Search

Rainfall components likely differ in the magnitude and direction of their long-term changes for any given location, and some rainfall components may carry a greater regional signal of change than rainfall totals. This study evaluates the magnitude of change of multiple rainfall components relative to other components, and the greatest regions of change across all rainfall components in West Africa. Hourly rainfall data from the ERA5 reanalysis dataset was used to derive twelve rainfall components, which were evaluated for long-term means, interannual variability, and long-term changes. For rainfall totals and rainfall intensity, the central Sahel is witnessing increasing trends while the western Sahel is experiencing significant decreasing trends. In general, decreasing trends predominate in the study domain, especially in the northwestern Congo Basin, where annual rainfall is decreasing by 120mm per decade. Importantly, rainfall frequency accounts for 49% of all significant grid-point trends for the whole domain. In contrast, rainfall totals account for 26% of all combined significant trends across the domain, while rainfall intensity (12.6%), rainy season length (9.5%), and seasonality (3.3%) account for the remaining signals of change. Most of the changes among the rainfall components are in the Tropical Wet and Dry regions (59% of all significant trends); the Saharan and Equatorial regions account for the least changes. This study finds evidence that rainfall frequency is changing more across the regions compared to rainfall totals and should be explored as rainfall inputs in climate models to potentially improve regional predictions of future rainfall.

This study was carried out to investigate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon profiles, chemical composition and acceptability of suya. Meats from cow, goat, sheep and chicken were processed into suya samples and analyzed to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon profile, proximate composition, quality indices and sensory values. The results showed that benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]FA), benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P) and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DB[a,h]A) suya smples from cow, goat, sheep and chicken meat were 5.74 ± 1.00, 5.72 ± 1.10, 5.87 ± 1.00, 5.91 ± 1.00, 6.19 ± 2.00; 5.29 ± 1.00, 5.38 ± 1.01, 5.52 ± 1.00, 5.03 ± 1.00, 5.73 ± 1.20; 5.32 ± 1.01, 5.49 ± 1.00, 5.41 ± 1.00, 5.12 ± 1.00, 5.91 ± 1.01 and 5.08 ± 1.00, 5.02 ± 1.00, 5.03 ± 1.00, 4.97 ± 1.00; 5.14 ± 1.00 respectively. This study also showed that suya samples prepared from different meat sources contain high concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs, (B[a]P), (B[a]A), (B[b]FA), (B[ghi]P) and (DB[a,h]A) above the EU maximum level of 5.0 µg kg−1 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as amended by Commission Regulation (EU) No 835/2011 of 19 August 2011) for B[a]P permitted in grilled or barbecued meat. The high concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs in suya samples could endanger the lives of consumers and therefore of public health concern. However, the quality indices such as peroxide values (mgeq.peroxide/kg), free fatty acidity (%), thiobarbituric acid (mMol/kg), and total volatile base-N (mgN/kg) are also within maximum acceptable limits and legislative standards. The high sensory values obtained for the suya samples also suggested that the suya samples from different meat sources are also acceptable to the consumers.

Despite the abundance of evidence that peacekeeping works, we know little about what actually makes peacekeepers effective. Recent work suggesting that local agendas are central to modern conflicts make this omission particularly problematic. The article demonstrates that the presence of peacekeepers makes individuals more optimistic about the risks of engagement and the likelihood that members of outgroups will reciprocate cooperation. I use data from a lab-in-the-field experiment conducted in Mali, a West African country with an active conflict managed by troops from France and the United Nations (UN), to show that UN peacekeepers increase the willingness of individuals to cooperate relative to control and French enforcers. Moreover, I find that UN peacekeepers are especially effective among those participants who hold other groups and institutions in low esteem as well as those who have more frequent contact with peacekeepers. Follow-up interviews and surveys suggest that perceptions of the UN as unbiased rather than other mechanisms account for its effectiveness.

Limited supply of quality feed is the most important factor limiting livestock productivity in many sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. Having a systematic inventory of available feed resources, identifying main challenges and potentials for improvement is the first step towards designing development strategies to improve feed quality and quantity. The objective of this study was to review the available feed resources and their quality in West African Sahel across different agro-ecological zones and to identify the research gaps and strategies to improve feed resource availability. The West African Sahelian zone is home to 135 million people who herd 173 million head of ruminant livestock. The main feed resources for grazing ruminants are pastures and crop residues; commercially formulated feeds are increasingly being used in poultry and pig production, particularly in peri-urban areas. Feed resources for livestock are diverse and vary markedly across agro-ecological zones in the West African Sahel and across seasons in terms of type, quantity, and quality. Given that crop residues are among the most important feed resources, there is need to invest in promoting adoption of proven methods for improving their quality and preserving it. Given poorly developed feed markets in the Sahelian rural areas and cities, strengthening the feed value chain is critical for improving the feed resource base in West Africa. Additional critically important needs are to increase awareness about the importance of feed quality, to create quality-based feed marketing systems, and to appreciate and enhance women's roles in feed production.

Lung cancer is of public health importance and imposes a great deal of socioeconomic and disease burden on the West African subregion and Nigeria in particular. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide and accounts for 11.4% of all new cancers. In this review, we did not find any well-coordinated lung cancer registry in either Nigeria or any other West African country. For us to attain any meaningful level of the interventional plan to address any identifiable deficiencies in the treatment of lung cancer in the West African subregion, it is imperative that a specific regional lung cancer registry with a regular audit of the reporting, is set up. There is an urgent need for further studies on the local risk factors predisposing to lung cancer, especially in the younger age group. Finally, intense pressure must be mounted on the governments within West Africa to implement the 15% GDP allocation to the health budget as agreed in the WHO/Abuja Declaration and to speed up efforts towards universal health insurance.

Since granting independence to her former colonies (especially the countries in the West and Central Africa subregions), France has maintained tight economic, political, and to a great extent, social control over their internal and external affairs. These continued ties with France have become the subject of contentious debates (previously considered taboo) among scholars in recent times, evidenced in the development of activism in Africa and continental Europe where the former has been sensitized or radicalized about France’s exploitative approach to economic partnership. The economies of these African nations have suffered stagnation and retrogression in contrast to their non-French-influenced neighbors. This essay employs a literature review to assess the impact of French hegemony over these former colonies, therefore providing a cogent argument for the abolition of the monetary agreement in favor of a local currency, and cessation of political dependencies that also carry a negative stigma. Intellectuals and politicians have argued that the continued use of the CFA franc currency (a relic of colonialism with a different twist) is exploitative; recognized even by French politicians who have appealed to their government to employ moral and ethical considerations to desist from the persistent exploitation of Africa. Social movements have developed today in demanding that African nations still using this currency should withdraw from the agreements due to the severe negative effects on economic development.

The Bakoshi-Gadanya area, with widespread Neoproterozoic granites, is located within the Pan-African Trans-Sahara Belt, sandwiched between the West African and the Sahara metacraton. The whole-rock...

The West African Dwarf (WAD) goat has genetic potentials that can be exploited for improved goat production. However, their testicular morphometric parameters and sperm reserves in Ghana are not well known. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Sabtiu Musah abattoir in Kumasi, Ghana, to evaluate the gross testicular morphometric parameters and sperm reserves in 10 indigenous WAD goats. The samples were stored on an ice chest and transported to the Regional Veterinary Laboratory for analysis on the day of collection. In the laboratory, the testes and epididymis were separated by dissection and then freed of all connective tissue and the Tunica albuginea. The weight, length, width and volume of the testis were determined. A segment of testicular parenchyma was incised and homogenized in a 20 ml normal saline solution. The resulting homogenate was stored in the refrigerator overnight and a filtered aliquot used for estimating spermatid concentration and sperm reserves. The weight, length, width, volume of the testis and the gonadosomatic index were 70.09 ±14.19 gm, 7.46 ± 0.52 cm, 5.08 ± 0.62, cm, 102.40 ± 29.40 ml and 5.09 ± 0.07%, respectively. The sperm reserves per the whole testis, sperm reserves per gramme testis, Daily Sperm production (DSP), and DSP per gramme testis of Ghanaian WAD bucks were 146.0 ± 50.95, 2.2 ± 0.62, 41.01 ± 14.3 and 0.62 ± 0.17 x109 spermatozoa, respectively. Indigenous West African Draft goats have a high potential for sperm production. It is recommended that further research be conducted on the semen quality parameters of this breed.

This study deviates from extant studies by examining the effect of shadow economy (SE) on environmental pollution, and the role institutional indicators play in moderating the effect in West Africa between 1992 and 2015. Specifically, the study employed three institutional indicators (corruption control [COR], law and order [LAW], and bureaucratic quality [BUQ]) to mediate the effect and also determine its threshold values. SE is measured using Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) while environmental pollution is proxy by carbon dioxide (CO2) per capita. Two step system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is used to drive out the conclusions of the study. The findings reveal that SE, COR and LAW contribute significantly to environmental pollution, while BUQ though not significant, reduces environmental pollution in the region. Further, the interactive effect of SE with all the institutional indicators shows that strong institutional indicators abate environmental pollution through reduction in the presence of SE. The threshold value of institutional indicators, which reduces SE and abates environmental pollution, are 3.8 and 3.7 for COR, and LAW, respectively, on an ordinary scale of 0–6, while 2.8 for BUQ on an ordinary scale of 0–4. Nevertheless, most of the countries in the region operate below the threshold level of institutional indicators in the region. The results are robust to different proxies of environmental pollution. The implications of the study are discussed.

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of wage differences in West Africa while dealing with the problem of sample selection in occupational choice. Using data from Household Living Conditions Surveys from six west-African countries, namely Senegal, Mali, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger between 2010 and 2018, we estimate Heckman's two-stage model with non-linear quantile regression to assess the effect of individual characteristics on wage rates. After correcting for the sample selection effect, we find that education, experience, marital status, and gender are the major determinants of wage in west-African countries. Subsequently, we apply the Oaxaca decomposition, and the results suggest the presence of wage inequity that is not explained by the observable characteristics between women and men. This gender difference plausibly reflects the persistence of the discrimination against women in the labor market in west-African countries.

West African crystalline maculopathy is a rare crystalline maculopathy without a clear etiology. Although the crystals do not appear to be visually significant, there may be a role in the breakdown of the blood-retina barrier within the pathogenesis of this disorder.The purpose of this case series is to describe two cases of West African crystalline maculopathy. These crystals do not affect vision, nor visual function. Because there are only 39 other documented cases in the literature, it is imperative to understand the differences and similarities in this rare maculopathy.Case 1 was a 65-year-old Black woman with a history of proliferative diabetic retinopathy after panretinal photocoagulation was seen for routine examination. She recently emigrated from Tema, Ghana. Examination revealed asymmetric macular crystals consistent with West African crystalline maculopathy and quiescent proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Case 2 was a 60-year-old Black woman that presented for routine examination. She recently emigrated from Nigeria. Examination revealed macular crystals consistent with West African crystalline maculopathy with evidence of stage 1 hypertensive retinopathy and extramacular drusen.West African crystalline maculopathy is a rare disorder that should be considered in patients who present with asymptomatic foveal crystalline deposits who are immigrants from West African countries.

In West African commercial cities, research on customers' well-being, social life, safety and retail environment is underrepresented. This study aims at examining how the environment of shopping ma...

Intimate Partner Violence Against Women (IPVAW) is a global public health problem with huge social policy implications. A quick survey of current literature reveals that very little is known about women’s experiences of IPVAW in Africa as the majority of previous IPVAW studies have originated from Western, high-income countries, leaving us with questions about their theoretical relevance in low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC), such as those in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, the author analyses nationally-representative Demographic and Health Surveys of three West African countries, involving a total of 27,306 currently-partnered women aged 15–49 years – in Gambia (2013, n=3,232), Nigeria (2013, n=20,152) and Sierra Leone (2013, n=3,922) – to report the magnitude and consistent correlates of IPVAW in these LAMIC. Data analysis involved preliminary spearman rank correlation and multivariate logistic regression models to comparatively ascertain consistent IPVAW factors across these countries. The result shows that many women still experience different forms of IPVAW in these countries. Lifetime IPVAW experience from the age of 15 ranged from 23.3 % in Nigeria, 24.5 % in the Gambia, to 50 % in Sierra Leone, while in the last 12 months IPVAW experience ranged from 12.2 % in Gambia, 19.2 % in Nigeria, to 34.6 % in Sierra Leone. Women witnessing parental violence during childhood and having a husband who manifests controlling behaviours were the most consistent factors significantly exposing women to IPVAW in all countries. However, women having tolerant attitudes towards wife-beating, the husband’s alcohol consumption and women earning more than their husbands were also positive corelates of IPVAW. The results suggest the need for urgent proactive actions to protect women from IPVAW in these West African countries. Other findings relevant for policy recommendations and interventions are discussed.

This study examines the impact of fiscal policy and private consumption on economic growth among the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) spanning from 1988 to 2017 using the Panel Pool Mean Group. The results depicted that the government’s recurrent expenditure for growth was inversely but significant to economic growth, while capital expenditure was positively and statistically significant to explain economic growth in Nigeria. It can be seen that capital expenditure is vital for economic growth. Besides, private consumption’s negative effect on economic growth was a disconnection between economic output and private consumption. The results further showed that tax revenues in ECOWAS countries had a positive and significant influence on economic growth. Therefore, the study recommends re-visit government policy(ies) channeling government spending to increase ECOWAS output rates and spur regional economic growth.

This article outlines a faculty-led, interdisciplinary study abroad program to Dakar, Senegal, in 2014 and 2016 sponsored by South Dakota State University (SDSU) and hosted by the West African Rese...

The quantification of the consequences of climate change (CC) on the hydrology of the West Africa region was performed using a validated Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdelning hydrological model and regional climate models which was driven by different general circulation models (GCMs) from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) and the Regional Climate Division of the Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (IMK-IFU). The quantile mapping and linear-scaling bias adjustment methods were used to correct the inherent errors in the climate simulations. Flow duration curves (FDCs) and generic annual discharge cycles were used in determining the impacts of the change on hydrology (river flow) in the Black Volta catchment within the subregion. It was found out that, in the first segment of the FDCs representing high flows, there was a slight increase in the future flow characterizing a higher watershed water yield from high rainfall events in the future. The 10–40% exceedance probabilities of flow representing wet conditions; 40–60% relating to mid-range flows; 60–90% representing dry period conditions; and low flows (90–100%) all show a decrease in the future flows for four out of the five GCM driving models. Most worrying is the reduction in flows for the 90–100% exceedance probabilities in the future relating to the sustainability of streamflow in the long term. It was concluded that CC could negatively impact and decrease the hydrology of the subregion in the future with most of the rivers in the catchment running dry in most months of the annual discharge cycle. HIGHLIGHTS The study demonstrates the effectiveness of using simple and less data demanding tools in quantifying the hydrological consequences of climate change in the subregion.; We were able to bias correct the climate simulations using measured (observed) rainfall and temperature data as the ‘correct’ data.; We used two different correction methods in this study and their accompanying effects on the hydrology of the region.

The heightened prospect of a “rising Africa” stems from multiple developments across the continent. Technological innovation, economic empowerment, increasing female leadership, and more continue to raise the fortunes of African countries. As regional economic communities engage with Agenda 2063, an ambitious endeavor to support and sustain economic development, a gendering environment is pivotal to any ensuing progress. Using the case studies of two regional organizations, our research examines the pace of political representation of women in relevant environmental committees in the Economic Community of West African States and the East African Community. In an epoch where women constitute half of the continent, the case for female representation to combat ecological challenges propelled by the securitization of environmental issues is paramount.

Summary Nematode population and diversity in a West African rain-fed rice cropland amended with biochar (B), biochar plus inorganic fertiliser (B + NPK), inorganic fertiliser (NPK) and control (CK) without amendments were investigated in a 3-year field study. Results demonstrated that significant differences exist between treatments and years of study for total nematode population and nematode trophic groups. Total nematode density, nematode trophic group (bacterivore and plant-parasitic) density were increased and dominant in B + NPK compared with CK after 3 years. Relative abundance of nematode genera according to trophic group across treatments showed Hirschmanniella (23%) as the dominant plant parasites in NPK, and Heterocephalobus (27%), Aphelenchoides (22%) and Eudorylaimus (9%) as dominant bacterivores, fungivores and omnivores-predators, respectively, in B + NPK. Trophic group indicators showed that the fungivore plus bacterivore to plant-parasitic ratio (73%) was significantly increased by B + NPK treatment in comparison to CK. Conversely, treatments exerted no significant effect on the fungivore to bacterivore ratio (F/B) throughout the period of study, which implies less disturbance and adverse impact of biochar on nematode communities. Apart from treatments and environmental factors, changes in nematode trophic groups were strongly related to soil chemical properties, such as soil pH, total nitrogen and available phosphorus, which shows their influence on soil nematode community. Our result shows the positive effect of integrated addition of biochar and inorganic fertiliser in balancing nematode diversity and building a resilient soil ecosystem in a low input rain-fed rice cropping system.

Mastering the writing skill especially poses enormous, but surmountable challenges to learners of English language as a second language. A good grounding in writing is however a sine qua non to any academic achievement. At the centre of the performance of Nigerian students, especially in English language in SSCE, is the aspect of continuous writing which carries highest mark in the examination. This was discovered after going through some of the Chief Examiners reports on the performance of candidates in the SSCE in English language submitted to the West African Examination Council in Lagos. It has been observed that this abysmal failure is as a result of the fact that this aspect has not been given its deserved attention in the teaching of English language in secondary schools. The general fall in the standard of the education at the tertiary institutions is the general fall in the standard of the composition skills on the secondary schools. This paper intends to suggest re-energizing of the teaching of continuous writing in Nigerian secondary schools because of its utilitarian roles in educational and other life-long pursuit of the modern world. Some practical suggestions which are hoped to be of immense benefits to both the teachers and learners of composition writing, especially at the secondary school level are proffered along this line.

This paper analyses the engagement of non-state actors (NSAs) in regional migration policy processes in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). It identifies four categories of NSAs...

A total of twenty (20) growing WAD bucks of about 7 - 9 months and having average weight of 9.64 kg were used in an 84 day trial to investigate the performance response of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats fed diets containing cowpea husk (CPH). Cowpea husk used for the study was collected from Nasarawa Eggon Local Government Area of Nasarawa State. Four experimental diets were formulated to replace maize offal with cowpea husk and designated A (0%), B (25%), C (50%), and D (75%) and used to feed the bucks. Results showed that none of the performance parameters showed treatment effect (P>0.05). The mean daily weight gain was 56.55 g/day, 52.75 g/day, 42.81 g/day and 50.49 g/day for diets A, B, C and D respectively. The mean daily feed intake ranged between 458.40 g/day -503.00 g/day, with treatments D and B having the highest and lowest numerical values, respectively. The apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DM), crude fibre (CF), ash, nitrogen free extract (NFE) showed significant differences (P

This paper has investigated the shocks effects of inflation, money supply, and exchange rate on the economies of the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) from 1987 to 2019 using the Kapetanios-Shin-Sn...

Digital revolution is instrumental to the wave of globalisation and transformation of the global economy. But the pace of digital transformation and service trade is low in the West African region. This article investigates the effect of digital transformation on the development of service trade in the region. This research captured digitisation in two standpoints: internet penetration rate and mobile subscription rate. The Im-Pesaran-Shin unit-root test affirms that the model is appropriate for panel autoregressive distributed lag estimation method. Adopting pool mean group estimator, the results attest for the existence of cointegrations in the model. The estimations reveal that the effect of digitisation on service trade is a long-run phenomenon. While the result is robust with export, it is not consistent with import. The long-run positive impact of digitisation on service export ranges from 0.087% to 0.159%, depending on the proxy for digitisation. The overall short-run effect is not statistically significant in export and not robust in import. It is reportedly consistent in some countries but not robust with some others. The region needs to rally in adopting and adapting to the new face of technology to improve service trade. JEL Codes: C23, F14, O33

The fundamental purpose of this paper is to assess the efficiency of port in West Africa and selectively select the best transit port for landlocked West African countries and for that matter data envelopment analysis will be used for this research. Seven (7) ports were selected out of twelve (12) using container throughput level for the basis of their selection, whiles DEA model was used for the determination of their relative efficiencies and their over time efficiencies through window analysis. It is noted that. The study noted that based on the operational efficiency of the port of Tema in Ghana, port Lomé and port of Douala, they should serve and standout as the transit port when it comes to West African landlocked countries selecting of transit port. It is recommended that there should be an expansion in infrastructure which is which should be the target so as to improve operational efficiency in West African port. Ports authorities should look more into that because is the beacon of ports efficiency and performance, because infrastructure propels ports mass production once those infrastructures are properly utilized.

Purpose This study aims to examine organized crime, corruption and their challenges to the economic growth of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Organized crime and corruption can have a grossly negative impact on the economic growth process of every system, but the extent of damage they have needs to be measured to determine the policy implications to the region. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the fixed effects model and the feasible generalized least square known also as the random-effects model with the pooled ordinary least square as a control on the defined objectives using secondary time series data that covers the period 2000 to 2019 for 11 countries in the ECOWAS region. The panel nature of the data set provides a rich degree of freedom with 220 (20 years for 11 countries – 20*11 = 220) observations. Findings Results show among others that organized crime does not have a significant impact on economic growth, whereas corruption significantly reduces economic growth. Research limitations/implications Unavailability of data affected the scope of the study in the areas of a number of countries selected and years chosen for the study. The implication is that it would have given the study better degrees of freedom. Practical implications The practical implication of this study has exposed corruption hinders economic growth in West Africa. Social implications The social implication of the study is that it has exposed that though the organized crime was a bad phenomenon it does not retard economic growth significantly in West Africa. Originality/value This study is original and of immense importance as its the first study to focus on organized crime and corruption’s influence on economic growth among West African states.

This work aims at characterizing the conditional probability of single or consecutive dry and wet days in West Africa using the first-order Markov chain approach during the monsoon season (June to October). The results show that the probabilities of having a wet day (PW), a wet day preceded by another wet day (PWW) and a wet day preceded by a dry day (PDW) are stronger in regions where the rainfall is maximum (mountain regions). In contrast, the probabilities of having a dry day (PD), a dry day preceded by a wet day (PWD) and a dry day preceded by another dry day (PDD) are lower in the regions with higher precipitation. The seasonal cycle of PWW (PDD) is consistent with that of PW (PD), respectively in Western Sahel and Central Sahel regions. At the interannual timescale, MK test results show that PW and PDW (PD and PDD) exhibit statistically significant increasing (decreasing) trends the Western Sahel and the Central Sahel. Besides, the shorter dry spells (3 days) show statistically significant decreasing trends only in the Western Sahel. The longer dry spells (5, 7 and 10 days) show statistically significant downward trends over the Western and Central Sahel. Wet spells probabilities show non-significant decreasing trends in all sub-domains, except in the Western Sahel for the 10 days spells. Knowledge of theses probabilities will contribute to develop efficient strategies for water resources management and agricultural decision making in West African countries. Key words: Markov chain, rainfall, occurrence, wet spell, dry spell, West Africa.

Goat milk is a suitable alternative to human milk owing to its high beta casein content which makes it very digestible unlike cow milk. Moreover, the West African Dwarf goat is highly trypano- tolerant and thrives excellently in the humid forest zone of Nigeria. It therefore necessitated the need to expound its potential in human nutrition in the study area. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the proximate, mineral composition and physicochemical characteristics of milk of West African Dwarf goats in Cross River State, Nigeria .Twenty five lactating West African Dwarf does within the age of 3-5 years were milked from five Local Government Areas of Cross River State (Calabar South, Calabar Municipal, Akamkpa, Biase and Odukpani) in which three goat milk samples were obtained by hand milking from each location. Data collected were presented using descriptive statistics. Completely randomized design was used to study the relationship between components of the milk samples. Proximate components of milk were crude protein (3.91-6.35%), ether extract (2.69-5.04%), Ash (1.51-1.95%), Nitrogen free extract (88.68-90.32%) and moisture content (77.72-85.56%). Values of physicochemical components were: Total Acid (0.16-0.21%), Total solid (12.30-13.30%), Density (0.90-1.95%) and pH (6.50-6.90%). Elemental components (mg/100g) were potassium (202-64-204.39), sodium (49.06-49.96), calcium (133.18-133.98), magnesium (13.96-14.07), iron (0.04-0.07), zinc (0.30-0.32) copper (1.32-1.35) and phosphorus (110.32-110.98). Proximate composition of milk samples from the different locations varied significantly (p>0.05).Similarly, the physicochemical composition from the locations also varied significantly (p