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By studying organizational creations, this article documents the reform trajectory of a non-Western country from 1947 to 2018, using a comparative analytical framework for the operationalization of reform trends on an original dataset – PSAD. Pakistan has paralleled Western world in following the ideal-type reforms without entirely shifting to the new models. Context matters, but the type of government – civilian or military – has not made vivid difference. No one reform type was pushed away; instead, country moved beyond hierarchies and markets creating blends, staging the co-existence of NPM with hierarchies and networks at its 40th. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rouya Turkiyyah is the property of Insight Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The evaluation of the impact of plasma-facing units (PFUs) damage on subsequent plasma operation is an important issue for ITER. This is one of the topic addressed by the operation of dedicated PFUs in WEST. From the start of WEST in 2017, few ITER grade divertor PFUs were tested in the lower divertor for short plasma exposure (experimental campaigns C1–C5). A PFU is an assembly of tungsten blocks on CuCrZr tube via pure copper interlayer. Since 2022, WEST operates with a lower divertor fully equipped with ITER grade PFUs (experimental campaign C6–C7) with long duration plasma exposure capabilities. To test the ageing of the ITER-grade PFUs on an accelerated basis, well controlled damage was implemented on purpose with electron beam loading on the plasma facing surface of two different PFUs (pre-damage#1 and #2 featuring different level of damage). Damage tackled in this study is induced by the loading with numerous transient heat loading events to mimic the ELM impact on the ITER grade PFU. This paper presents the damage before and after WEST plasma exposure and shows the tungsten sources and temperature of the block measured during the operation. On damaged area, surface roughening is heterogeneous. With WEST campaigns (C3, C4 and C7) respectively ended in (2018, 2019 and 2023) a global smoothing of the pre-damaged surfaces, in particular those located in the high loaded erosion area, is observed. No evolution of the crack is observed in the electron beam loaded area, while new cracking are observed on non pre-damaged area on the tungsten top surfaces in highly loaded areas (outer strike point) after significant plasma duration and cumulated energy (first observation in C4 and tends to be confirmed with preliminary observations after the C7 campaign). Smoothing is less pronounced after the 2018 campaign, which may be due to the related short plasma duration. The surface smoothing of blocks also depends on their poloidal position. For PFU which has no shaping, toroidal positioning within a block has no influence on the surface smoothing. After 2019 and 2023 campaigns, equivalent relative smoothing is obtained (between 19 and 32%). For the explored plasma conditions, damage has no influence on the maximum brightness of W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of study of this article is the Eastern vector of modern Russian foreign policy; the subject determines its main directions, mechanisms, and tools. The authors rely on the theory of neorealism, which allows to consider the foreign policy of states as a desire to ensure their national interests. The authors used the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and reliability, which made it possible to study the prerequisites of Russia’s policy of turning to the East, to establish cause-and-effect relations and to identify regularities in the development of Russia’s international relations with the countries of the East. A systematic approach was used, as well as a number of general scientific (analysis, synthesis) and special historical methods of research: comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods. The study highlights the role of the Russian Foreign Minister Y.M. Primakov in Russia’s return to the East. It emphasizes that Primakov was not in favor of breaking off relations with European countries and the USA but sought to find a counterbalance to the pro-Western course of foreign policy in the 1990s and to build up relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR). The article notes the difficulties Russia faces in implementing its Eastern policy, including the geographical remoteness from most APR countries, cold climate, the small population of the Far East, the underdeveloped infrastructure of the Far East, and the socio-cultural differences between Russia and the APR countries. But the course to strengthen Russia’s positions in the Asia-Pacific region is becoming a key foreign policy direction, a vital factor in the preservation and development of Russia as a developed industrial country. The paper analyzes the measures taken by the country’s leadership to involve the Russian economy in the integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region and considers the dynamics of Russia’s trade relations with the main partners in this region. It concludes that the policy of turning to the East has taken place, as its successes are obvious.

As high technology and green transition gain momentum in modern life, global supply chains of resources like rare earths become vital. China is the dominant actor in this market, Russia already holds a strategic niche albeit as an emerging actor, whereas the West is a “latecomer”, lagging considerably behind. Against the backdrop of ever deepening geopolitical fault lines, the article views the China/Russia – West rare earths trade through the lenses of weaponized interdependence. In particular, it employs this theoretical account for the first time from a non-Western angle and proves that in the recent wave of globalization not all the most central nodes are territorially concentrated in the advanced economies of the West. Moreover, it demonstrates that the West’s domination of relevant innovation cycles is not as absolute and autonomous as propounded by the theory. The conclusions summarize China’s (and Russia’s) panopticon effects on the rare earths trade with the West, and show that should their security concerns be overlooked, they are likely to escalate to chokepoint effects to the detriment of the global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civilizations' understanding of human beings is the most fundamental determinant of other assumptions of that civilization. For this reason, in order to comprehend a civilization, it is important and necessary to first understand where that civilization positions human beings. Eastern and Western civilizations are two comprehensive civilizations that can be considered as larger and more influential than others among the civilizations that have existed throughout history. There are numerous ways in which these two cultures are different from one another in how they see life, existence, people, and knowledge. Under these two broad civilizations, this study focuses on the Islamic Sufism's conception of the human being in Eastern Civilization and the humanist thought in Western Civilization. The approach of humanist thought and Sufi thought to human beings is analyzed on the basis of Necip Fazıl Kısakürek's work titled Western Contemplation and Islamic Sufism. The study has also been supported with data from other sources to support the idea here. The study is concluded by interpreting the information obtained from the relevant sources in a comparative manner. In this book, Kısakürek discussed philosophy, which is the basis of Western civilization, and Islamic Sufism, which is accepted from Eastern civilization. According to Kısakürek, the most important characteristic of the West is that it attaches great importance to the love of matter and the pleasure of nature in order to overcome its current situation and progress. For this reason, the West has remained alien and distant from the inner realm, that is, the bâtın. In Sufism, on the contrary, all the effort is made to beautify the interior, not the exterior. The meaning and responsibility that these two perspectives, which have such a fundamental difference, attribute to human beings are also different from each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why are some violent intrastate crises more likely to prompt humanitarian military interventions than others? States appear to intervene robustly in reaction to some internal conflicts, such as Kosovo, but withhold similar options in more intense conflict, as in Darfur. Much of the research on this 'selectivity gap' focuses on universal norms or geopolitical interests. I, however, argue that the selectivity of these interventions is a product of regional variations interacting with conflict perceptions. This paper introduces a dataset of almost 1000 observations of intrastate armed conflict between 1989 and 2014, paired with international military responses and non-responses, as well as an Intervention Index that accounts for the intensity of military interventions. I find that once a threshold of human suffering is met via the existence of an internal armed conflict, powerful states will intervene depending on whether the conflict occurs in the Western sphere of influence and whether it is denoted as an identity war. A Western region coupled with no perceptions of identity-based civil war prompts the greatest odds of humanitarian military intervention. Such conclusions carry implications on the role of norms and interests in international politics, as biased by region, and for military intervention as a policy choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erdem is the property of Ataturk Kultur Merkezi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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AbstractFaced with a more multipolar world, scholars of International Political Economy are sharpening their tools to make sense of the longue durée of post-colonial institutions, international financial subordination and the quest for self-determination. This article develops the notion of ‘earnest struggles’ in Senegal’s postcolonial history and shows that successive governments have indeed tried to move their country forward against the odds. The focus is on three struggles: First, the attempts at transforming the Senegalese economy away from colonial cash crops and the influence of the French from 1960 to 1980. Second, the struggle of grappling with Global South debt crisis and the devaluation of the Franc CFA by 50% between 1980 to 2004. Third, the struggle to expand the Senegalese economy with newfound fiscal space and novel forms of external debt since international debt relief in 2004 until today. Based on financial data and interviews in Dakar and Paris, I argue that these struggles have led to some structural transformation. However, the danger of debt crisis has not gone, and economic self-determination has remained precarious. Dependence on foreign finance has stayed and reached record levels in recent years. Relative delinking and the search for regional complementarities offers a more promising avenue to break out of the structural condition of international financial subordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the theories of Otto of Freising and Hugh of Saint Victor, scholars widely accept that medieval authors conceived of history as a spatial progression of empires from Babylon in the east to Rome in the west. This article reevaluates that assumption, arguing that influential German scholars of the 1930s to 1960s inflated the perceived typicality of Otto’s writing. We see first that this has obscured the biblical exegetical basis of Hugh’s own theory. Surveying contemporary material from hagiographies of Thomas Becket to eschatological ideas among the ‘School of Chartres’, the article argues that it is these exegetical tropes and metaphors of the sun’s rising and setting that underlie twelfthcentury discussions of east and west, not the translatio imperii. This underscores not only the novelty and achievement of Otto and Hugh, but also more clearly contextualises their work within their intellectual environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'International Relations & Regional Studies' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

X-Point Radiator (XPR) regimes have been obtained in WEST tokamak experiments with nitrogen seeding during the experimental campaigns of 2023 and 2024. These experiments showed the formation of a stable toroidal radiating ring near the X-point, similar to observations in other devices such as JET, ASDEX-Upgrade, TCV, and COMPASS. In WEST, the onset of this regime is associated with a sharp transition of the divertor plasma from hot to cold and dense conditions, with increased particle fluxes, indicating that the plasma is not detached. At the same time, core conditions are significantly improved. These scenarios were successfully controlled in WEST using an interferometry line-of-sight passing through the X-point. Interpretative modeling of these discharges with the SOLEDGE3X-EIRENE code reveals that a physics mechanism needed to stabilize WEST nitrogen XPRs is not present when driving the simulations at constant power. On the contrary, a stable XPR can be obtained by increasing the power injected at the time of the XPR onset to represent the reduction of W contamination, highlighting the need to describe the plasma dynamics and go toward integrated core–edge simulations.

Reactor relevant fusion devices will use tungsten (W) for their plasma facing components (PFCs) due to its thermomechanical properties and low tritium retention. However, W introduces high-Z impurities into the plasma, degrading its performance. Different wall conditioning methods have been developed to address this issue, including coating of W PFCs with layers of low-Z material. Wall conditioning by boron (B) powder injection using an impurity powder dropper (IPD) is being studied in WEST. Two series of experiments were conducted since the installation of the new ITER grade full W divertor. During the first series in 2023 ∼ 1 g of B powder was injected in total at a maximum rate of ∼ 58 mg/s, both of which are three times greater than respective values in the initial WEST powder injection experiments. The second series of experiments included injection of B and BN powders for comparison of their effects on plasma performance. The presence of an instantaneous conditioning effect is suggested by visible spectroscopy measurements of low-Z impurity lines and a rollover of total radiated power past an injection rate of ∼ 20 mg/s was observed. Presence of B coating layer formation is supported by the evolution of the average radiance of visible lines of B, W and oxygen (O). To understand B transport, an interpretative modeling workflow is employed, utilizing the SOLEDGE-EIRENE fluid boundary plasma code and the Dust Injection Simulator (DIS) code. Parameters like B perpendicular diffusivity and recycling coefficients are varied to match experimental results to see if the initial assumption of B sticking to the PFCs immediately after the contact with the wall is adequate for correctly modelling its distribution on the PFCs.

Traditionally, Central Asia is associated with a favorable geographical location and significant natural resources. These factors are of interests for the West, Russia, and China in the region. Meanwhile, the potential of Central Asian countries leaves many questions unanswered, as they face many regional challenges. The aim of the study is to identify the geopolitical and economic potential of the Central Asian countries, as well as to identify the challenges that the states have faced in recent years. A special attention is paid to the water and energy issue, which remains the most pressing problem for the whole region. In the conclusion, the author identified two of them: the persistence of economic difficulties in the development of Central Asian countries, which to a certain extent act as economic competitors, as well as the increased influence of extra- regional actors on the countries of the region.

Historically, the Republic of Turkey is one of the few states in the Middle East, in a civilizational sense, located between East and West. As time has passed since a number of unsuccessful attempts to integrate into Western institutions and with the beginning of geopolitical changes in the international arena, Turkey has made a “pivot to the East”. Considering the increasing role of the Non-West within the framework of the formation of a polycentric system of international relations, the study of Turkey as one of the key centers of forces of our time, as well as the identification of its characteristics, eastern and western features, is of particular relevance. The purpose of the study is to examine the civilizational characteristics of modern Turkey. By applying civilizational approach, Turkey’s position of a “middle state” was revealed, which has both Western and Eastern features, but is increasingly gravitating towards the non-Western world. At the same time, amid the ideology of “neo-Ottomanism” implemented by the current leadership and the increasing role of the ideological and value factor, Western features are gradually fading away, remaining only in the form of official secularism and stable ties with Western institutions. While the Turkish orientality, along with unofficial islamization, have a clearer image. Turkey develops in progressive-regressive cycles, where the Western cycle is replaced by the Eastern and vice versa. However, the West is systematically ceasing to be a symbol of progress. The authors conclude that the non-Western path of development is the most promising for modern Turkey, however, with the condition that eastern development will not be moderated by Islamist circles and supporters of political Islam.

Against the background of the Ukrainian crisis, and especially the current RussianUkrainian conflict, Russia’s large-scale promotion of the turn to the East strategy has both internal and external motivations. The return of Eurasian ideas to Russia’s foreign policy forms the ideological basis of Russia’s turn to the East strategy, but in practice, this turn is the intensification of Russia’s development of the Far East and Siberia due to the rapid economic growth of the countries of the Asian-Pacific region. In addition, the fierce confrontation between Russia and the West due to the escalation of the Ukrainian crisis is also an important factor in Russia’s promotion of the strategy of turn to the East to improve its passive position in international politics and increase compensation for losses incurred because of sanctions imposed by Western countries.

The study presents the Russian historical-philosophical process in the context of the discovery of a new object, themes, personae, set of reactions and formation of a product for the intellectual community. The author's reliance on philosophical empirical material and appropriate hermeneutics in its processing allows the author to highlight those factors that influenced individual and collective reception. The author sees as a convenient case study the “discovery” by the Russian philosophical community of the early 20th century of both American philosophy in general and C.S. Peirce in particular. Since the beginning of the 19th century, Russian thinkers have turned their attention to American philosophy in all the diversity of its manifestations. Russian intellectuals paid special attention to American pragmatism and everything associated with it. In Russia, in addition to translations, numerous reviews of foreign publications on this topic are appearing. Of particular interest to us in the Russian “collective reflection” of American ideas is the system of preferences for ideas, texts, events, and names. The point is that what might have been a priority for a European thinker, for a Russian one turned out to be on the “periphery” of his consciousness, as well as vice versa. While James appeared among the priority figures for Russian thinkers, Peirce was in his “shadow”. Using rich empirical material, the author shows all the stages of Peirce’s image formation in the Russian intellectual community. The research shows that “image” of Peirce, which represents not so much the thinker himself, but characterizes the intellectual community that turned to him. The results of the study may be useful both for contemporary foreign and Russian interpreters of Peirce and for historians of philosophy who are rethinking the past and forming in the present new objects of reception and reflection.

For the Iranians, the Qajar period coincided with the familiarization and confrontation with modern Western concepts such as freedom. Iranian newspapers published outside Iran in the pre-constitutional period were one of the ways of familiarizing Iranians with this concept. Soraya newspaper, which was published in Cairo, Egypt, is one of these newspapers, which was published by Mirza Ali Mohammad Khan Kashani. Considering the significance of the concept of freedom, particularly in the years preceding the constitutional revolution in Iran, it is important to understand the history of theoretical discussions about the concept of freedom in the Iranian press and how it is reflected in Soraya. Accordingly, this article examines how the newspaper understands of the concept of freedom and its relevance to Western freedom. The article also attempts to answer the question with a descriptive-explanatory method in order to show to what extent freedom considered by Soraya corresponds to the freedom in the West during this historical period. The research findings reflect that although the freedom used in the West was approved by the newspaper, in some cases we have seen the reduction of this concept in Soraya.

This article explores the relationship between the evolution of Russia’s foreign policy narrative (RN) and the breakdown of its relations with the West. Even though the West is a rather fluid and nebulous concept, it is central to Russian foreign policy and primarily encompasses the EU and the United States (US), but also other countries like Canada, Japan or Australia that are framed by the RN as key supporters of US leadership in the world order. Relations between the West and Russia veered towards conflict and lack of engagement following the start of the Ukraine crisis, with various voices indicating that the world had stepped into a new Cold War. In this article, a curated collection of key interviews and op-eds from the Russian President was coded and examined for frame analysis for the period between the start of 2000 (when Vladimir Putin first became President) to the end of 2021. This study finds that the RN discursively constructs the context within which the Kremlin made the fateful decision to invade Ukraine in February 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency department (ED) patients may be billed for critical care time (current procedural terminology codes 99291 and 99292) if they receive at least 30 min of critical care services. We sought to determine the median cash (self-pay) prices for critical care time performed in the ED in the United States and assess for associations between hospital characteristics and prices. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of hospital cash prices for critical care time performed in the ED using the first 25 alphabetical states. For each hospital, we recorded hospital characteristics including state, control (nonprofit, governmental, or for-profit), size, teaching status, and system. We then searched for each hospital's cash prices for 99291 and 99292 using Turquoise and hospital websites. We determined the median price for 99291 nationally, regionally, and for large hospital systems. We performed multivariable quantile regression to assess for associations between hospital characteristics and prices for 99291. Of the 2629 eligible hospitals, 2245 (85.4%) and 1893 (72.0%) reported cash prices for 99291 and 99292, respectively. For 99291, the cash price ranged from $45 to $84,775 with a median of $1816 (IQR: $1039-3237). For 99292, the median price was $567 (IQR: $298–1008). On multivariable analysis, hospitals had higher cash prices for 99291 if they were located in the West, for-profit, or part of a large system. In particular, hospitals owned by Tenet Healthcare charged the most for 99291 (median $28,244). The cash prices for critical care time vary substantially based on hospital characteristics. In particular, for-profit hospitals and those in the West tend to charge the most. Given that patients who require critical care are unlikely to be able to choose the hospital to which they present, standardization of critical care time fees should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

South Korea is known for its highly developed economy, which has undergone significant growth and transformation over the past few decades. As a result, South Korea is now considered one of the world's most prosperous and dynamic economies, with a strong focus on innovation, technology, and exports. Research has attributed Korea's economic success to several factors: its government monetary policy, entrepreneurial business owners, a productive labor force, an education-oriented Confucian culture, and favorable international trade. This paper focuses on Korea's global emergence through a historical exploration of Confucian influence and the teachings of renowned Korean philosopher Nammyeong Jo Shik. Our article proposes that Jo Shik is the father of Korean entrepreneurship. Jinju City, where Jo Shik promulgated his most influential teachings, may be the birthplace of Korean entrepreneurship. This city is the home of the first-generation founders of Korea's leading global companies, such as Samsung, LG, GS, and Hyosung Corporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores Russia's influence in Africa, which poses a significant challenge to the West. In recent years, Moscow has gained momentum on the continent, becoming a formidable rival to Western powers. It has formed strategic alliances with key African nations, solidifying its foothold. Many African countries now see Russia as an alternative to Western partners. To establish this influence, Moscow prioritises military and economic partnerships, offering trade, investments and security assistance in exchange for political support. The West has been slow to respond, either preoccupied with domestic issues or disengaged from Africa, allowing Russia to gain the upper hand. The implications of Russia's African influence are far-reaching, posing a significant challenge to Western interests. This situation could escalate geopolitical tensions and potentially lead to conflict with the West. We aim to explore Russia's motives and its impacts on African nations, shedding light on how they affect Western interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact that Western thinkers and researchers know the Orient and present the information they have obtained within certain moulds of the Orient is defined as orientalism. The fact that an Eastern researcher looks at the East from a Western perspective, accepts the East according to Western definitions and includes these acceptances in his research and works is called self-orientalism. Producing ideas on East-West relations, which started with the Tanzimat, is the main subject of various poets and writers. The weakening and collapse of the Ottoman State and the establishment of a new state led these poets and writers to think about the positioning of civilisation and the ideal of reaching the level of advanced civilisations. One of these poets and writers is Ali Canip Yöntem, who took part in our world of literature and thought with his ideas in the early 1900s. While defining the West as the ideal of development in his pro-Westernisation articles and poems, he portrayed the East as backward, needing to be exploited and helpless with self-orientalist discourse. In this study, Ali Canip Yöntem's views are analysed in the context of self-orientalism and the theoretical background developed around the concepts of orientalism and occidentalism is applied as methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of Matica Srpska for History / Zbornik Matice Srpske za Istoriju is the property of Matica srpska and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Conjuntura Austral is the property of Conjuntura Austral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, Andrei Bely's novel Petersburg is analyzed in terms of the clash of two hostile narratives - Eastern and Western - that have shaped Russian statehood from the rule of Tsar Peter I. The presence of solutions associated with the West, in the history of Russia, as well as in the social and political system of the Russian state, is considered to be the result of a kind of self-colonization and internal colonization. The author of the article, drawing on terminology developed in post-colonial research, highlights the tensions existing within Russian society at the beginning of the 20th century, which translate into internal divisions in the main characters of the work, in particular the senator Apollon Ableukhov and his son Nikolay. Although they both appear to belong to Western civilization and culture, they in fact pave the way for the victory of a chaos of Eastern provenance, which culminates in the Russian revolutions of the early 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wisława Szymborska holds a prominent place in the Netherlands as one of the most widely-read poets. Anglo-Saxon countries also recognize her popularity. People often quote the verses of her poems to comment on “our” Western social and political problems, even though this seems to contradict the specific Central European context of her work. Szymborska’s poetry differs significantly from the model of “dissident” literature that shaped the “Western” image of Eastern European writing as a form of internal resistance to totalitarian oppression between 1965 and 1989. Today, the “Western” politicization of Szymborska’s poetry frequently associates her discursively ironic depictions of inequality and injustice with late postmodern concepts such as systemic inequality and ecocriticism. However, subtle and paradoxical readings of Szymborska’s poetry consider the Eastern European context of censorship and oppression without reducing these texts to politics in both senses. These readings concentrate on Szymborska’s poems as representations of the universality of everyday life – its tensions and happiness. The background of oppression remains, but the primary focus shifts to everyday life, establishing a connection between the Central and Eastern European poet and the Western reader. They are united by a common world, despite the once-existing geopolitical borders. An example illustrating the construction of such a common space is Dutch poet Rutger Kopland’s essay on Szymborska’s poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical manifestations of modernity are fundamentally significant in its institutionization. After its ideological formation, modern Western civilization organized institutions for expansion. In the economic institutions of Western modernity, the corporation/company is a fundamental institution, while in the political spheres, State is the most basic institution. The capitalist system also penetrates economically through corporations, and the state clears the way for it through legal coercion. To protect the institutions of modernity and to safeguard the capitalist system, the concept of the "legal person" was established. Contemporary religious elites not only granted this concept religious legitimacy but also claimed to trace its roots back to the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, providing arguments from classical juristic texts for its presence. This paper examines the juristic arguments that have been made to justify the modern concept of the legal person as an Islamic concept.

In this article, Andrei Bely’s novel Petersburg is analyzed in terms of the clash of two hostile narratives – Eastern and Western – that have shaped Russian statehood from the rule of Tsar Peter I. The presence of solutions associated with the West, in the history of Russia, as well as in the social and political system of the Russian state, is considered to be the result of a kind of self-colonization and internal colonization. The author of the article, drawing on terminology developed in post-colonial research, highlights the tensions existing within Russian society at the beginning of the 20th century, which translate into internal divisions in the main characters of the work, in particular the senator Apollon Ableukhov and his son Nikolay. Although they both appear to belong to Western civilization and culture, they in fact pave the way for the victory of a chaos of Eastern provenance, which culminates in the Russian revolutions of the early 20th century.

In the 19th century, the Western colonial powers took over the Muslim world and implemented policies which were traumatic for ruled Muslims. Although Muslim countries gained formal independence in the middle of the 20 th century, the bulk of world's Muslims believes that the West still dominates their world through neo-colonialism. This perception has been particularly generated by military interventions of the Western powers. At first Muslims had tried to resist perceived Western domination through the secular Arab nationalism, however after 1967, Islam has assumed the role of nationalist instrument of resistance. The relations between the Muslim world and the West, especially radicalization of Muslims, can be explained by application of the sociological concepts of cultural defense, religious performance and cosmic war.

The text traces the painful development of Turkish modernity – a process of still ongoing clashes between the aspirations of a part of the elites to be “modern Europeans”, the unquestioning certainty of another part of them that “modernity” and “Europe/West” are by no means equivalent, and the traditional mentality of broad segments of Turkish society. At the heart of the study are two extremes: high literature (the works of Orhan Pamuk) and popular culture (television series), which reveals the wide register of possibilities for tracing the longing for modernity and its (un)realisation in Turkish reality. The original synonymy of “modernity” and “the West” that fueled the longing – from the late Ottoman Empire, through the Republican period until the end of the millennium – gradually disintegrated. In the new millennium, the official notion of achieved modernity increasingly asserted itself, however not as juxtaposition with the West, but in spite of it.

Recent decades in social sciences have been marked by the interest in citizenship as the most important phenomenon of the contemporary world due to its current problems associated with globalization, relations between world centers of power along the North-South and West-East lines and growing migration flows between countries and continents, and also due to the urgent, politically relevant, human rights problems. The search for solutions to these problems has led to debates in both academic circles and wider intellectual public about the extent to which the democratic model of citizenship, which historically developed in the West in modernity, can meet the new global challenges of our time. Although such debates focus on the contemporary issues of citizenship, civil rights and civic identity, they also have an important historical-sociological dimension according to Max Weber’s question formulated about a century ago: what was the universal potential of the democratic idea of citizenship that emerged in the West in the modern era, and what were the premises of this model of citizenship at the previous stages of the Western historical development? Thus, Weber considers the institution of citizenship in the broader context of comparative historical sociology which studies the difference in the paths of historical development of the West and the East. One of the closest predecessors to the modern model of citizenship in the West is medieval urban citizenship. To understand the evolution of pre-modern models of citizenship in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, Weber’s ideas remain essential in the theoretical and heuristic perspective, forming the historical sociology of ancient and medieval citizenship in his works The City and General Economic History . The article presents an attempt to reconstruct the ideal-typical model of medieval urban citizenship in Weber’s interpretation, supplementing it with some necessary materials from other relevant sources.

The readers are invited to review the book by Andrey Petrovich Dmitriev “The Aksakov Family: Literary Heritage and Civic Position: From Archival Research.” It is dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov, an outstanding Russian publicist of Slavophile trend, poet and public figure. The monograph explores various aspects of the life and activities of the representatives of the famous Aksakov family, who in their writings and correspondence actively responded to all the most important events in the cultural and social life of Russia. The research is based on extensive archival data, partly introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In addition to covering a wide range of subjects the book provides a new approach to the accumulation of research potential in the study of the history of Russian clans and social processes in Russian society of the 19th century. The research is provided with illustrations, a list of abbreviations, an index of names and a valuable bibliographic references to the first publications of the materials placed or mentioned in the book.

The Russian-Ukrainian conflict is the most serious crisis in international relations since the Cold War. This is not only a turning point in Russian-Ukrainian relations, but also a deep crisis in Russian-Western relations, which marked a change in Moscow’s approach to relations with the West, and the transition from past dialogue to today’s struggle. China, as a third party in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, took a neutral position from the very beginning, and ignored any requests from the United States and the West to somehow influence Russia. China’s position has increasingly attracted the attention of the Western media, and Beijing has begun to receive accusations from the West of supporting Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine. This paper analyzes the articles published by Chinese academic experts on the media, and analyzes the content of Chinese popular media websites, such as CCTV News The Paper, Guanchazhe for the period from April 1, 2022 to December 1, 2022. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that the Chinese media mostly cover the events in Ukraine in a neutral way, they try to balance and not criticize Moscow when it comes to Russian-Western relations. Chinese experts have different views and thoughts when talking about the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and Russian-Western relations. Some Chinese analysts talked about Russia’s victory over the West, while others believe that Russia may end up with nothing. The authors concludes that the West and Russia may fall into a new Cold War, and this Cold War may turn out to be even more brutal than the last one for three main reasons: because of the all-encompassing military confrontation, because of economic isolation, and because of breakdown of humanitarian ties.

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between orientalism and colonialism. More specifically, it analyses orientalism in its various ways before and during the nineteenth century to the present day, as well as its actual aims. For this purpose, the expeditions of some European orientalists, missionaries, and explorers are analysed and discussed. In addition to these expeditions, numerous writings and various viewpoints expressed by some authors in the social and human sciences are examined. The methodology used in the study is mainly based on critical literature sources. Overall, it appears that despite the attempts of some authors to challenge it, there is a direct and close link between orientalism, postcolonialism, and colonialism. Indeed, far from being a simple and innocent approach or discipline studying the relationship between the East and the West, orientalism served as a colonial ideology and prepare the ground to facilitate Europe's dominance over the rest of the world. Furthermore, the structure of international relations and the forms of relationship that certain European powers maintain with their former colonies reveal orientalist and neo-colonialist patterns.

Introduction: A woman plays a role as a foundation in the home and society, Because on the one hand, by playing the role of a wife, mother, and proper planning, she drives away the shortcomings of motherhood from life, And it replaces spiritual values, and on the other hand, it is responsible for humanizing.Methods: In this research, a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) has been used, So that for the qualitative part (coding and extraction of themes) the theme analysis method was used in the MAXQDA environment, And for a small part, FMEA risk management technique has been used.Results: The research findings have shown that 120 expressive phrases and selective texts are organized into 25 basic themes and 6 organized themes, They are classified in relation to the position of women, Among the harms that have been identified based on the western model in the society, there are 23 risks in 5 potential effects, The risk level of all of them has been reported as obvious and serious.Conclusion: By identifying and extracting the guidelines of the Supreme Leader and Imam Khomeini (RA) as(Taking role models from the prominent women of Islam, paying attention to the jihad of explanation, paying attention to the rights and responsibilities of women according to their physical and mental abilities) Risks have been reduced to an acceptable level.

This article mainly elaborates the relations between Russia and the West during and after the Cold War. Both sides saw each other as a security threat during the Cold War. After 1990s when the Soviet Union collapsed, this antagonistic relation ended for a short period. Once Vladimir Putin came to power, Russia once again revealed security concerns in the post-Soviet space. The iconic symbol of this concern was the Colour Revolutions in Georgia and Ukraine. The Kremlin saw the Revolutions as a Western threat to Russia's identity formation in the region. On the other hand, the West saw the Revolutions as a call for democratic liberation for the peoples of the region. Hence, this study looks deeply into both sides of concerns about the Revolutions through the concepts of identity politics and security concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This reconsideration of Hume's classic essay "Of Miracles" via the lens of American pragmatist ways of thinking about history and power shifts our attention from Hume's epistemic concerns about the legitimacy of witnesses and testimony to his distaste for sacred history, his critical stance regarding the social force of revelation, and his disdain for religious authority. To view Hume's essay both as an articulation of a critical philosophy of history and as an exercise in moral dynamism (social power or, authority, is a result of epistemic transactions), is to intervene in both Hume studies and Contemporary Pragmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Political Thought / Myśl Ekonomiczna & Polityczna is the property of Lazarski University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)