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Considerable research efforts have been devoted to increase phosphorus (P) availability during aerobic composting. However, there is little discussion weather the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) controls the transformation among P-fractions. Thus, we investigated the changes in DOC compositions and P-fractions during biochar-amended composting (wet weight basis, 5% and 10%). TP content continuously increased since the ‘concentration effect’ during aerobic composting. NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi and HCl-Pi were main P-fractions, and biochar can improve P-bioavailability by transforming NaOH-Pi and HCl-Pi into NaHCO3-Pi. Structure equation models (SEMs) indicated that biochar enhanced the P-bioavailability through regulating the decomposition of DOC. Our results at least hint that the activation mechanism on P under the influence of DOC during biochar-amended composting.

Unavailability of probiotics in fish digestive system fingerlings is unable to digest and absorb their food properly. The current research was conducted to investigate the influence of probiotics added Linseed meal based (LMB) diet on hematology and carcass composition of Labeo rohita juveniles. Hematological parameters are essential diagnostics used to estimate the health status of fish. The usage of probiotics for fish health improvement is becoming common due to the higher demand for environment-friendly culture system in water. Linseed meal was used as a test ingredient to prepare six experimental test diets by adding probiotics (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g/kg) and 1% indigestible chromic oxide for seventy days. According to their live wet weight, five percent feed was given to fingerlings twice a day. Fish blood and carcass samples (Whole body) were taken for hematological and carcass analysis at the end of the experiment. The highest carcass composition (crude protein; 18.72%, crude fat; 8.80% and gross energy; 2.31 kcal/g) was observed in fish fed with test diet II supplemented with probiotics (2 g/kg). Moreover, maximum RBCs number (2.62× 106mm-3), WBCs (7.84×103mm-3), PCV (24.61), platelets (63.85) and hemoglobin (7.87) had also been reported in the fish fingerlings fed on 2 g/kg of probiotics supplemented diet. Results indicated that probiotics supplementation has a critical role in improvement of fingerlings’ body composition and hematological indices. Present findings showed that probiotics supplementation at 2 g/kg level in linseed by-product-based diet was very useful for enhancing the overall performance of L. rohita fingerlings. Resumo A indisponibilidade de probióticos em alevinos do sistema digestivo de peixes faz com que ele seja incapaz de digerir e absorver seus alimentos adequadamente. A presente pesquisa foi conduzida para investigar a influência de probióticos adicionados à dieta à base de farelo de linhaça (LMB) na hematologia e na composição da carcaça de juvenis de Labeo rohita. Os parâmetros hematológicos são diagnósticos essenciais usados para estimar o estado de saúde dos peixes. O uso de probióticos para a melhoria da saúde dos peixes está se tornando comum devido à maior demanda por sistemas de cultivo em água que não agridam o meio ambiente. Farinha de linhaça foi usada como ingrediente para preparar seis dietas de teste experimentais adicionando probióticos (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 g/kg) e 1% de óxido crômico indigestível por 70 dias. De acordo com seu peso úmido vivo, 5% de alimento eram dados aos alevinos duas vezes ao dia. Amostras de sangue e carcaça de peixes (corpo inteiro) foram coletadas para análise hematológica e de carcaça no final do experimento. A maior composição da carcaça (proteína bruta, 18,72%; gordura bruta, 8,80%; e energia bruta, 2,31 kcal/g) foi observada em peixes alimentados com a dieta teste II suplementada com probióticos (2 g/kg). Além disso, os números máximos de RBCs (2,62×106 mm-3), WBCs (7,84×103 mm-3), PCV (24,61), plaquetas (63,85) e hemoglobina (7,87) também foram relatados em alevinos alimentados com 2 g/kg de dieta suplementada com probióticos. Os resultados indicaram que a suplementação de probióticos tem um papel crítico na melhoria da composição corporal dos alevinos e índices hematológicos. As descobertas atuais mostraram que a suplementação de probióticos no nível de 2 g/kg em dieta à base de subproduto de linhaça foi muito útil para melhorar o desempenho geral de alevinos de L. rohita.

Cassava roots are processed by peeling using knives, chopping into small pieces, then dried and milled into flour with dried maize, sorghum or millet. This traditional method of drying takes 7 to 14 days and is prone to contamination. The objective of this study was to add value to small scale farmers’ cassava in Busia County through solar drying. Fresh cassava roots were peeled and washed in running water and sliced using a motorized chipper. The chips were randomly distributed on two trays and uniformly spread. Temperatures were taken daily at an interval of 30 min. After introduction of wet cassava (wet weight 4.6 kg) chipping in the dryer, pick temperatures were; first day, 41.7°C, second day 49.3°C and third day 41.5°C. The experiment was terminated at 11.00 am in the third day after achieving a moisture content of 16% dry and dry weight of 1.985 kg. From the results, it was observed that it took the fabricated dryer two and a half days to dry the cassava chippings compared to traditional method’s ten days of drying. The efficient solar dryer is recommended for use by small scale cassava farmers in the County. Key words: Cassava, drying, dryer, contamination, fabricated

Alfalfa in dry stress conditions cannot grow optimally. Drought inhibits growth and reduces alfalfa production in many cultivation systems. Plants breeding with gamma-ray irradiation and in vitro selection using PEG found somaclonal variants adapted to grow well in drought conditions. This study aims to determine the type of mutation with the best morphology in dry stress conditions. Alfalfa mutants resulting from gamma irradiation were sub-cultured in vitro. Alfalfa mutants cultured in PEG medium, according to treatments. This experiment used completely randomized factorial design with 2 factors, namely the gamma-ray irradiation doses (0 Gy, 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 and 500 Gy), and PEG concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ). The variables observed were viability, plant height, number of leaves, wet weight, medium shrinkage, leaf wilting, and leaf color. The results showed that the gamma-irradiated mutant had a better (p

To assess the effect of temperature on wet weight, shell length, and shell aperture of seawater snail Planaxis sulcatus, an experimental trial was conducted to examine 72 samples of this species. The specimens were collected from the area of Al-Rayis coast on the western side of Saudi Arabia and were divided into 3 groups; A, B, and C (24 snails/group). Group A was the control group. Group B was treated by increasing water temperature about 5°C above the control group, and about 10°C above the control group for group C. There were no significant differences in weekly wet weight measurements with respect to the intragroup comparison and the intergroup comparison of the three groups. However, regarding shield length, it increased at week 1 with a pairwise comparison of weekly records showing only a significant difference between the 1st week and that of the onset of the study in group A. While, in group B, results showed only a significant difference between week 3 and week 6, and no significant difference was detected in group C. In addition, no significant differences were recorded when the 3 groups’ shield lengths were compared. Hence, it is recommended to conduct complex experiments that depend on exposing snails to several climate change factors, such as increased acidity and salinity in addition to high temperature.

This study aims to determine the dose and time of application of the best coffee dregs Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) for sugarcane seedlings (Saccharum officinarum L.) cening variety bud set. The sugarcane seeds used are obtained from PG. Lestari, Patianrowo, Nganjuk, East Java. The study was compiled using a randomized block design (RBD) with 2 treatment factors. The first factor is the POC dosage of coffee dregss with treatment variations P0 without fertilizer application, P1 with a dose of 10ml / liter of water, P2 30ml / liter of water, and P3 50ml / liter of water. The second factor is application time with 3 variations of treatment, namely M1 POC applied to sugarcane 1-3-5 weeks after planting (MST), M2 at sugarcane age 2-4-6 MST, and M3 at sugarcane 3-5-7 MST age. Data analysis used variance (ANOVA) with a significant 5%, if there is a significant difference, continue with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the interaction between dose treatment and application time of coffee dregs POC had no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, root length, wet weight and dry weight. Different dosage treatments had a significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, root length, wet weight and dry weight. Different application time treatments had a significant effect on plant height, wet weight and dry weight. The best dosage for coffee dregs POC for sugarcane is 30 ml / liter of water. The best application time for coffee dregs POC is at the age of 3-5-7 MST sugarcane.

Trace elements were determined in three areas of the right (RL) and left (LL) lobe of the liver obtained from a whale shark (Rhincodon typus) stranded in Mexico. Mean ± standard error concentrations in μg g-1 wet weight were for zinc (Zn) RL: 22.5 ± 2.1; LL: 26.5 ± 7.1, arsenic (As) RL: 33.0 ± 1.6; LL: 20.0 ± 9.9 and cadmium (Cd) RL: 15.5 ± 0.9; LL: 11.3 ± 3.7; copper (Cu) RL: 3.2 ± 0.3; LL: 2.2 ± 0.8, selenium (Se) RL: 0.5 ± 0.1; LL: 1.2 ± 0.6, mercury (Hg) RL: 0.06 ± 0.02; LL: 0.05 ± 0.004 and lead (Pb) RL: 0.05 ± 0.02; LL: 0.05 ± 0.01. Concentrations showed significant (P < 0.05) differences within the same lobe but not between lobes. The trace element levels found in this whale shark represent the baseline levels of the trophic base's health status in the study area.

Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), and emerging alternatives and precursors of these compounds were determined in tissues of finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri) collected from East China Sea in 2009-2010 and 2018-2019. The median hepatic concentrations of emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), 8:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (8:2 Cl-PFESA), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-propanoate (HFPO-DA), and 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate (ADONA) were 16.2, 2.16, < LOQ (limit of quantification) and < LOQ ng/g ww (wet weight), respectively. The concentrations of legacy substances, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), were 86.9 and 1.95 ng/g ww, respectively. The liver concentrations of 6:2 Cl-PFESA, HFPO-DA, and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) increased with time between 2009-2010 and 2018-2019. Further, concentrations of PFOA showed a declining trend in finless porpoise, whereas PFOS and its precursor (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonamide [FOSA]) showed an increasing trend with time between 2009-2010 and 2018-2019. Analysis of PFASs in nine different tissues/organs of finless porpoise (i.e., liver, heart, intestine, spleen, kidney, stomach, lung, muscle, and skin) revealed a similar distribution pattern between 6:2 Cl-PFESA and PFOS; however, the tissue distribution patterns differed between HFPO-DA and PFOA. The concentrations of PFAS alternatives in kidney were similar or lower than the prototype compounds PFOS and PFOA (i.e., 8:2 Cl-PFESA < 6:2 Cl-PFESA ≈ PFOS; HFPO-DA < PFOA), implying slow renal excretion of PFAS alternatives as that of legacy PFASs. The estimates of body burdens of PFASs in porpoises suggested comparable accumulation of PFAS alternatives and legacy PFSAs and PFCAs. This study provides novel information on temporal trends and tissue distribution of emerging PFASs in marine mammals in China.

This research is an experimental research, which aims to determine the effect of variation dosage in of organic pineapple liquid waste fertilizer, on the growth and productivity of red lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L) and its potential as learning resources of biology learning. This research uses a Completely Randomized Design with 1 control and 3 treatment combinations and 5 repetitions. This research was conducted for 30 days. The parameters which is used in this research include plant height and wet weight of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L), with supporting data in the form of number of leaves and stem diameter. The main data is tabulated and analysed using the SPSS 25.0 application which includes Multivariate Analysis of Variance. The results of this research can be concluded that the application of organic fertillizer from pineaplle liquid waste has a significant influence on the growth and product of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). The results of the research be used as a practical guide on plant growth and development materials.

The contamination of fish type products such as silver pomfret fish fillets by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has raised global health concerns. Related studies regarding the concentration of PTEs in fillets of silver pomfret fish were retrieved among some international databases such as Scopus, PubMed and Embase between 1 January 1983 and 10 March 2020. The pooled (mean) concentration of PTEs in fillets of silver pomfret fish was meta-analyzed with the aid of a random-effect model (REM). Also, the non-carcinogenic risk was estimated via calculating the 95th percentile of the total target hazard quotient (TTHQ). The meta-analysis of 21 articles (containing 25 studies or data reports) indicated that the ranking of PTEs in fillets of silver pomfret fish was Fe (11,414.81 µg/kg wet weight, ww) > Zn (6055.72 µg/kg ww) > Cr (1825.79 µg/kg ww) > Pb (1486.44 µg/kg ww) > Se (1053.47 µg/kg ww) > Cd (992.50 µg/kg ww) > Ni (745.23 µg/kg ww) > Cu (669.71 µg/kg ww) > total As (408.24 µg/kg ww) > Co (87.03 µg/kg ww) > methyl Hg (46.58 µg/kg ww). The rank order of health risk assessment by country based on the TTHQ for adult consumers was Malaysia (2.500) > Bangladesh (0.886) > Iran (0.144) > China (0.045) > Pakistan (0.020) > India (0.015), while the corresponding values for child consumers was Malaysia (11.790) > Bangladesh (4.146) > Iran (0.675) > China (0.206) > Pakistan (0.096) > India (0.077). The adult consumers in Malaysia and children in Malaysia and Bangladesh were at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. Therefore, following the recommended control plans in order to reduce the health risk associated with the ingestion of PTEs via consumption of silver pomfret fish fillets is crucial.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and incurable brain disorder that has been associated with structural changes in brain phospholipids (PLs), including diacyl species and ether-linked PLs known as plasmalogens. Most studies have characterized total changes in brain PL pools (e.g., choline plasmalogens), particularly in prefrontal cortex, but detailed and quantitative information on the molecular PL species impacted by the disease is limited. In this study, we used a comprehensive mass-spectrometry method to quantify diacyl and plasmalogen species, alkyl synthetic precursors of plasmalogens, and lysophospholipid degradation products of diacyl and plasmalogen PLs, in postmortem samples of prefrontal cortex from 21 AD patients and 20 age-matched controls. Total PLs were also quantified with gas-chromatography analysis of bound fatty acids following thin layer chromatography isolation. There was a significant 27% reduction in the concentration (nmol/g wet weight) of choline plasmalogen containing stearic acid (alkenyl group) and docosahexaenoic acid in AD compared to controls. Stearic acid concentration in total PLs was reduced by 26%. Our findings suggest specific changes in PLs containing stearic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in AD prefrontal cortex, highlighting structural and turnover PL pathways that could be targeted.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different fertilization levels on growth performance of micro propagated water trumpet, Cryptocoryne wendtii to find the most suitable hardening medium. Micro-propagated ninety-six individual plants potted in the commonly used substrate of coir particles were used for the experiment and subjected to different fertilization levels of Albert’s solution. Plants were potted just after being taken from the vessels and eight plant pots kept in the tanks (25.5 L water) containing 0.5 gL–1, 1.0 gL–1, and 2.0 gL–1 of Albert’s solution, and fertilizer was not added into the control. Each treatment and control had three replicates and the experiment was conducted for nine weeks under natural light and temperature conditions. At the end of the experiment, plant growth performance in terms of plant height, root height, number of leaves etc. and water quality parameters were compared in One Way Analysis of Variance using SPSS (16.0). The electrical conductivity (EC) of the 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 gL–1 treatments were 0.075, 0.75, 1.5, 3.0 µS/m, respectively. At the end of the experiment, plants grown in 0.5 gL–1 showed the best growth performance giving significantly highest plant height (11.77 ± 0.40 cm), root height (5.77 ± 0.03 cm), number of leaves (10.0 ± 0.3), number of roots (8.3 ± 0.3), wet weight of whole plant (0.3180 ± 0.0200 g), dry weight of whole plant (0.0206 ± 0.0003 g) and the largest leaf area (2.54 ± 0.01 cm2) in compared to other two treatments and control. In contrast, the uptake of Albert’s solution significantly increased with the increasing EC level. The results of this study revealed that, 0.5 gL–1 Albert’s solution is the most suitable fertilization level among tested three fertilization levels for the hardening process of micro-propagated C. wendtii.

The growth and survival potential of the carpet clam, Ruditapes decussatus, in Çardak estuary (Northwest Turkey) were investigated. Clams were grown in 3 different locations with different substrate characteristics. Results indicated that clams grown in larger size substrate (Station C) composed of 38.41% cobble, 21.90% pebble and 17.16% granule by weight had higher growth and survival compared to those grown in substrates composed of smaller size fractions. Clams planted with a mean length and wet weight of 2.772 cm and 4.032 g, reached a mean length and wet weight of 3.614 cm and 9.179 g at the end of 10 months. Transportation before planting had considerable effect on clam survival. In addition, mortality rates during summer were considerably higher in all stations than other seasons. Although the mean growth and survival rates of clams observed were similar to previously reported values, high summer mortality remains to be the most important factor for further investigations., Bu çalışmada akivadesin Ruditapes decussatus Çardak Lagünü’nde (Kuzeybatı Türkiye) büyüme ve hayatta kalma potansiyeli incelenmiştir. Kum midyeleri farklı substrat özelliklerine sahip 3 istasyonda büyütülmüştür. Sonuçlar, 38.41% iri çakıl, 21.90% çakıl ve 17.16% granülden oluşan C istasyonunda yetiştirilen akivadeslerin, daha küçük tanecik kompozisyonuna sahip diğer istasyonlara göre daha fazla büyüme ve hayatta kalma sergilediklerini göstermiştir. Başlangıç boy ve ağırlıkları sırasıyla, 2,772 cm ve 4,032 g olan akivadeslerin 10 aylık çalışma sonunda, ortalama 3,612 cm boy ve 9,179 g ağırlığa ulaştıkları tespit edilmiştir. Ekim öncesi yapılan taşımanın akivadeslerin hayatta kalma oranını etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Çalışmada tespit edilen büyüme ve hayatta kalma oranları diğer çalışmalarla benzerlik gösterse de, yazın gözlenen yüksek mortalite, bundan sonra yapılacak çalışmalar için en önemli konulardan bir tanesidir.

Bu çalışma fide yetiştirme ortamlarına vermikompost uygulamasının biber fidelerinin gelişimi üzerine etkilerini belirlemek için yürütülmüştür. Fide üretiminde bitkilere uygulanan gübre dozları ve uygulama zamanı fide kalitesini etkileyen en önemli faktörler arasındadır. Vermikompost ürünlerinin bitki gelişiminden toprak düzenleyici etkilerine, antioksidan etkisinden her türlü (bitkisel, hayvansal, endüstriyel vs.) atıkların üretimde kullanılabilmesine kadar birçok avantajı bulunmaktadır. Çalışmada klasik olarak oluşturulan fide harcı (%70 torf ve %30 perlit) çalışmanın kontrol grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Köylüm biber çeşidinin kullanıldığı çalışmada kontrol grubuna farklı dozlarda vermikompost (%5, 10, 20) katılarak biber fidesi yetiştirilmiştir. Kullanılan vermikompostun özellikleri pH: 7,5, EC: 2,15 dS m–1, C/N: 18,71, organik madde: %64, N: %1,25, K2O: %1,02, P2O5: %0,55) olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışmada aynı zamanda gübrelemede tam gübre (EC: 1) dozu ve yarı gübre (EC: 2) dozu uygulaması da yapılmıştır. Çalışmada toplam çıkış oranı (%), gövde uzunluğu (cm), gövde çapı (mm), yaprak sayısı (adet), kök uzunluğu (cm), yaş ve kuru yaprak ağırlığı (g), yaş ve kuru gövde ağırlığı (g), yaş ve kuru kök ağırlığı (g) özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Kontrol grubuna göre %10 ve %20 vermikompost uygulamasında biber fidelerinin yaprak yaş ağırlığı, kök yaş ağırlıklarında istatiksel olarak artışlar sağlanmıştır. Bitki fidelerinin ilk çıkışları ile pazarlanabilir zamanları vermikompost uygulaması ile erkene çekilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda kontrol harcına vermikompost uygulaması ile incelenen bazı özelliklerin olumlu etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Vermikompost uygulaması torf-perlit karışımına karıştırılabilecek bir organik kökenli gübre olarak çalışmada iyi bir performans göstermiştir.

Livers of caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) from Canada (n = 146), Greenland (n = 30), Svalbard (n = 7), and Sweden (n = 60) were analyzed for concentrations of eight perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and four perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids. In Canadian caribou, PFNA (range

This experiment was conducted in (Zawita) area in Dohuk governorate / Iraq, and the morphological characteristics were studied by selecting four sites, four trees from each site, four sectors and, choosing twenty trees in each sector. Statistical analysis (RCBD) was done using the SPSS system. Through this study, it was found that Pinus brutia Ten. In Zawita, there is a clear effect on some morphological characteristics of the seedlings resulting from it. The first site was one of the best sites followed by the second site where he gave seedlings of good quality in terms of stem length with an average of 39.25 cm and the total weight of wet and dry seedlings with averages of 13.97 and 35.34 g respectively, and the third site was the lowest studied sites and gave seedlings of less quality than the rest of the sites where he scored Stem length averaged 23.06 cm while wet and dry weight was 7.68 and 22.17 g, respectively. As for the correlation between the variables, the relationship was positive and strong among all the variables except those between the length of the root and the rest of the variables except with the characteristic of the wet root weight. The highest correlation values were between total dry weight and total wet weight recording 0.960 and the lowest between the length of the root and the dry vegetative weight where the value was 0.070.

Ratification of Minamata Convention by Bénin requires identification of contaminated sites and preservation of health. In this context, the Ministry of Living Environment and Sustainable Development supported the study by making its mercury analyzer DMA80 available. The study aims to identify the level of mercury contamination in two highly valued fish species caught in one of the most productive water bodies where mercury is reported. So, three monthly sample collection campaigns were carried out from April to juin 2018 at nine (09) sites. The back flesh of sarotherodon melanotheron and chrysischthys nigrodigitatus of lake Nokoue and Porto Novo lagoon was analyzed by direct mercury analyzer (DMA 80). it Its operating principle is atomic absorption after thermal decomposition coupled with a gold sensor. The average mercury contents are 20.8 ± 15.5 μg / kg and 6.5 ± 3.8 wet μg / kg weight respectively for Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus and Sarotherodon melanotheron. The highest values obtained at the Porto-Novo bridge for both species remain well below the standard (0.5 mg / kg wet weight). With consumption habits of fish in Benin, the weekly exposure doses seem to be much lower than WHO recommendation. However, deepened studies are needed.Keywords: Fish, mercury, spatial distribution, NoKoué Lake, Porto-Novo Lagoon.

The main roles of plant growth was nutrition. This research aims to determine the concentration of nutrients that can provide the best growth and yield on various mustard. The research method used is a factorial Complete Randomized Design (RBD) with three replications and then analyzed using the Least Significant Difference test (LSD) at a level of 5%. The treatment of vegetable types is as follows: S1 = mustard pakchoy, S2 = mustard samhong, S3 = mustard pagoda, S4 = mustard pakchoy mini. Treatment with nutrition is the AB mix fertilizerzs number of leaves solution as follows: N1 = 1000 ppm, N2 = 1200 ppm, N3 = 1400 ppm, N4 = 1600 ppm, N5 = 1800 ppm. The results showed that plant height, number of leaves, leaf width and wet weight of the pagoda and mini pakchoy plants were not significantly different at 1000 ppm, 1200 ppm, 1400 ppm, 1600 ppm and 1800 ppm. Number of leaves of pakchoy significantly different at 1400 ppm. While the number of leaves and leaf width of samhong plants were not significantly different at each treatment, but were significantly different from plant height at 1600 ppm and significantly different from the wet weight at 1400 ppm

Serratiopeptidase is an extracellular zinc-containing metalloprotease that is produced by Serratia marcescens having molecular weight of about 53kD. It has shown therapeutic (anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrinolytic and analgesic) as well as industrial applications (detergents, food processing, leather, paper and brewing etc.). The evolution of Serratia marcescens as an opportunistic pathogen associated with various infections has led researchers to think and develop an alternate strategy for its industrial production. The study presents successful cloning, expression and purification of active serratiopeptidase, using Escherichia coli BL21 [DE3] and pET SUMO vector followed by optimization of synthetic media and culture conditions for enhanced serratiopeptidase production. Initial optimization of physical parameters was done followed by a screening of different carbon and nitrogen sources. The significant media components for serratiopeptidase production as shown by factorial screening experiment were subjected to Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based optimization. The optimized media yielded 86 mg L−1 of biologically active refolded serratiopeptidase from 20 g L−1 wet weight of induced pellet as predicted by the equation. The success of the application of a statistical model for designing an optimized media for enhanced serratiopeptidase production also suggests a new insight for the scale-up of serratiopeptidase towards industrial applications.

Native and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in the muscle, liver, kidneys, and lungs of greater scaup (Aythya marila) and great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus). Both species showed differences in distribution and profiles among the tissues. The highest ƩPAH concentrations were in the scaup lungs and the grebe kidneys (20 and 19 ng g−1 wet weight, respectively). Alkylated derivatives were in the range of 61 to 77% of ΣPAHs in both species. Differences in PAH profiles between birds, analyzed by PCA, were probably results of metabolic capability, not various diet. In comparison to available data from other regions of the world, PAH levels in investigated species are relatively low and do not pose a threat to birds themselves. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11356-020-10653-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction This paper reports polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in fish collected from Polish and Vietnamese farms and the related risk for consumers. Material and Methods Altogether, 160 samples were analysed using an isotope dilution technique with high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). To characterise the potential health risk associated with PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (DL-PCB) intake, doses ingested in two 100 g portions of fish by adults and children were calculated and expressed as the percentage of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) newly established by the EFSA in November 2018 at 2 pg WHO-TEQ kg−1 b.w. Results Generally, levels in fish muscles were low in relation to maximum limits (4), being in the range of 0.02–3.98 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 wet weight (w.w.) for PCDD/F/DL-PCBs and 0.05–24.94 ng g−1 w.w. for NDL-PCBs. The highest concentration was found in eel muscles. The least polluted were pangas and zanders and the levels were at the limits of quantification. Consumption of two portions of fish per week results in intakes of 9– 866% TWI by children and 4–286% TWI by adults. Conclusion Frequent consumption of some species (for example eel and bream) can pose a health risk to vulnerable consumers and especially children and pregnant women.

This study aims to identify and study the effect of plant spacing and chicken manure fertilizers on growth and yield of peanut. This research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture Land Dictionary Universitas Soerjo Ngawi, East Jawa , took place from Desember 2019 to March 2020 .The method used is a plot design Separated (Split Plot Design) with nine combinations of treatments and three replications. The main plot (main plot) is a spacing (A), J1 20 cm x 20 cm, 30 cm x 20 J2 cm, J3 40 cm x 20 cm, as a subplot (sub-plots) is the dose of compost (P), P1 5 tons / ha, P2 10 tons / ha, P3 15 tons / ha. Parameters observed that plant height (cm), number of primary branches (branch), the overall weight of pod (g), number of pods containing (pod), the number of empty pods (legumes), berangkasan wet weight (g), dry berangkasan weight (g ), 100 seed weight (g).Based on the results of analysis of variance showed that the spacing of chicken manure fertilizer rate and not significant for all variables observed. Treatment interaction effect was not significant on all observed variables, but the variables significantly.

The purpose of this study was to determine the interactions and main effects of planting media and NPK 16:16:16 fertilizer on growth and production in vegetable ferns (Diplazium esculentum S.). The design used is a Factorial Complete Random Design. The first factor is the planting media of peat soil and mineral soil consists of 3 levels of treatment, namely: peat soil, mineral soil and a combination of 1: 1 peat and mineral soil while the second factor is NPK 16:16:16 fertilizer with 4 levels of treatment, namely: 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g / polybag so that 12 treatment combinations were obtained, with 3 replications, then a total of 36 experimental units were obtained. Each unit consists of 4 plants with 2 plants used as samples. Observation parameters consisted of the age of emergence of shoots, plant height, number of young leaves, economical wet weight and dry weight. The results showed that the interaction of planting media and NPK 16:16:16 fertilizers gave a real influence on the number of young leaves with the best treatment was the planting media of a combination of peat and mineral soil 1: 1 and 0.6 g NPK fertilizer 16:16:16 (M3N2 ). The main effect of the planting medium was evident on the parameters of plant height, number of young leaves, economic wet weight, and dry weight. The best treatment is found in a combination of peat and mineral media 1: 1 (M3). The main effect of NPK 16:16:16 was significantly affected by the number of young leaves, economic wet weight and dry weight with the best treatment of 0.3 g (N1). Keywords: Growing media, NPK Fertilizer, Vegetable Fern

In Thailand, two species of rhizostome jellyfish, Rhopilema hispidum and Lobonemoides robustus, are commercially harvested. The cnidomes, nematocyst size and toxicities were compared between these species. Rhopilema hispidum and L. robustus each had four types of nematocysts on their oral arms. For R. hispidum, these nematocyst types included two types of isorhiza and two types of rhopaloid, while in L. robustus, there were three types of isorhiza and one type of rhopaloid. For R. hispidum, tubule lengths of the largest nematocyst type (large round isorhiza; mean ± SD = 313.8 ± 62.2 μm) were significantly longer than those of L. robustus (large ellipsoid rhopaloid; 162.1 ± 38.5 μm). Using the freshwater shrimp, Palaemon paucidens, in a bioassay, we determined that the lethal nematocyst concentrations for R. hispidum and L. robustus were 5705.3 ± 1118.1 and 3408.3 ± 1032.9 unit g−1 wet weight, respectively, and that these concentrations were significantly higher in the former than in the latter.

Background We tested the hypothesis whether there is a correlation between the echogenicity and calcium and water contents of carotid plaques. Patients and methods Ninety carotid befurcations from 45 deceased patients were removed during autopsy. Thirty-four plaques were categorized as homogenous echolucent (HEL), homogenous echogenic (HEG) and heterogenous (HE) plaques based on premortem B-mode image. Water content was expressed in % of wet weight. Ca was determined by proton-induced X-ray emission and expressed in ppm. Relative optical density of the B-mode images was analyzed offline using a computer program. Results HEL plaques had lower Ca content (medians and IQRs: 6,145 [4,465–6,536 ppm]) compared to HEG (74,100 [15,300–1,44,500−ppm]), P ≤ 0.001). HE plaques showed an intermediate calcium content (7,310 [4,840–9,920 ppm]) that was statistically not different from echolucent plaques. Water content of HEG plaques was statistically not different from HEL and HE (HEG:53.5 [35.5–64%], HEL: 73.5 [69.7–78.5%], HE: 70.6 [67.4–73.9%]). HEG plaques had the highest relative optical densities (196 [188–217%]). HEL and HE had similar relative optical densities (HEL: 176 [164–187%], HE: 164 [144–188%], respectively). A significant positive correlation was found between the Ca content and relative optical density of plaques. Conclusions Echogenicity of carotid plaques increases along with their calcium content. Water content may be an important factor in differentiation of different plaques.

The study aims at determining, firstly, the effect of chicken manure dose on the growth and crop result of sweet potato (Ipoma batatas), Cilembu Variety, secondly, determining the optimum dose of chicken manure which can lead the best of growth and yield of sweet potato (Cilembu variety). The method used at this research is completely randomized design, and the treatments are K0 (non-fertilizer), K1 (dose of 10 tons/ha), K2 (dose of 20 tons/ha), K3 (dose of 30 tons/ha). Observation variables in this study are the length of the rod, number of leaves, leaf area, number of wet bulb per plant, berangkasan weight, wet weight of bulb per plant, length of the bulb, the diameter of the bulb, and weight of wet bulb per hectare. The result of this research indicates that the giving of chicken manure, giving a good influence at the growth and yield of Cilembu sweet potato and real affect long stem at the age of 2, 6, and 8 mst of age, and wide leaf index at age 2, 4, and 6 mst. Production components have significantly affected for berangkasan weight, wet weight of bulb per plant, length of the bulb, the diameter of bulb and weight of wet bulb per hectare. The optimum dose of chicken manure was obtained with a dose of 20 tons per hectare which can raise the growth of stem length of Cilembu Sweet Potato (80,85 cm) and the crop of Cilembu sweet potato (731, 72 kg/ha).

The aim of the study was to find out how the response of onion plants to the administration of mulch and chicken manure was designed using factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 2 factors with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Factor I: The use of Mulch (M) with 3 types, consisting of M0 (without mulch), M1 (rice straw mulch), M2 (Black silver plastic mulch) and Factor II: Chicken manure (P) with 5 levels consisting of P0 ( Without fertilizer), P1 (10 tons / ha or 1 kg / bed), P2 (20 tons / ha or 2 kg / bed), P3 (30 tons / ha or 3 kg / bed) and P4 (40 tons / ha or 4 kg / bed). Observations of age 2 and 6 MST showed that the best treatment was rice straw mulch (M1) where the combination treatment was M1P4 with an average of 34.99 cm in the treatment without mulch (M0) and rice straw mulch (M1). For the number of leaves aged 2 MST showed that the best treatment was rice straw mulch (M1) in the M1P4 combination with a mean of 15.59 strands. Whereas in the second observation the number of leaves aged 6 MST from each treatment was the highest in rice straw mulch (M1) in the M1P4 treatment combined with an average of 46.78 strands. The observation of wet weight on shallots aged 65 HST showed that the combination of mulch and chicken manure on shallots had the first average wet weight in the treatment combination (MOP2) with an average value of 181.48 gr.

Tanaman bit merah (Beta vulgaris L.) merupakan sejenis tanaman umbi-umbian yang memiliki berbagai manfaat dibidang kesehatan. Kandungan antioksidan bit merah yang tinggi bermanfaat mencegah penyakit kanker dan menetralkan radikal bebas yang berbahaya bagi tubuh. Bit merah juga mengandung nitrat yang dapat menurunkan hipertensi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui komposisi media tanam dan konsentrasi pupuk organik cair yang tepat untuk peningkatan pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman bit merah. Penelitian dilaksanakan di greenhouse Fakultas Pertanian UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur pada bulan Desember 2019 sd Maret 2020. Penelitian merupakan percobaan faktorial dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 2 faktor dan diulang 3 kali. Faktor pertama yaitu komposisi media tanam (M) dan faktor kedua yaitu konsentrasi pupuk organik cair (P). Perlakuan komposisi media tanam tidak berpengaruh nyata pada semua parameter pengamatan, sedangkan perlakuan konsentrasi pupuk organik cair berpengaruh nyata pada parameter pengamatan panjang tanaman umur 21, 28 dan 35 hst, bobot umbi dan berat basah brangkasan tanaman di bawah tanah yang mana konsentrasi 6 ml L-1 memberikan hasil terbaik pada pebobot umbi bit merah.