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This paper describes the organization and evaluation of the proficiency tests (PTs) organized by the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) during 2018 and 2019. The aim of the PTs was to determine the quantity of active ingredient in various formulations of plant protection products (PPPs). In 2018, the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) had organized PTs for the determination of Cymoxanyl, Oxamyl, and Methomyl in three different plant protection product (PPP) formulations. This is the first PT in Italy that uses a commercially available plant protection product in a different formulation, such as a wettable powder (WP), granule (GR), and soluble liquid (SL). In 2019, the ISS organized proficiency testing for the determination of Amisulbron, Dimethomorph, Pirimiphos-methyl, and Propiconazole in four different formulations of PPPs. For this proficiency testing, the commercial PPPs was obtained from the market in the formulation, as wettable dispersible granules (WDG), wettable powder (WP), liquid (L), or emulsifiable concentrate (EC). In 2018, all laboratories obtained data with acceptable values of z-score within limits, except for three of them that returned z-score values higher than 3.5 for the active substances Cymoxanil and Methomyl. In 2019, all laboratories obtained data with acceptable values of z-score within limits, except for three laboratories that returned z-score values higher than 3.5 for the active substances. The performance of the laboratories expressed in terms of modified z-score was satisfactory by almost all participants for all substances.

The present research addressed spray-drying and air-drying techniques applied to Metarhizium robertsii blastospores to develop wettable powder (WP) formulations. We investigated the effect of co-formulants on blastospore viability during drying and assessed the wettability and stability of formulations in water. The effect of oxygen-moisture absorbers was studied on the shelf life of these formulations stored at 26 °C and 4 °C for up to 90 days. Additionally, we determined the virulence of the best spray-dried and air-dried formulations against the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis. While sucrose and skim milk played an essential role as osmoprotectants in preserving air-dried blastospores, maltodextrin, skim milk, and bentonite were crucial to attain high cell survival during spray drying. The lowest wettability time was achieved with spray-dried formulations containing less Ca-lignin, while charcoal powder amount was positively associated with formulation stability. The addition of oxygen-moisture absorbers inside sealed packages increased from threefold to fourfold the half-life times of air-dried and spray-dried formulations at both storage temperatures. However, the half-life times of all blastospore-based formulations were shorter than 3 months regardless of temperature and packaging system. Spray-dried and air-dried WP formulations were as virulent as fresh blastopores against D. maydis adults sprayed with 5 × 107 blastospores mL−1 that induced 87.8% and 70.6% mortality, respectively. These findings bring innovative advancement for M. robertsii blastospore formulation through spray-drying and underpin the importance of adding protective matrices coupled to oxygen-moisture absorbers to extend cell viability during either cold or non-refrigerated storage. • Cost-effective wettable powder formulations of M. robertsii blastospores were developed. • Bioefficacy of formulations against the corn leafhopper was comparable to fresh blastospores. • Cold storage and dual oxygen-moisture absorber are critical for extended shelf life.

Introduction. In connection with the widespread introduction of new preparative forms of pesticides and methods of their introduction into the environment, the urgent task of the modern period is to minimize the risk of exposure to pesticides on the health of workers and the population-the use of diflubenzuron of low and medium toxicity increases. Therefore, a mandatory criterion for assessing risk is registration tests, carried out during several stages — as hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, risk characterization. Purpose of work. To assess the regularities of the formation of the risk of diflubenzuron by exposure and by the absorbed dose, depending on the type of preparative form of pesticides with different technologies of their introduction and regulating safe use measures. Materials and methods. The obtained exposure levels of insecticides based on diflubenzuron in the air and on the skin were compared with the hygienic standards calculated and experimentally established as follows: MPC (mg/m 3 ) in the air of the working area and approximate admissible level (AAL) (mg/cm 2 ) of skin contamination. The exposure level risk was determined by the safety level (SL) SLsumm value. The risk of exposure to insecticides based on diflubenzuron for the operator / user / refueller / pilot / signaller based on the absorbed dose, determined by the safety factor — SLp, and the exposure — SBsumm, is considered acceptable when SLsumm and SLp < 1. Results. The paper presents the risk analysis results of the impact of diflubenzuron-based insecticides studied in natural conditions using 27 drugs with different preparative forms and methods (technologies) of their introduction into the environment. The risk of exposure to insecticides (SLsumm) for all technologies is acceptable SL. The risk of absorbed dose (SLp) was more significant regardless of the type of formulation. Wettable powder formulations are more unfavourable to use than other formulations. Conclusion. The conditions for the use of preparations based on diflubenzuron in the technologies of ground boom spraying and fan spraying of field and horticultural crops, in the treatment of field and forest crops by the aerial method, in the treatment of field and horticultural crops in private household plots, in the treatment of champignons in protected ground, compliance with regulations and measures safety meet hygienic requirements. Contribution: Artemova O.V. — collection and processing material; Tarasova L.S. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, collection of literature data, text writing; Ilnitskaya A.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing text; Lipkina L.I. — editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Herbicides based formulations are conventionally used as wettable powder or as Emulsifiable concentrate. The Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC) are prepared by mixing the active content with solvents a...

Malaria and leishmaniasis are the public health problems in southern Iran. The main activity of vector control is indoor residual spraying using pyrethroids, using different insecticides as larviciding and impregnated bednets. The aim of study was to evaluate the biological assays of bendiocarb wettable powder (WP) at different surfaces of wall. The residual effect of bendiocarb WP80 at 400 milligram/meter square (mg/m2) was evaluated on various local surfaces of rooms such as mud and plaster as well as thatch roofs and wooden. World Health Organization standard cones using contact bioassays were carried out using laboratory reared sugar-fed, 48–72 h old females of Anopheles stephensi. Contact bioassays were carried out on sprayed surfaces for 150 days. Contact bioassay on surfaces treated with bendiocarb WP80 at different surfaces was estimated about 2 months. Fumigant tests of bendiocarb WP80 at 400 mg/m2 revealed 50–93.83% mortality with 1 month persistency. The results showed that carbamate insecticide could be used as rotation with pyrethroids for malaria vector control. Monitoring and evaluation of environmental toxicology of pesticides is important for decision making for choosing appropriate pesticides for disease vector control.

The biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FS6 against seedling diseases and gray mold of ginseng (Panax ginseng), as well as application techniques, were evaluated in a series of field trials. FS6 fermentation broth showed a strong antagonistic effect against the ginseng fungal pathogens, and the inhibition rates on mycelial growth and spore germination were 84 to 88% and 71 to 72%, respectively. Field evaluation showed that combination of seed and soil treatments exhibited better protection than that of individual treatment alone. FS6 wettable powder soil treatment in combination with thiamethoxam plus metalaxyl-M plus fludioxonil for seed coating performed the best, with >83% overall control efficacy for seedling diseases. FS6 had a long-acting effect of >78% control efficacy on ginseng gray mold at 30 days after the last application, almost 2.5- and 2-fold better than that of B. amyloliquefaciens B7900 wettable powder and cyprodinil, respectively. In addition, FS6 reduced the diversity and relative abundance of fungi and affected the fungi and bacterial composition in the rhizosphere soil of ginseng. Therefore, FS6 can be used to effectively control seedling diseases and gray mold in ginseng.

Background To investigate the ecological effects of chemical and biological control methods on tobacco wildfire disease, a plot field experiment was conducted to compare the control efficiency and mechanisms of a chemical pesticide (kasugamycin wettable powder, KWP) and a biological control agent (BCA) through high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Results The results showed that the BCA displayed better performance in decreasing the disease index and morbidity of tobacco than the chemical pesticide. By monitoring the endophytic community within tobacco leaves, it was found that the control effects of these two methods might be mediated by different changes in the endophytic bacterial communities and community assembly patterns. The application of either method decreased the taxonomic diversity of the leaf endophytic community. Compared to the BCA, KWP showed a more significant effect on the endophytic community structure, while the endophytic community treated with the BCA was able to return to the original state, which presented much lower disease infection. The disease control efficiency of KWP and BCA treatments might be achieved by increasing the abundance of Sphingomonas and Streptophyta, respectively. Furthermore, an analysis of the ecological processes in community assembly indicated that the BCA strengthened the homogeneous and variable selection, while KWP enhanced ecological drift. Conclusions The results suggested different control mechanisms between KWP and BCA treatments, which will help in developing diverse ecological strategies for plant disease control.

Brown leaf spot disease caused by Nigrospora guilinensis on Phellodendron chinense occurs in a large area in Dayi County, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China each year. This outbreak has severely reduced the production of Chinese medicinal plants P. chinense and caused substantial economic losses. The bacterial isolate JKB05 was isolated from the healthy leaves of P. chinense, exhibited antagonistic effects against N. guilinensis and was identified as Bacillus megaterium. The following fermentation medium and conditions improved the inhibitory effect of B. megaterium JKB05 on N. guilinensis: 2% glucose, 0.1% soybean powder, 0.1% KCl, and 0.05% MgSO4; initial concentration 6 × 106 cfu/ml, and a 42-h optimal fermentation time. A composite of 0.1% nano-SiO2 JKB05 improved the thermal stability, acid-base stability and ultraviolet resistance by 16%, 12%, and 38.9%, respectively, and nano-SiO2 was added to the fermentation process. The best formula for the wettable powder was 35% kaolin, 4% polyethylene glycol, 8% Tween, and 2% humic acid. The following quality test results for the wettable powder were obtained: wetting time 87.0 s, suspension rate 80.33%, frequency of microbial contamination 0.08%, pH 7.2, fineness 95.8%, drying loss 1.47%, and storage stability ≥83.5%. A pot experiment revealed that the ability of JKB05 to prevent fungal infections on P. chinense increased considerably and achieved levels of control as high as 94%. The use of nanomaterials significantly improved the ability of biocontrol bacteria to control this disease.

The present study was undertaken to value the deposition and persistence of pyridaben and its control effect on mites in cotton field. A simple and reliable analysis method was involved by coupling HPLC with QuChERS pretreatment for the detection of pyridaben in cotton plant and soil samples taken from Xinjiang and Shandong, the two representative cotton-planting areas in China. At the fortified levels of 0.1–10.0 mg L−1, the recoveries ranged from 86.33 to 106.50% and RSD 0.48–2.34%. During 14 days intervals, the fast dissipation rate of pyridaben was embodied in cotton leaves from Xinjiang with the half-lives 2.12–2.31 days and Shandong with the half-lives 1.66–1.78 days, respectively. The half-lives of pyridaben in soils were slower than those in cotton leaves ranging from 3.43 to 3.82 days in Xinjiang and 3.00–3.27 days in Shandong, respectively. The initial deposition was not affected by the spraying times for the complete degradation of pyridaben. Two formulations demonstrated a slight distinction between the dissipation behavior with half-lives 1.66–1.78 days of EC (emulsifiable concentrate) and 1.93–1.97 days of WP (wettable powder), respectively. The control effects of cotton mites was determined up to 80% at 14 days after application (recommended label use), which suggested that the recommended application of pyridaben on cotton was rational from the view of crop protection and environmental safety.

The rotational use of insecticides with different modes of action for indoor residual spraying (IRS) is recommended for improving malaria vector control and managing insecticide resistance. A more diversified portfolio of IRS insecticides is required; insecticides with new chemistries which can provide improved and prolonged control of insecticide-resistant vector populations are urgently needed. Broflanilide is a newly discovered insecticide being considered for malaria vector control. We investigated the efficacy of a wettable powder (WP) formulation of broflanilide (VECTRON™ T500) for IRS on mud and cement wall substrates in WHO laboratory and experimental hut studies against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in Benin, in comparison with pirimiphos-methyl CS (Actellic® 300CS). There was no evidence of cross-resistance to pyrethroids and broflanilide in CDC bottle bioassays. In laboratory cone bioassays, mortality of susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant A. gambiae s.l. with broflanilide WP treated substrates was >80% for 6-14 months. At application rates of 100mg/m2 and 150 mg/m2, mortality of wild pyrethroid-resistant A. gambiae s.l. entering treated experimental huts in Covè, Benin was 57%-66% with broflanilide WP and did not differ significantly from pirimiphos-methyl CS (57-66% vs. 56%, P>0.05). Mosquito mortality did not differ between the two application rates and local wall substrate-types tested (P>0.05). Throughout the 6-month hut trial, monthly wall cone bioassay mortality on broflanilide WP treated hut walls remained >80% for both susceptible and resistant strains of A. gambiae s.l.. Broflanilide shows potential to significantly improve the control of malaria transmitted by pyrethroid-resistant mosquito vectors and would thus be a crucial addition to the current portfolio of IRS insecticides.One Sentence SummaryVECTRON™ T500, a new wettable powder formulation of broflanilide developed for indoor residual spraying, showed high and prolonged activity against wild pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors, on local wall substrates, in laboratory bioassays and experimental household settings in Benin.

The use of bioproducts developed from active viral ingredients is a promising strategy in integrated pest management. Accordingly, the VG010 betabaculovirus has been identified as an effective agent in controlling the hornworm Erinnyis ello. The development of a wettable powder formulation using VG010 as an active ingredient in a biopesticide must have a guaranteed efficacy. An analysis of the unit operations involved in the formulation was carried out using proper operating conditions and production equipment. The active ingredient and finished product characterization revealed the repeatability of variables among batches. The mixing and drying processes were evaluated using operational parameters such as the mixing index and drying kinetics. From this analysis, the most favorable mixing time and drying temperature were selected to obtain a homogeneous product and high insecticidal activity. Viral concentrations, pH of the liquid mixtures, and drying temperature were established as control parameters of the critical points.

Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane crop in the world,but its production can be highly affected by the pest Sphenophorus levis. The entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana can be used for the control of this pest, but are not always effective in the field, lacking information on application methods, doses and formulations. We evaluate the efficacy of M. anisopliae IBCB 425 and B.bassiana IBCB 66 in controlling S. levis and other soil pests at sugarcane crop. The bioassay was conducted in a split plot design, where each of the 4 treatments were repeated 5 times and distributed over an area of 5.000 m2. The treatments for both fungi consisted of: Wettable powder (WP) formulation 225 g conidia ha-1, WP formulation 450 g conidia ha-1, granule (GR) formulation 10 Kg ha-1 and Control (no fungal application). WP fungi formulations were applied to the ratoon with a tractor using a ratoon cutter and an pesticide applicator. The GR fungi formulation was manually applied on the ratoons. The evaluations were performed after 21, 60 and 100 days of fungi application. B. Bassiana fungus reduced the pest population but did not differ from the control, however for M. Anisopliae fungus there were significant differences between treatments on damaged stems. The fungus M. anisopliae was effective in controlling S. levis larvae and adults in the field and WP formulation had faster action than the GR, the dose of 225 g conidia ha-1 was enought to reduce S. levis population.

Modified starch based composites were prepared with bentonite/organobentonite for their potential use as carriers for pesticide delivery. Soluble starch was esterified with dicarboxylic acid chlorides. Mean degree of substitution of modified starches varied from 0.101 to 0.353. Composites were prepared by solution intercalation method using these esterified starches and bentonite or cetyltrimethylammonium bentonite as filler materials. TEM analysis of composites showed well exfoliated/intercalated structures. Atrazine as a model pesticide was encapsulated in them and encapsulation was found to be 83.52–92.83%. These composites were also found to be acted as controlled release matrices for atrazine and release pattern was diffusion controlled. As compared to the commercially available wettable powder formulation, the composites were able to release encapsulated atrazine in water for a longer period. The research showed that the prepared composites could be further investigated as carriers for controlled release formulations of pesticides to minimize dose and number of applications.

Adequate formulation of bioproducts represents one of the most challenging aspects of bioproduct development. The incorporation of adjuvants with bioagents can positively influence product development. However, it is indispensable to evaluate the sensitivity of bioagents to these adjuvants. The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of seven adjuvants at different concentrations to Bipolaris yamadae (Bipolaris euphorbiae) fungus, to select a product compatible with this phytopathogen for a wettable powder formulation and to evaluate the pathogenicity of the formulation against wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla). The powder fraction of the formulation was made up of 1% anti-wetting silicon dioxide mixed with B. yamadae conidia to a final concentration of 107 conidia.ml-1. The aqueous fraction was composed of 0.1% Geropon T36 compatibilizer, 0.075% silicone, the dispersant, 0.1% Tween 80 or tensioactive and 0.5% PVP K30 or spreading agent. The incidence of disease was observed in 83.6% of the plants inoculated with the formulated fungus, which was 79.0% higher than that in the plants inoculated with the bioagent only. These findings strongly suggest that the new formulation successfully controls Euphorbia heterophylla and greatly increases the pathogenicity of the fungus. Key words: Bipolaris yamadae, Euphorbia heterophylla, adjuvants, biological control, phytopathogenic fungi.

Field experiments were carried out of about 11 kirats planted with (Giza 86) cotton variety during seasons 2018 and 2019 on 15th July and 1st, 15th August in a field located at Qaha Research Station, Plant Protection Research Institute, Qalyoupia governorate. The selected area was split into 10 plots and the control plot. Entomopathogenic fungi and a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) were sprayed by using Hand-held Hydraulic sprayer (Matabi) (56 L./fed.) and Economy Micron ULVA (15 L./Fed.) on cotton field highly infested with cotton Spiny bollworm Earias insulana larvae. All tested Bio-Insecticides revealed a significant negative influence on Earias insulana larvae. The most effective on reduction percentage of bolls infestation is Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana either isolates or (W. P.) with Economy Micron ULVA (15 L./Fed.) followed by Bacillus thuringiensis (W.P.) with Hand-held Hydraulic sprayer (Matabi) (56 L./Fed.). It could be recommended to use these Bio-Insecticides with ULV spraying equipment with not less than (15L/Fed.). A satisfactory coverage was obtained on cotton plants. The spectrum of droplets ranging between 130-166 mm (VMD). With a sufficient number ranging from 24-170 N/cm². The rate of performance of Hand-held Hydraulic sprayer (Matabi) (56 L./Fed.) was 3.5 Fed./day. It was the best equipment, but the lowest rate of performance was Economy Micron ULVA (15 L./Fed.) since it could spray only 3 Fed./day. The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the isolate form of fungi and wettable powder in reduction percentages of bolls infestation. Data showed that bio-insecticides may be recommended in integrated pest management because of their safety on animals, man and environment Also, Low Volume spraying reducing the time lost in the process filling the machines with the spray solution and saving the lost spray on the ground.

Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) and English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) are among the most important pests in mustard and wheat fields in Nepal. Biocide Manic (Metarhizium anisopliae a.i. = 1 × 109 spores/ml) at 3 ml/l water, Agri Sakti (Beauveria bassiana a.i. = 1 × 109 spores/ml) at 3.3 ml/l water, Varunastra (Verticillium lecanii spores 2% aqueous suspension, 2 × 108 CFU/ml) at 6 ml/l water, Mahastra (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 0.5% wettable powder) at 6 g/l water, Neemraj Super (Azadirachitin 0.3% w/w) at 3.3 ml/l water, Tracer (Spinosad 90% spinosyns) at 0.33 ml/l water, and control treatment (pure water) were used to test their efficacy against L. erysimi and S. avenae, using leaf dip and spray methods under laboratory conditions in Rupandehi, Nepal, in the year 2018. Each treatment was replicated four times, and the experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design. Mortality of aphids was recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 98 hours after treatment application. The result revealed highest mortality of mustard aphids with Agri Sakti at 24 hours after treatment (HAT); however, Neemraj Super was found to be the most effective at 48, 72, and 96 HAT with the leaf spray method. With the leaf dip method, Neemraj Super killed more mustard aphids than other treatments at all observed time points. Among tested biorational products, Agri Sakti was found to be most effective against English grain aphids in both leaf spray and leaf dip methods. In all the bioassays, the mortality caused by biorational compounds over control was highly significant. The present study suggests for further verification of the biorational products in the field and development of novel management strategies against different species of aphids.

Spraying a calcium carbonate suspension "White Coat" on the fruit of apples significantly suppresses the oviposition of the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii. In gas chromatography (GC) with an electroantennographic detector analysis, adult female antennae showed responses to three compounds that were identified as 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB) and its two mono-hydrolyzed analogs, texanols (1- and 3-isobutyrates), all added as a plasticizer to the agents. An oviposition-choice test using adult moths revealed that TXIB has clear deterrent properties when applied to young apple fruits. Video recording analysis showed that female moths spent longer on self-grooming and searching around TXIB-treated fruits. In the same assay, pure calcium carbonate treatment prevented the moths from climbing up or landing on the fruits, while such was not the case with White Coat-treated fruits. TXIB, an adjuvant aimed to provide rain/wind resistance, weakened the slipperiness of the calcium carbonate coating but, coincidentally, maintained the oviposition inhibitory activity of the White Coat by its deterrent odorant.

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is one of the most destructive pests of citrus and the primary vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which cause citrus Huanglongbing (HLB). Microbial insecticides based on entomopathogenic fungi are safer alternatives to chemical pesticides. They can mitigate the spread of HLB by suppressing D. citri populations in citrus groves. Purpureocillium lilacinum strain ZJPL08, previously isolated from D. citri cadavers, is highly pathogenic to D. citri. We determined the virulence of strain ZJPL08 conidial suspensions and the efficacy of a wettable powder formulation. The LC50 of strain ZJPL08 against D. citri at 7 d post-inoculation was 2.11 × 104 conidia/mL, and the LT50 of a 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL suspension was 3.14 d in the laboratory. Under the same conditions, the LC50 of the wettable powder was 1.39 × 104 conidia/mL, and the LT50 was 2.64 d. The corrected mortality caused by the 1500-times diluted solutions of strain ZJPL08 wettable powder in D. citri reached 86.67% at 7 d post-treatment and 100% at 14 d post-treatment under field conditions. Our study revealed that strain ZJPL08 infected D. citri by hyphae penetrating directly through the cuticle and into the body cavity and tissues. These findings show that P. lilacinum strain ZJPL08 has potential for the effective control of D. citri.

Resumen El éxito de un bioproducto a base de microorganismos depende de que la formulación sea adecuada para su uso y estable en condiciones de almacenamiento. En este contexto, se evaluó la estabilidad de cuatro sistemas de liberación para la formulación de conidios del hongo antagonista Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckfeldt & Nirenberg (polvo mojable, gránulo cubierto, gránulo dispersable y concentrado emulsionable). La estabilidad de los prototipos almacenados a 4 °C y 30 °C fue evaluada durante seis meses mediante la determinación de características microbiológicas y fisicoquímicas. Los productos almacenados a 4 °C fueron más estables que los almacenados a 30 °C; presentando estos últimos una pérdida total de la germinación después de seis meses de almacenamiento, con excepción del polvo mojable (WP) que mantuvo su germinación por encima del 80%. Dentro de los sistemas de entrega, el polvo mojable fue el prototipo más estable, manteniendo una germinación de conidios mayor al 85% y una viabilidad de 1x108 unidades formadoras de colonias por gramo (UFC/g). Esta formulación además mantuvo las propiedades fisicoquímicas dentro de los estándares de calidad cuando fue almacenada bajo condiciones de refrigeración. Abstract The success of a microorganism-based bio product depends on an appropriate formulation for use, stable under storage conditions. In this context, four delivery systems were evaluated for the formulation of conidia of the antagonist fungus Trichoderma asperellum (wettable powder, coated granule, dispersible granule and emulsifiable concentrate). The stability of the prototypes stored at 4ºC and 30ºC was assessed for six months by determining microbiological and physicochemical characteristics. The products stored at 4ºC were more stable than those stored at 30ºC, the latter presenting a total loss of germination except for the wettable powder (WP), which presented a germination of over 80% after six months of storage. Within delivery systems, wettable powder was the most stable prototype, maintaining conidia germination above 85% and viability in 1x108 colony forming units per gram (UFC/g). This formulation also maintained all physicochemical properties within quality standards, when stored under refrigeration.