replicate) each. The first group (G1) served as a control group with a basal diet and normal drinking water, while the second (G2) and the third (G3) groups were treated with a basal diet supplemented with 0.1 and 0.2% of FWGE, respectively. The fourth group (G4) was treated with one level of immunostimulant (ORGA IMMU®, 0.2% in drinking water) and served as a positive control. The experiment lasted 35 days. According to the results, adding 0.2% FWGE to the broiler diet (G3) improved (P≤0.05) feed conversion ratio and increased (P≤0.05) live body weight and body weight gain compared to the control group (G1). The G3 also showed improvements (P≤0.05) in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and white blood cell (WBC) counts. Blood biochemical parameters, such as total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), were positively affected (P≤0.05) by FWGE and immunostimulant treatments. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers for Newcastle disease and avian influenza viruses, phagocytic activity (PA), phagocytic index (PI), and lysozyme activity (LA) were significantly (P≤0.05) improved by FWGE and immunostimulant treatments. Furthermore, carcass traits, such as carcass weight and dressing percentage, were improved (P≤0.05) by adding FWGE and immunostimulant treatments. The inclusion of FWGE in the broiler chicken diet by 0.2% had a considerably positive impact on the birds' growth performance, health, and carcass quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of infarct and scar size following myocardial infarction (MI) is commonly used to evaluate the efficacy of potential cardioprotective treatments in animal models. However, histological methods to determine morphological features in the infarcted heart have barely improved since implementation while still consuming large parts of the tissue and offering little options for parallel analyses. We aim to develop a new fluorescence technology for determining infarct area and area at risk that is comparable to 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining but allows for multiple analyses on the same heart tissue. For early and late time points following MI, we compared classical histochemical approaches with fluorescence staining methods. Reperfused MI was induced in male mice, the hearts were extracted 24 h, 7-, 21-, or 28-days later and fluorescently stained by combining Hoechst and phalloidin. This approach allowed for clear visualization of the infarct area, the area at ischemic risk and the remote area not affected by MI. The combined fluorescence staining correlated with the classic TTC/Evans Blue staining 24 h after MI (r = 0.8334). In later phases (>7 d) post-MI, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is equally accurate as classical Sirius Red (r = 0.9752), Masson's (r = 0.9920) and Gomori's Trichrome (r = 0.8082) staining for determination of scar size. Additionally, feasibility to co-localize fluorescence-stained immune cells in specific regions of the infarcted myocardium was demonstrated with this protocol. In conclusion, this new procedure for determination of post-MI infarct size is not inferior to classical TTC staining, yet provides substantial benefits, including the option for unbiased software-assisted analysis while sparing ample residual tissue for additional analyses. Overall, this enhances the data quality and reduces the required animal numbers consistent with the 3R concept of animal experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study explored the fermentation of defatted wheat germ (DWG) using Lactobacillus plantarum, leading to the release of bioactive peptides with improved technological and health properties. Proteomic analysis of fermented defatted wheat germ (FDWG) and DWG revealed a higher abundance of functional peptides in FDWG, with 27 peaks ranging from 503–1391 m/z compared to 22 peaks ranging from 537–1362 m/z for DWG. The peptides identified in FDWG were enriched in hydrophobic amino acids, known for their antioxidant and radical scavenging capabilities. Furthermore, FDWG‐based bread demonstrated the lowest gliadin content, making it a promising option for coeliac patients. The bread also exhibited a soft texture and higher consumer acceptance, positioning it as a viable alternative in reduced‐gluten bakery products. Overall, fermented wheat germ presents an exciting avenue for obtaining bioactive peptides with diverse potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to optimize nanoencapsulation conditions of ovalbumin (OV)‐nettle seed gum (NSG)‐chitosan (CS), ONC‐based nanocarriers, using response surface methodology (RSM). Then, wheat germ oil (WGO) was encapsulated in optimized ONC nanocarriers, and WGO‐loaded nanocarriers were characterized for their encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, average particle size, emulsion stability, thermal, structural, micromorphological, rheological, and cytotoxic properties. The results showed that NSG‐CS amount of 30 mL, OV amount of 20 mL, and pH of 3 gave the maximum zeta potential and minimum average particle size based on the predicted conditions for the production of ONC nanocarriers by RSM. Encapsulation efficiencies of WGO‐loaded nanoparticles (WGONs) containing different ratios of WGO (2.5% to 4.5%, v:w) ranged from 48.66% to 71.91%. According to rheological properties, both the solutions of ONC complex and WGONs exhibited Newtonian flow behavior. The FT‐IR spectra exhibited changes in the peaks associated with amino and carboxyl groups following the encapsulation of WGO, suggesting the successful completion of the encapsulation process. SEM images revealed that the addition of WGO into the capsule resulted in the formation of rough particles. The cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that concentrations of WGO, CS, NSG, OV, WGO, ONC, and WGON up to 10 mg mL–1 did not significantly reduce the viability of L‐929 human fibroblast cell lines, indicating their nontoxicity toward healthy cells. In conclusion, this study suggested the successful encapsulation of WGO within ONC carriers at the nanoscale, achieving high encapsulation efficiency and favorable properties to enhance their uses for different purposes. Practical Application: Wheat germ, an important by‐product of wheat milling industry, contains considerable amounts of oil which possesses many beneficial components like tocopherol, vitamin B, phytosterols, and policosanols. These compounds have potential health benefits such as supporting exercise performance, cardiovascular health, and reducing the risk of overweight/obesity. Therefore, this underutilized oil needs to be introduced to the food/nutraceutical industry more extensively. However, the susceptibility of wheat germ oil (WGO) to oxidation and its short shelf‐life limit its further use. Encapsulation technology can be employed to protect the WGO, extend its shelf‐life, and improve its stability. Response surface methodology (RSM) is also a versatile way to determine the optimal conditions for encapsulation, resulting in the formation of stable nanocapsules containing WGO. The resulting nanocapsules effectively release the active ingredients of WGO, protecting them from oxidation and making them highly suitable for use as functional food ingredients or in pharmaceutical products with promising potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive peptides in the hydrolyzed protein have led to high antioxidant activity and good functional properties in these proteins. The aim of this study was to produce hydrolyzed protein from wheat germ and analyze its antioxidant and functional properties. For this purpose, hydrolyzed wheat germ protein was produced by commercial enzymes alcalase and flavourzyme enzyme (Optimal pH of alcalase activity 8.5, flavourzyme 7) at intervals of 10, 20 and 30 minutes. Degrees of hydrolysis, functional properties including solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties, as well as antioxidant properties including free radical scavenging DPPH and ABTS and ferric reducing power weسre measured. The results showed that the protein hydrolyzed by alcalase had a higher degree of hydrolysis than the enzyme flavourzyme. Also, increasing the hydrolysis time had a positive effect on the mentioned parameters (p <0.05). The highest values of hydrolysis by alcalase were observed in 30 minutes (28.26%) and this treatment had the highest antioxidant activity and functional properties (p <0.05). In general, it can be said that hydrolyzed protein from wheat germ (by alcalase enzyme) has the best functional and antioxidant properties and therefore can be used as a substitute for animal based protein in the diet as well as active ingredients in food formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China Medical University is the property of Journal of China Medical University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Wheat germ is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and disease resistance properties in animals. However, its effect on the gut of Sichuan white geese remains unclear. Method: In this study, thirty 250-day-old geese were divided into three equal groups, the control group, LWG group (21.8% wheat germ) and HWG group (43.6% wheat germ), the experiment lasted 12 weeks. We assessed various aspects of geese intestinal health, including barrier function, digestibility, antioxidant capacity, immunity, microbiota, and metabolism. Results: The study revealed a significant increase in villus height (VH), villus height-to-crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio, amylase, and lipase activities in the duodenum and ileum, increased putrescine levels in the duodenum and jejunum, as well as spermidine levels in the jejunum (P < 0.05). LWG increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the duodenum, while decreasing levels of intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA), serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity (P < 0.05). Furthermore, LWG increased the relative abundance of Oscillospiraceae_unclassified, Ligilactobacillus, and Roseburia, as well as increased levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid, while decreasing the relative abundance of Subdoligranulum, Flavonifractor, and Klebsiella. Additionally, we observed 17 up-regulated genes and 25 down-regulated genes in the jejunum, which are associated with the cell cycle and immunity. These genes play roles in pathways such as the p53 signaling pathway, cell cycle regulation, and pathways associated with immune modulation. On the other hand, HWG increased intestinal VH and spermidine levels, as well as amylase and lipase activities in the duodenum (P < 0.05). It also elevated ileal T-AOC and sIgA levels (P < 0.05), while reducing intestinal MDA content, serum LPS levels, DAO activity, and propionic acid in cecum contents (P < 0.05). Moreover, HWG increased the relative abundance of Ligilactobacillus, Oscillospiraceae_unclassified, and Roseburia (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, wheat germ diets, particularly the LWG diet demonstrated the ability to enhance antioxidant capacity, digestibility, immunity, and barrier properties of the intestinal tract, while modulating the gut microbiota and metabolism. Therefore, wheat germ diets hold promise in improving intestinal health by preserving barrier function and regulating flora structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing scientific evidence on the health benefits of whole-grain food consumption has promoted the manufacturing of a great number of products differing in quality and content of whole-grain components. This is particularly true for commercial wheat-based products where it is not always clear how much whole wheat is present considering that in many cases, they are manufactured from reconstituted mill streams and that there is not a standardised globally accepted definition and metrics to objectively evaluate whole-grain status. Attempts have been made to assess the level of "wholegraininess" in wheat products by measuring specific constituents that correlate with different wheat tissues, especially those that are expected to be found in a true whole-grain wheat product. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a small lectin protein present exclusively in the wheat-germ tissues, has been indicated by several scientists as one of these constituents and after founding that its level changes depending on the amount of germ found in a wheat flour, it has been indicated as a biomarker of whole-grain status for wheat products. In this review, the biochemistry of WGA, its methods of detection, and current knowledge on its possibility to be practically utilized as a reliable marker are critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary envelopment of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a critical but not well-understood process that takes place at the cytoplasmic viral assembly complex (cVAC) where nucleocapsids acquire their envelope by budding into cellular membranes containing viral glycoproteins. Previous studies presented controversial results regarding the composition of the viral envelope, suggesting trans-Golgi and endosomal origins, as well as intersections with the exosomal and endocytic pathways. Here, we investigated the role of endocytic membranes for the secondary envelopment of HCMV by using wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) pulse labeling to label glycoproteins at the plasma membrane and to follow their trafficking during HCMV infection by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). WGA labeled different membrane compartments within the cVAC, including early endosomes, multivesicular bodies, trans-Golgi, and recycling endosomes. Furthermore, TEM analysis showed that almost 90% of capsids undergoing secondary envelopment and 50% of enveloped capsids were WGA-positive within 90 min. Our data reveal extensive remodeling of the endocytic compartment in the late stage of HCMV infection, where the endocytic compartment provides an optimized environment for virion morphogenesis and serves as the primary membrane source for secondary envelopment. Furthermore, we show that secondary envelopment is a rapid process in which endocytosed membranes are transported from the plasma membrane to the cVAC within minutes to be utilized by capsids for envelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigates the biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) by Galleria mellonella larvae, exploring the impact of co-diet supplementation. Polyethylene, a prevalent plastic, poses significant environmental pollution due to its resistance to natural degradation. This research evaluates the larvae's efficiency in consuming PE of various densities with and without co-diets like beeswax and wheat germ + honey. The findings indicate that the larvae consumed more PE when the density was lower, with 1 mm thickness showing the highest consumption and minimal weight loss when beeswax was added. The larvae demonstrated higher biodegradation rates within 24 h compared to within 48 and 72 h. The co-diet supplementation, particularly with beeswax, enhanced PE consumption, aligning with the larvae's natural diet. This research underscores the potential of using G. mellonella larvae for the environmentally friendly biodegradation of PE, suggesting further exploration of the larvae's digestive mechanisms to develop sustainable solutions for plastic pollution. Pollution coming from plastic polymers, particularly polyethylene (PE), poses a serious threat to both humans and animals. The biodegradation of plastics facilitated by insects is a crucial and eco-friendly approach that can be employed to combat this global concern. Recently, the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (L.) have been recognized as avid 'plastivores'. The current study was aimed at evaluating the feeding efficiency of G. mellonella larvae on PEs of various densities with a co-diet supplementation of wheat germ + honey and beeswax. The results reveal that maximum PE consumption (9.98 ± 1.25 mg) was recorded in the case of 1.0 mm thick PE after a 24 h interval; however, the same scenario also achieved the greatest reduction in larval weight (27.79 ± 2.02 mg). A significant reduction in PE mass (5.87 ± 1.44 mg) was also observed in 1.0 mm PE when fed beeswax; however, the larvae experienced minimal weight loss (9.59 ± 3.81 mg). The larvae exhibited a higher PE consumption in 1.0 mm PE, indicating that the lower the density of PE, the greater the consumed area. Moreover, the biodegradation levels were notably higher within the 24 h interval. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the density of PEs and the supplementation of the co-diet have an impact on PE biodegradation. Additionally, the utilization of G. mellonella for the biodegradation of PE proves effective when combined with beeswax, resulting in minimal weight loss of the larvae. Our findings offer initial insights into how Galleria mellonella larvae biodegrade polyethylene (PE) of four different densities, along with co-diet supplementation. This approach helps us evaluate how varying densities affect degradation rates and provides a better understanding of the larvae's capabilities. Additionally, our observations at three specific time intervals (24, 48, and 72 h) allow us to identify the time required for achieving degradation rates. Through examining these time points, our method offers valuable insights into the initial phases of plastic consumption and biodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic genes for the two subunits of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) from wheat were expressed in Escherichia coli. When each gene was induced individually, the α subunit with a cleavable 6 × His tag at the amino terminus was largely soluble, while the β subunit was almost completely insoluble. When the two subunits were co-expressed, a soluble fraction containing the two subunits were obtained. This was purified by a standard method in which the tag was cleaved off with a specific protease after affinity purification. As the sample contained slightly more PheRSα than PheRSβ, we further resolved the sample by gel filtration to obtain the fraction that showed the size of the conventional α2β2 tetrameric complex and contains an almost equal amount of the two subunits. The final yield was 0.6 mg per 1 liter of the culture medium, and the specific activity was 28 nmol min−1 mg−1, which was higher than that of a fraction purified from wheat germ. This recombinant PheRS was used, along with purified samples of the elongation factors and the ribosomes from wheat germ, for a poly(U)-dependent poly(Phe) synthesis reaction. The reaction was dependent on the added components and lasted for more than several hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) binds to particular cell surface receptors to penetrate cells. The virus specifically identifies certain carbohydrate structures present on the surface of the cell to facilitate the binding process. Nevertheless, the influence of viral infections on specific alterations of glycoconjugates in the small intestines remains unexplored. Objective: This work aimed to examine the alterations in glycoconjugates in the small intestines of piglets naturally infected with PEDV using lectin histochemistry. Methods: Six piglets including three PEDV-infected and three non-infected piglets were evaluated. Small intestinal samples were histopathologically examined, and lectin histochemistry was performed. Results: Piglets infected with PEDV had significant histological abnormalities in their small intestines, such as pronounced villous atrophy, varying degrees of villous fusion, and diverse mucosal alterations. Specific regions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum showed discernible variations in glycoconjugate distribution, as determined by lectin histochemistry. Compared with the controls, the PEDV-infected piglets showed significant changes in N-acetylglucosamine- and galactose-binding lectins (particularly wheat germ agglutinin and Arachis hypogaea (peanut) agglutinin) in multiple intestinal regions. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings can enhance understanding of how viruses such as PEDV impact the glycoconjugate composition of the small intestines and emphasize the potential connection between the pathogenesis of PEDV and glycoconjugate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat Germ (WG) is a by-product that is rich in nutritional value but is facing the problem of food loss and waste. This study utilised WG from the wheat mill to process vegetarian sausage according to traditional processing methods to investigate the effect of added WG ratio on the quality of vegetarian sausage, including structural properties, sensory value and nutritional value at different mixing ratios. Additional WG rates were examined at 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 % (% wt). Evaluate the textural properties using the TPA method on the Textural analyzer, SEM microstructure, retained water, pH value, and colour parameter combined with sensory value analysis. The results showed that WG can improve hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness, but cohesiveness and springiness were not significant. The pH index gradually decreased, the water separation ability changed clearly, and the colour values also changed, especially the a* and b* values, which decreased when adding WG. Although there are still some low outliers, the sensory scores of the 6 and 7 % added vegetarian sausage have an average score of about 5.5, comparable to the control sample. Besides, WG has also been proven to improve nutritional value without adding artificial sweeteners, especially protein composition. This work can be considered for utilizing WG to develop products rich in plant protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain processing produces many by-products, including wheat bran, wheat germ and rice bran, which are rich in carbohydrates, proteins and trace elements. In this study, these grain-derived by-products were used as raw materials to conduct solid-state fermentation using mixed strains of Aspergillus kawachii and Rhizopus oryzae, and the potential immunomodulatory and anti-allergic properties of fermented product were evaluated. Solid-state fermentation of a grain by-product mixture, consisting of rice bran, wheat bran, and wheat germ in a 2:1:1 weight ratio, using both A. kawachii L1 and R. oryzae L1 at 26 °C for 5 days, significantly increased the total phenolic, flavonoid, and amino acid contents. The anti-allergic activity of aqueous extract of the fermented product was evaluated in murine models of food allergy and delayed-type hypersensitivity. Oral administration of the fermented product extract (100–200 mg/kg) notably alleviated allergic symptoms such as diarrhea and histopathological changes in the intestines. Moreover, the extract effectively reduced allergen-specific serum antibodies, suppressed splenic cytokine secretion, and mitigated tissue edema and inflammation induced by allergens. Importantly, the extract induced the production of IL-10 and TGF-β, which are well-known cytokines primarily secreted by regulatory T cells. These results underscore the promising immunomodulatory effects of A. kawachii and R. oryzae fermented grain product, suggesting their potential as functional foods or additives for managing allergic disorders, with implications for future therapeutic and dietary applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Defatted wheat germ is a highly nutritious protein, which contains about 30% protein. In this study, defatted wheat germ (DWG) protein was used to form coacervate with apple pectin. Structural transition during coacervate formation was evaluated by ζ-potential, spectrophotometry, and light scattering as a function of pH (2.0-6.0), protein to polysaccharide ratio (DWG protein-Pectin, R=1:1, 2:1 and 4:1) and total biopolymer concentration (0.5 and 1%). Furthermore, the phase changes of DWG protein-pectin complex coacervate was studied by checking the turbidity during the time. The best ratio of DWG protein/pectin for complex coacervation was found 4:1 (Pr:Ps). The critical pH affiliated with forming of soluble and insoluble complexes (respectively pHc and pHf1) at the optimum DWG protein/pectin ratio were found 6.0 and 4.9, respectively. The most interaction, the most turbidity, was found at pH=4.0. The inconsistency and liquidation of DWG protein/pectin complex coacervates initialized at pH=2.0. Particles size of DWG protein/pectin (R=4:1, CT=1 %) measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) at critical pH values, provided further insight into the segregate and associative processes during complex coacervation. The findings can be contributed to the development of DWG protein/pectin complex coacervates as delivery systems for volatile aromas, or bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Current treatments for lymphoma are plagued by substantial toxicity and the inability to overcome drug resistance, leading to eventual relapse and rationalizing the development of novel, less toxic therapeutics and drug combinations. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are a broad class of epigenetic modulators that have been studied in multiple tumor types, including lymphoma. Currently, HDACis are FDA-approved for treating relapsed T-cell lymphomas and multiple myeloma, with ongoing trials in other lymphomas and solid tumors. As single agents, HDACis frequently elicit toxic side effects and have limited efficacy; therefore, many current treatment strategies focus on combinations to boost efficacy while attempting to minimize toxicity. Fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) is a complementary agent that has shown efficacy in several malignancies, including lymphoma. Here, we utilize a more potent FWGE derivative, known as fermented wheat germ protein (FWGP), in combination with the HDACi AR42, to assess for enhanced activity. We report increased in vitro killing, cell cycle arrest, and in vivo efficacy for this combination compared to each agent alone with minimal toxicity, suggesting a potentially new, minimally toxic treatment modality for lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat germ oil has the highest tocopherol content of all-natural vegetable oil. It's used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and dietary supplement products due to its high tocopherol content. Thus, the high marketing and nutritional values have led to an adulteration of this valuable oil. The quality and authentication control of wheat germ oil is based mainly on the quantitative determination of tocopherol concentration. Therefore, NIS has developed new candidate reference material for tocopherols in wheat germ oil to support regulatory authorities and food testing laboratories in their efforts to control oil quality and authenticity. The certification was carried out using two independent sample preparation methods in accordance with ISO 17034 and ISO Guide 35 requirements. The results indicate a sufficient homogeneity and stability of CRM for up to 12 months at 4 ℃. The traceability of the CRM to SI units was established using the direct primary method. The certified value of a-tocopherol and β-tocopherol and their corresponding expanded uncertainties (k=2.0) were found to be (2033.9±49.8 mg/kg) and (625.4±38.1 mg/kg), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal honey mixture remedies are well known for their therapeutic benefits in traditional medicine. This research aspired to assess melissopalynological, sensorial, physicochemical, & antibacterial activity for three types of honey (clover, citrus, and cucurbits) and their mixtures with black seed, date palm pollen, & wheat germ at 1, 2.5, & 5%. The best mixtures were chosen according to overall acceptability. Consumer's preference was given to raw honey. However, some mixtures were as acceptable as raw honey. Melissopalynological analysis and lower glucose level compared to fructose are evidences that honeys are natural. Infusing herbs with different types of honey caused higher electrical conductivity, free acidity, ash, H2O2, HMF levels, and lower pH. Type of honey and herb may affect the physicochemical characteristics of honey in different ways. Honey whether used alone or in combination with the three herbs, demonstrated the same significant antibacterial effect for Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. Inhibition zones of honey and its mixtures were lower than the control for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most undiluted samples created larger bacterial inhibition zones than their 50% diluted counterparts. Depending on the type of honey, the herb and additive concentration, infusing herbs with honey could alter its chemical, physical, and antibacterial qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isosteviol has been investigated with a cardio-treating effect on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. However, its hydrophilicity suppressed its efficient cellular uptake for targeting the heart. Exosomes were seen as delivery vesicles with excellent histocompatibility; thus, an isosteviol-loaded exosome (Istv-exo) was prepared for cardiopulmonary delivery in this study. For in vivo evaluation, the Istv-exo and isosteviol saline solution was used for inhalation or intragastric administration on Sprague–Dawley rats for an assay of dynamic distribution. The higher biodistribution of Istv-exo in the lung and heart has been confirmed by the dynamic content curve. Istv-exo/isosteviol solution was administered by inhalation/intragastrically to Myh6-/- mice, a cardiomyocyte hypertrophy model, to explore the therapeutic effect. The heart function of the mice was measured using echocardiography and in situ imaging was used to analyze the morphology of the heart. The higher level of left ventricular internal dimension, ejection fraction, and cardiac output in echocardiography indicated that Istv-exo enhanced improvement of myocardial function. The attenuation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in mice treated with inhalation of Istv-exo determined that it contributed to the reversal of pathological hypertrophy phenotypes. Wheat germ agglutinin staining confirmed that cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was reversed to varying degrees in the Istv-exo, intragastrical isosteviol, and positive control groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining exhibited the enlarging left ventricular and thinning ventricular wall of the treated mice. Drastically less collagen fiber was observed in the positive control group and Istv-exo group. The inhalation administration of isosteviol-loaded exosomes may be better in therapy for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy than intragastric usage of isosteviol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wheat germ improved markers of glucose homeostasis in overweight adults. • Wheat germ reduced the pro-inflammatory adipokine, resistin. • Gut microbiota and gut integrity markers were unaffected by wheat germ. Wheat germ (WG), a by-product of flour milling, is rich in bioactive substances that may help improve health complications associated with increased adiposity. This study investigated the effects of WG on gut health, metabolic, and inflammatory markers in adults classified as overweight. We hypothesized that WG, because of its many bioactive components, would improve gut health and metabolic, and inflammatory markers in overweight adults. Forty adults (18–45 years old) and with a body mass index between 25 and 30 kg/m2 participated in this single-blinded randomized controlled pilot study. Participants consumed the study supplements containing 30 g of either cornmeal (control, CL) or WG daily for 4 weeks. Primary outcome variables were gut health markers including gut microbiota, gut integrity markers, and fecal short-chain fatty acids, whereas secondary outcome variables included metabolic and inflammatory parameters assessed at baseline and at the end of supplementation. Thirty-nine participants (n = 19 and 20 for CL and WG group, respectively) completed the study. The genus Faecalibacterium was significantly higher in the WG group compared to CL post-supplementation but no significant changes in other gut health markers, short-chain fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and lipid profiles were observed. Compared with baseline, WG improved markers of glucose homeostasis including insulin (P =.02), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (P =.03), glycated hemoglobin (P =.07), and the pro-inflammatory adipokine, resistin (P =.04). However, these parameters after intervention were not different with control. Our findings suggest that WG supplementation have modest effects on gut health but may provide an economical option for individuals to improve glycemic control. Daily consumption of 30 g of wheat germ supplement for 4 weeks by adults classified as overweight maintained the bacterial genus Faecalibacterium and improved several markers of glucose homeostasis including insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c, and reduced the pro-inflammatory adipokine, resistin. Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Its high dietary fiber and protein contents and nutritional quality make defatted wheat germ (DWG) a valuable cereal by-product, yet its negative impact on food structure limits its use as a food ingredient. In this research, DWG underwent air classification, which identified two fractions with high fiber (HF) and low fiber/high protein (LF) contents, and a bioprocessing protocol, involving treatment with xylanase and fermentation with selected lactic acid bacterial strains. The degree of proteolysis was evaluated through electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques, revealing differences among fractions and bioprocessing options. Fermentation led to a significant increase in free amino acids (up to 6 g/kg), further enhanced by the combination with xylanase. When HF was used as an ingredient in bread making, the fiber content of the resulting bread exceeded 3.6 g/100 g, thus reaching the threshold required to make a "source of fiber" claim according to Regulation EC No.1924/2006. Meanwhile, all breads could be labeled a "source of protein" since up to 13% of the energy was provided by proteins. Overall, bioprocessed ingredients lowered the glycemic index (84 vs. 89) and increased protein digestibility (80 vs. 63%) compared to control breads. Technological and sensory analysis showed that the enzymatic treatment combined with fermentation also conferred a darker and more pleasant color to the bread crust, as well as better crumb porosity and elasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrasomes represent a recently uncovered category of extracellular microvesicles, spanning a diameter range of 500 to 3000 nm. They are emitted by migrating cells and harbour a diverse array of RNAs and proteins. Migrasomes can be readily identified in bodily fluids like serum and urine, rendering them a valuable non‐invasive source for disease diagnosis through liquid biopsy. In this investigation, we introduce a streamlined and effective approach for the capture and quantitative assessment of migrasomes, employing wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)‐coated magnetic beads and flow cytometry (referred to as WBFC). Subsequently, we examined the levels of migrasomes in the urine of kidney disease (KD) patients with podocyte injury and healthy volunteers using WBFC. The outcomes unveiled a substantial increase in urinary podocyte‐derived migrasome concentrations among individuals with KD with podocyte injury compared to the healthy counterparts. Notably, the urinary podocyte‐derived migrasomes were found to express an abundant quantity of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) proteins. The presence of PLA2R proteins in these migrasomes holds promise for serving as a natural antigen for the quantification of autoantibodies against PLA2R in the serum of patients afflicted by membranous nephropathy. Consequently, our study not only pioneers a novel technique for the isolation and quantification of migrasomes but also underscores the potential of urinary migrasomes as a promising biomarker for the early diagnosis of KD with podocyte injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by pulmonary and systemic congestion resulting from left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and increased filling pressure. Currently, however, there is no evidence on effective pharmacotherapy for HFpEF. In this study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of total xanthones extracted from Gentianella acuta (TXG) on HFpEF by establishing an high‐fat diet (HFD) + L‐NAME‐induced mouse model. Echocardiography was employed to assess the impact of TXG on the cardiac function in HFpEF mice. Haematoxylin and eosin staining, wheat germ agglutinin staining, and Masson's trichrome staining were utilized to observe the histopathological changes following TXG treatment. The results demonstrated that TXG alleviated HFpEF by reducing the expressions of genes associated with myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis. Furthermore, TXG improved cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins. Mechanistic investigations revealed that TXG could activate the inositol‐requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)/X‐box‐binding protein 1 (Xbp1s) signalling pathway, but the knockdown of IRE1α using the IRE1α inhibitor STF083010 or siRNA‐IRE1α impaired the ability of TXG to ameliorate cardiac remodelling in HFpEF models. In conclusion, TXG alleviates myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis through the activation of the IRE1α/Xbp1s signalling pathway, suggesting its potential beneficial effects on HFpEF patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uremic cardiomyopathy (UCM) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) related mortality. Uremic toxins including indoxyl sulfate (IS) play important role during the progression of UCM. This study was to explore the underlying mechanism of IS related myocardial injury. UCM rat model was established through five-sixths nephrectomy to evaluate its effects on blood pressure, cardiac impairment, and histological changes using echocardiography and histological analysis. Additionally, IS was administered to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and the human cardiomyocyte cell line AC16. DHE staining and peroxide-sensitive dye 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) was conducted to assess the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was estimated using wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining and immunofluorescence. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) translocation was observed by immunofluorescence. The activation of AhR was evaluated by immunoblotting of cytochrome P450 1 s (CYP1s) and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of AHRR and PTGS2. Additionally, the pro-oxidative and pro-hypertrophic effects were evaluated using the AhR inhibitor CH-223191, the CYP1s inhibitor Alizarin and the ROS scavenger N-Acetylcysteine (NAC). UCM rat model was successfully established, and cardiac hypertrophy, accompanied by increased blood pressure, and myocardial fibrosis. Further research confirmed the activation of the AhR pathway in UCM rats including AhR translocation and downstream protein CYP1s expression, accompanied with increasing ROS production detected by DHE staining. In vitro experiment demonstrated a translocation of AhR triggered by IS, leading to significant increase of downstream gene expression. Subsequently study indicated a close relationship between the production of ROS and the activation of AhR/CYP1s, which was effectively blocked by applying AhR inhibitor, CYP1s inhibitor and siRNA against AhR. Moreover, the inhibition of AhR/CYP1s/ROS pathway collectively blocked the pro-hypertrophic effect of IS-mediated cardiomyopathy. This study provides evidence that the AhR/CYP1s pathway is activated in UCM rats, and this activation is correlated with the uremic toxin IS. In vitro studies indicate that IS can stimulate the AhR translocation in cardiomyocyte, triggering to the production of intracellular ROS via CYP1s. This process leads to prolonged oxidative stress stimulation and thus contributes to the progression of uremic toxin-mediated cardiomyopathy. • Uremic cardiomyopathy model built via five-sixths nephrectomy, showing cardiac hypertrophy and ROS production. • Increased ROS production in uremic cardiomyopathy is related to aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. • Downstream cytochrome P450s 1A1 and 1A2 expression is elevated after IS treating in cardiomyocytes. • Block of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cytochrome P450s inhibits ROS production and cardiomyocytes hypertrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explored the feasibility of using oat soluble protein and gum Arabic as wall materials for microencapsulation via complex coacervation of juniper dissolved in wheat germ oil EO. The process was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), varying mixing ratios (20-80%) and pH levels (2-6), followed by freeze-drying of the coacervates. Physicochemical properties of the resulting powders, including solubility, hygroscopicity, moisture content, color, particle size distribution, and bulk and tapped density, were assessed. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined through surface and total oil content calculations, supported by FT-IR spectroscopy. Characterization involved e-nose sensor analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The study findings revealed encapsulation efficiencies (EE) ranging from 23.38% to 26.58%, accompanied by low bulk and tapped densities (0.11-0.17 g/cm3 and 0.20-0.28 g/cm3, respectively), as well as elevated Carr Index values (36.92-46.34) and Hausner ratios (1.59-1.86). Moisture content varied between 0.07 % and 0.93 % across the samples. Additionally, the research demonstrated that employing oat protein and gum Arabic as wall materials enables the production of microcapsules with thermal stability exceeding 100 °C, facilitating their potential application in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phosphorylation of eukaryotic translational initiation factors has been shown to play a significant role in controlling the synthesis of protein. Viral infection, environmental stress, and growth circumstances cause phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of plant initiation factors. Our findings indicate that casein kinase 2 can phosphorylate recombinant wheat eIFiso4E and eIFiso4G generated from E. coli in vitro. For wheat eIFiso4E, Ser-207 was found to be the in vitro phosphorylation site. eIFiso4E lacks an amino acid that can be phosphorylated at the position corresponding to Ser-209, the phosphorylation site in mammalian eIF4E, yet phosphorylation of eIFiso4E has effects on VPg binding affinity that are similar to those of phosphorylation of mammalian eIF4E. The addition of VPg and phosphorylated eIFiso4F to depleted wheat germ extract (WGE) leads to enhancement of translation of both uncapped and capped viral mRNA. The addition of PABP together with eIFiso4Fp and eIF4B to depleted WGE increases both uncapped and capped mRNA translation. However, it exhibits a translational advantage specifically for uncapped mRNA, implying that the phosphorylation of eIFiso4F hinders cap binding while promoting VPg binding, thereby facilitating uncapped translation. These findings indicate TEV virus mediates VPg-dependent translation by engaging a mechanism entailing phosphorylated eIFiso4Fp and PABP. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these observed effects, we studied the impact of PABP and/or eIF4B on the binding of VPg with eIFiso4Fp. The inclusion of PABP and eIF4B with eIFiso4Fp resulted in about 2-fold increase in affinity for VPg (Kd = 24 ± 1.7 nM), as compared to the affinity of eIFiso4Fp alone (Kd = 41.0 ± 3.1 nM). The interactions between VPg and eIFiso4Fp were determined to be both enthalpically and entropically favorable, with the enthalpic contribution accounting for 76–97% of the ΔG at 25°C, indicating a substantial role of hydrogen bonding in enhancing the stability of the complex. The binding of PABP to eIFiso4Fp·4B resulted in a conformational alteration, leading to a significant enhancement in the binding affinity to VPg. These observations suggest PABP enhances the affinity between eIFiso4Fp and VPg, leading to an overall conformational change that provides a stable platform for efficient viral translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment aimed to evaluate the replacement of cottonseed meal (CSM) with wheat germ meal (WGM) in diets of growing lambs on feed utilization and growth performance. Twenty‐eight Ossimi male lambs (38 ± 0.8 kg weight), and 180 ± 5 days were divided randomly into four experimental groups in a complete randomized design for 105 days. Cottonseed meal was replaced with WGM at 0 (WGM0 treatment), 50 (WGM50 treatment), 75 (WGM75 treatment) and 100% (WGM100 treatment). The chemical analysis of the total essential and non‐essential amino acids showed an increase at the WGM diet compared to CSM. The replacement of CSM with WGM linearly and quadratically improved (p ˂ 0.05) lambs' growth performance and feed conversion. The WGM50 and WGM100 treatments lowered (p ˂ 0.05) feed intake, without affecting nutrient digestibility or diets' nutritive. Feeding WGM increased (p ˂ 0.05) total protein, albumin, and urea‐N concentrations in blood of lambs. The WGM100 treatment showed the highest relative percentage of net revenue compared to the other treatments. It is concluded that the complete replacement of CSM with WGM showed positive effects on lambs' performance and economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat germ acid phosphatase (WGAP) is a commonly used protein in laboratory settings for studying the release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) from phosphate esters under acidic conditions. When kinetically quantifying the enzyme, the typical procedure involves a spectrophotometric assay that indirectly measures WGAP activity. In this study, a new assay was developed to directly measure WGAP activity, involving the integration of a 31P NMR resonance peak representing the Pi product with a chemical shift of δ = 5.25 ppm. In order to compare the effectiveness of this new assay with the traditional method, both the 31P NMR spectroscopy-based assay and the traditional spectrophotometric-based assay were used side-by-side to evaluate WGAP activity. The extent to which activity was measured accurately using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer was quite limited, as the instrument only allowed accurate absorbance readings at relatively lower concentrations. Alternatively, performing analysis with 31P NMR spectroscopy introduced many advantages as the isotope is naturally abundant and the detection of the 31P signal at higher concentrations was possible. The total average WGAP specific activity determined from the spectrophotometric assays was 0.436 ± 0.023 μmol product/min/mg enzyme, and for the 31P NMR assays was 0.368 ± 0.098 μmol product/min/mg enzyme. When the two datasets of specific activity values from each method were compared, the analysis revealed a statistically significant similarity between the medians, thus confirming the viability of the new assay. These initial studies indicate that an assay based upon the integration of 31P NMR spectroscopy could be used for kinetic analysis of any reaction involving phosphate transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

d-limonene is a volatile compound widely used in food flavorings, but it is chemically unstable in the presence of air, light, moisture, and high temperatures. Coacervation is a well-established technique which involves the formation of biopolymer nanocomplexes between negatively charged polysaccharides and positively charged proteins to protect bioactive components. The study shows the effect of pH, protein/polysaccharide ratio and total biopolymer concentration on complex coacervation of defatted wheat germ protein (DWGP) and apple pectin (high methoxyl pectin (HMP)) in the food industry as a carrier and delivery system for d-limonene. DWGP was used for the first time to form coacervate with apple pectin. Turbidity, ζ-potential and particle size of the complex coacervate and their individual biopolymers were examined for preliminary assays of complex coacervation. The optimum condition for DWGP/pectin complex coacervation was found to be at a ratio of 4:1 with a total biopolymer concentration of 1% and a pH of 4.0. The rheological properties of DWGP, pectin, and their coacervate were measured at various pH levels and ratios. The resulting coacervates, used to microencapsulate d-limonene, underwent spray-dried and were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. These findings have the potential to contribute to the development of DWGP/pectin complex coacervates as effective delivery systems for volatile aromas or bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]