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Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. (= Eulophia maculata (Lindl.) Rchb.f.) has a broad native range across tropical Africa and Madagascar. Here, we document the spread of O. maculata in the New World, using published records, herbarium specimens, photographs posted online, and our own collections. The earliest known New World record of O. maculata is from Brazil dating to before 1790. Until 1962, O. maculata was known in the New World only from South America. Since then, this species has spread north through Central America into Mexico and across the West Indies to Florida and the Bahamas. It was first found in Florida in 1974, and until 1994 all Florida records of O. maculata were restricted to Miami-Dade County (except one record of greenhouse escapees in Gainesville). Here, we document O. maculata records from the following geographic areas in the New World: 11 South American countries (all except Chile and Uruguay), all 7 Central American countries, Mexico, 22 West Indian island-groups, and Florida. We also document records from 31 counties in peninsular Florida. Oeceoclades maculata has now been recorded in the New World from northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (~28.5°S) and Estancia Santa Teresa, Corrientes, Argentina (28.0°S) in the south, to Gainesville (29.7°N) and Palm Coast, Florida (29.6°N) in the north. A report of O. maculata populations in Gainesville dying out after a hard frost suggests that this species may have reached its northern outdoor limit in peninsular Florida. Although its impact on native species in the New World appears to be minor, there are efforts to eradicate O. maculata in some natural areas. Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. (= Eulophia maculata (Lindl.) Rchb.f.) has a broad native range across tropical Africa and Madagascar. Here, we document the spread of O. maculata in the New World, using published records, herbarium specimens, photographs posted online, and our own collections. The earliest known New World record of O. maculata is from Brazil dating to before 1790. Until 1962, O. maculata was known in the New World only from South America. Since then, this species has spread north through Central America into Mexico and across the West Indies to Florida and the Bahamas. It was first found in Florida in 1974, and until 1994 all Florida records of O. maculata were restricted to Miami-Dade County (except one record of greenhouse escapees in Gainesville). Here, we document O. maculata records from the following geographic areas in the New World: 11 South American countries (all except Chile and Uruguay), all 7 Central American countries, Mexico, 22 West Indian island-groups, and Florida. We also document records from 31 counties in peninsular Florida. Oeceoclades maculata has now been recorded in the New World from northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (~28.5°S) and Estancia Santa Teresa, Corrientes, Argentina (28.0°S) in the south, to Gainesville (29.7°N) and Palm Coast, Florida (29.6°N) in the north. A report of O. maculata populations in Gainesville dying out after a hard frost suggests that this species may have reached its northern outdoor limit in peninsular Florida. Although its impact on native species in the New World appears to be minor, there are efforts to eradicate O. maculata in some natural areas.

Tetramorium caldarium (Roger, 1857) Fig. 48 Tetrogmus caldarius Roger, 1857: 12 (w, q) Germany. Palearctic. Diagnosis Color yellow or yellow-brown, gaster brown or black-brown; frontal carinae distinct, running posteriorly behind level of eyes; antennal scrobes less-marked; eyes with seven to eight ommatidia in longest row; propodeal spines acute, small, and triangular; cephalic dorsum feebly and finely longitudinally rugulose; body setae stout, blunt, and short. Material examined OMAN – Dhofar • 4 w; Dhalkout Road, Aghbaroot Village; 16.798° N, 53.554° E; alt. 1034 m; 18 Nov. 2017; SF; M.R. Sharaf leg.; KSMA • 2 w; Ayn Ashat; 16.998° N; 53.820° E; alt. 202 m; 21 Nov. 2017; SF; M.R. Sharaf leg.; KSMA • 1 w; Ayn Razat; 17.130° N, 54.236° E; alt. 121 m; 20 Nov. 2017; SF; M.R. Sharaf leg.; KSMA • 1 w; Dhalkout; 16.693° N, 53.156° E; alt. 628 m; 18 Nov. 2017; SF; M.R. Sharaf leg.; KSMA • 9 w; Ayn Hamran; 17.086° N, 54.280° E; alt. 56 m; 22 Nov. 2017; SF; M.R. Sharaf leg.; KSMA • 1 w; same collection data as for preceding; CASENT0922858; CASC. Ecological and biological notes The nesting habits of T. caldarium include soil, leaf litter or under stones where soil is rich in organic matter such as feces of domestic animals (camels). The species was collected from several sites near trees of Ziziphus. Several workers feigned death when disturbed. Geographic range Tetramorium caldarium was originally described from Poland and with a speculated African origin (Bolton 1980). The species has a wide global distribution (Wetterer & Hita Garcia 2015). It has been recorded from several countries in the Arabian Peninsula including Oman (Sharaf et al. 2018a), KSA, Yemen (Collingwood 1985; Collingwood & Agosti 1996), and the Socotra Archipelago (Collingwood et al. 2004; Sharaf et al. 2017c). Tetramorium caldarium is reported for the first time in Dhofar., Published as part of Sharaf, Mostafa R., Wetterer, James K., Mohamed, Amr A. & Aldawood, Abdulrahman S., 2022, Faunal composition, diversity, and distribution of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Dhofar Governorate, Oman, with updated list of the Omani species and remarks on zoogeography, pp. 1-106 in European Journal of Taxonomy 838 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.838.1925, http://zenodo.org/record/7094306, {"references":["Roger J. 1857. Einiges uber Ameisen. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift 1: 10 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18570010106","Bolton B. 1980. The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 40: 193 - 384. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2330038 [accessed 25 Jul. 2022].","Wetterer J. K. & Hita Garcia F. 2015. Worldwide spread of Tetramorium caldarium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 21: 93 - 99.","Sharaf M. R., Fisher B. L., Al Dhafer H. M., Polaszek A. & Aldawood A. S. 2018 a. Additions to the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Oman: an updated list, new records and a description of two new species. Asian Myrmecology 9: e 010004. https: // doi. org / 10.20362 / am. 010004","Collingwood C. A. 1985. Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7: 230 - 302.","Collingwood C. A. & Agosti D. 1996. Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (part 2). Fauna of Saudi Arabia 15: 300 - 385.","Collingwood C. A., Pohl H., Guesten R., Wranik W. & van Harten A. 2004. The ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago. Fauna of Arabia 20: 473 - 495.","Sharaf M. R., Fisher B. L., Collingwood C. A. & Aldawood S. A. 2017 c. Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): zoogeography, distribution and description of a new species. Journal of Natural History 51 (5 - 6): 317 - 378. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2016.1271157"]}