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1. Comparison of the resonance sonorheometry based Quantra® system with rotational thromboelastometry ROTEM® sigma in cardiac surgery – a prospective observational study

Author: Werner Baulig, Samira Akbas, Philipp K. Schütt, Wolfgang Keul, Marija Jovic, Pascal Berdat, Stefanie von Felten, Klaus Steigmiller, Michael Thomas Ganter, and Oliver M. Theusinger
Subjects: Resonance Sonorheometry, Viscoelastic testing, Quantra, ROTEM sigma, cardiac surgery, Anesthesiology, RD78.3-87.3
Abstract: Abstract Background Measures of the sonorheometry based Quantra® viscoelastic hemostatic analyzer (HemoSonics, LCC, Charlottesville, VA, USA) were compared with corresponding results of the ROTEM® sigma device (Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, MA, USA). Methods In thirty-eight patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery between December 2018 and October 2019, blood samples were taken after induction of anesthesia (sample 1) and after heparin neutralization (sample 2) and measured on Quantra (QPlus® Cartridge) and ROTEM sigma (ROTEM® sigma complete + hep Cartridge). Clot times and clot stiffness values were recorded. Clot stiffness values of ROTEM amplitudes (A in mm) were converted to shear modulus (G) in hectoPascal (hPa): G (hPa) = (5 x A)/(100-A). Additionally, time-to-results was recorded. Spearman rank test correlation and Bland Altman analysis were performed. Results Clot stiffness parameters of the Quantra correlated strongly with corresponding measurements of the ROTEM with r = 0.93 and 0.94 for EXTEM A10 vs CS and r = 0.94 and 0.96 for FIBTEM A10 vs FCS for sample 1 and 2, respectively. Quantra clot time correlated strongly with ROTEM INTEM CT with r = 0.71 for sample 1 and r = 0.75 for sample 2. However, Bland Altman analysis showed no agreement in all compared assays of both methods. The median time to delivery of first and complete results was significantly shorter for Quantra (412 and 658 s) compared to ROTEM sigma (839 and 1290 s). Conclusions The Quantra showed a strong correlation with the ROTEM sigma for determining clot times and clot stiffness and the parameters assess similar aspects of clot development. However, these parameters are not directly interchangeable and implicate that separate cut-off values need to be established for users of the Quantra device. Word count: 278. Trial registration The study was retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04210830 ) at December 20th 2019.
Published: 2021
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2. Einbindung des chirurgischen Fachgebietes mehr als notwendig mit Replik

Author: Werner Baulig, Bernhard Walder, Urs Eichenberger, and Michael Ganter
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, General Medicine
Published: 2022

3. Comparison of the resonance sonorheometry based Quantra® system with rotational thromboelastometry ROTEM® sigma in cardiac surgery – a prospective observational study

Author: Stefanie von Felten, Michael T. Ganter, Werner Baulig, Samira Akbas, Wolfgang Keul, Pascal Berdat, Marija Jovic, Oliver M. Theusinger, Philipp K. Schütt, Klaus Steigmiller, University of Zurich, and Baulig, Werner
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, 10216 Institute of Anesthesiology, 610 Medicine & health, Resonance Sonorheometry, Anesthesiology, Monitoring, Intraoperative, Humans, Medicine, Ultrasonics, RD78.3-87.3, Prospective Studies, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Bland–Altman plot, Blood Coagulation, Aged, Viscoelastic testing, business.industry, Research, Elasticity, Thrombelastography, Cardiac surgery, Thromboelastometry, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Median time, Quantra, Female, 2703 Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rheology, business, Nuclear medicine, ROTEM sigma, cardiac surgery, Heparin neutralization
Abstract: Background Measures of the sonorheometry based Quantra® viscoelastic hemostatic analyzer (HemoSonics, LCC, Charlottesville, VA, USA) were compared with corresponding results of the ROTEM® sigma device (Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, MA, USA). Methods In thirty-eight patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery between December 2018 and October 2019, blood samples were taken after induction of anesthesia (sample 1) and after heparin neutralization (sample 2) and measured on Quantra (QPlus® Cartridge) and ROTEM sigma (ROTEM® sigma complete + hep Cartridge). Clot times and clot stiffness values were recorded. Clot stiffness values of ROTEM amplitudes (A in mm) were converted to shear modulus (G) in hectoPascal (hPa): G (hPa) = (5 x A)/(100-A). Additionally, time-to-results was recorded. Spearman rank test correlation and Bland Altman analysis were performed. Results Clot stiffness parameters of the Quantra correlated strongly with corresponding measurements of the ROTEM with r = 0.93 and 0.94 for EXTEM A10 vs CS and r = 0.94 and 0.96 for FIBTEM A10 vs FCS for sample 1 and 2, respectively. Quantra clot time correlated strongly with ROTEM INTEM CT with r = 0.71 for sample 1 and r = 0.75 for sample 2. However, Bland Altman analysis showed no agreement in all compared assays of both methods. The median time to delivery of first and complete results was significantly shorter for Quantra (412 and 658 s) compared to ROTEM sigma (839 and 1290 s). Conclusions The Quantra showed a strong correlation with the ROTEM sigma for determining clot times and clot stiffness and the parameters assess similar aspects of clot development. However, these parameters are not directly interchangeable and implicate that separate cut-off values need to be established for users of the Quantra device. Word count: 278. Trial registration The study was retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04210830) at December 20th 2019.
Published: 2021

4. Treatment of Seizures in Children and Adults in the Emergency Medical System of the City of Zurich, Switzerland – Midazolam vs. Diazepam – A Retrospective Analysis

Author: Katharina Dette-Oltmann, Peter Schenk, Sergio Mariotti, Werner Baulig, and Oliver M. Theusinger
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Midazolam, Status epilepticus, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Seizures, medicine, Emergency medical services, Humans, Child, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Diazepam, business.industry, Infant, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, Lorazepam, Retrospective cohort study, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Exact test, Child, Preschool, Anesthesia, Emergency Medicine, Anticonvulsants, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Algorithms, Switzerland, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug
Abstract: Introduction Seizures count to critical situations emergency medical systems (EMS) are confronted with. Objectives Evaluation of a modified treatment algorithm (MTAS-EMS) using diazepam and midazolam due to a supply bottleneck of iv lorazepam in 2012. Methods Retrospective study where data from patients treated for seizures by the EMS of the city of Zurich were analyzed. Effectiveness of the MTAS-EMS and i.v. diazepam in children and adults was compared with respect of cessation of seizure without recurrence over the period until arrival at the hospital. The chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used to compare categorical data. The Student’s t-test and Mann Whitney test were used to compare numerical data. p-values Results Of 584 documented missions, 165 treated patients (126 adults and 39 children) were included. 115 patients (80 adults and 35 children) were treated according the MTAS-EMS. Cessation of seizure was achieved in 85% of the adults and in 97% of the children, if all options of the MTAS-EMS were used. The first dose of nasal midazolam was more successful in children compared to adults (p = 0.012). In adults, the single dose of i.v. diazepam terminated the seizure in 98% (p = 0.001) compared to 57% for the single dose of iv and 64% for nasal midazolam. Conclusions The treatment success of the MTAS-EMS is high. However, in adults the single dose of i.v. diazepam is as successful as the completely used MTAS-EMS and seems to be superior to the single dose iv and nasal midazolam.
Published: 2019

5. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Does Not Reliably Detect the Cerebral Status in Adults During Aortic Arch Surgery - A Retrospective Trial

Author: M Bosshart, Werner Baulig, and University of Zurich
Subjects: Aortic dissection, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Area under the curve, 610 Medicine & health, Aortic arch surgery, medicine.disease, Bispectral index, Anesthesia, Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, Medicine, 10023 Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Cerebral perfusion pressure, business, Stroke
Abstract: Introduction: To investigate relationship between intraoperative regional oxygen cerebral desaturation (rScO_2) and the incidence of neurological deficit after aortic arch surgery in adult patients. Methods: This study was conducted in a retrospective fashion. 53 patients undergoing aortic arch surgery with antegrade selective cerebral perfusion during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest between 2010 and 2012 were included. ln all patients cerebral monitoring was performed using the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and a bispectral index electroencephalography (BIS). Cumulative values of rScO_2 decrease ＞ 20% of the baseline level (min%) captured as the area under the curve (rScO_2 AUC) were calculated. Patients were divided in two groups: patients with (N-group) and without (Non-N group) a nonreversible neurological deficit, and patients with (D-group) and without (Non-D group) a reversible neurological deficit. Results: Of 53 patients, 49 (93%) suffered an aortic dissection Stanford Type A/De Bakey Type I and 4 (8%) patients a De Bakey Type II. Six (11%) patients died. Eleven (21%) patients developed a nonreversible (stroke, hemorrhage) and 23 (43%) patients a reversible neurological deficit (postoperative delirium). Postoperative delirium was significantly more frequent in the N-group (91%) compared to the Non-N group (33%). No significant difference was found for absolute rScO_2 values ＜ 50% and for the rScO_2 AUC in both hemispheres between all groups. Conclusion: Regional oxygen cerebral desaturation measured by NIRS appears to be a poor indicator for neurological outcome after aortic arch surgery in adults.
Published: 2017

6. Coagulation in trauma

Author: Oliver M. Theusinger, Jerrold H. Levy, and Werner Baulig
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, business.industry, Inflammation, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, medicine.disease, Hyperfibrinolysis, Endothelial activation, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Traumatic injury, Coagulation, medicine, Coagulopathy, Platelet, medicine.symptom, Intensive care medicine, business, Protein C, medicine.drug
Abstract: Summary Uncontrollable bleeding is the major cause of possible preventable death after traumatic injury. Up to one third of patients admitted to the emergency room will develop the so-called trauma induced coagulopathy (TIC) which has been shown to be associated with massive transfusions, increased morbidity and mortality. Several recent studies contribute to our present understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of TIC. In the literature the lethal triad of trauma (hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy), dilution and hypoperfusion including the role of the protein C pathway activation are well described. Recent studies offer evidence for the mechanisms which induce TIC that include platelet dysfunction, endothelial activation/anticoagulation, hypofibrinogenaemia and hyperfibrinolysis which develop very early after traumatic injury. One of the major limitations of the current literature regarding TIC is that most data presented are associations from observational databases, and only a few prospective observational studies exist and causative aspects are only shown by haemorrhagic shock in animal models. TIC represents a complex interplay between coagulation, inflammation, and cellular dysfunction (platelets, leukocytes, and endothelium). Mechanisms include anticoagulation by the thrombin-thrombomodulin protein C system, platelet dysfunction and hyperfibrinolysis. The understanding of TIC has improved immensely in recent years but many questions remain that need to be answered by other prospective studies and animal models to further define this complex syndrome.
Published: 2015

7. Impact of city police layperson education and equipment with automatic external defibrillators on patient outcome after out of hospital cardiac arrest

Author: Gabriela H. Spahn, Andreas Zollinger, Donat R. Spahn, Martin Brüesch, Philipp Stein, Burkhardt Seifert, Stefan M Müller, Werner Baulig, University of Zurich, and Stein, Philipp
Subjects: Male, Emergency Medical Services, Defibrillation, 10216 Institute of Anesthesiology, medicine.medical_treatment, education, 610 Medicine & health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Emergency Nursing, Out of hospital cardiac arrest, 2705 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Time-to-Treatment, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, External defibrillators, medicine, Hospital discharge, Humans, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Basic life support, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, Retrospective cohort study, 10060 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Police, 2907 Emergency Nursing, Hospitalization, Layperson, Treatment Outcome, Emergency Medicine, Successful resuscitation, Female, Medical emergency, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, 2711 Emergency Medicine, Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest, Switzerland, Defibrillators
Abstract: Out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurs frequently and the outcome is often dismal. Early defibrillation saves lives and brain function in OHCA. The Zurich city police (STAPO) forces were instructed and equipped to provide basic life support (BLS) and to use an AED in 2009.Retrospective observational study comparing period 1 (P1) 2004-2009 before equipping and training of the STAPO and period 2 (P2) 2010-2015 after the implementation. Patients suffering from OHCA of cardiac or presumed cardiac origin in the city of Zurich undergoing CPR by EMS in P1 (n=709) and P2 (n=684) were included. Intervention periods and outcome were compared between the periods. Outcome variables were adjusted for patient age and gender, witnessed status, and defibrillation by the EMS, STAPO, layperson or no defibrillation.In P2, CPR was started by the STAPO in a median of 8 (IQR 6-9) minutes after the arrest and thus significantly earlier (median 3min) than by the EMS (p0.001). STAPO performed the first defibrillation in a median of 9 (IQR 8-10) minutes and thus significantly earlier (median 6min) than the EMS (p0.001). Outcome improved significantly in P2: proportion of patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC, P2 35.8%, P1 24.0%, OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.2, p0.001), hospital admission (P2 32.2%, P1 21.4%, OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-2.2, p0.001) and survival to hospital discharge (P2 13.6%, P1 6.9%, OR 2.1 95% CI 1.5-3.0, p0.001). If the patient was firstly defibrillated by the STAPO, ROSC (STAPO 74.4%, adj. OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-5.4, p=0.010) and hospital admission (STAPO 72.1%, adj. OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.6, p=0.005) was higher compared to patients firstly defibrillated by the EMS. Survival to hospital discharge (STAPO 30.2%, adj. OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.7-2.9, p=0.38) was unchanged.Dispatching BLS trained and AED equipped police forces results in earlier and more successful resuscitation of OHCA victims, leading to higher proportions of patients with ROSC, hospital admission and survival to hospital discharge.
Published: 2017

8. Accuracy of non-invasive continuous total hemoglobin measurement by Pulse CO-Oximetry in severe traumatized and surgical bleeding patients

Author: Burkhardt Seifert, Donat R. Spahn, Oliver M. Theusinger, Werner Baulig, University of Zurich, and Baulig, Werner
Subjects: Adult, Male, Severe bleeding, medicine.medical_specialty, Post hoc, 10216 Institute of Anesthesiology, Blood Loss, Surgical, Hemorrhage, Health Informatics, 610 Medicine & health, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Hemoglobins, 03 medical and health sciences, Patient Admission, 0302 clinical medicine, 030202 anesthesiology, Monitoring, Intraoperative, Linear regression, medicine, Humans, Oximetry, Prospective Studies, Hemoglobin measurement, Aged, Monitoring, Physiologic, 2718 Health Informatics, Pulse (signal processing), business.industry, Non invasive, Reproducibility of Results, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, 10060 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), Middle Aged, Predictive value, Total hemoglobin, Surgery, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sample Size, Anesthesia, Emergency Medicine, Hemoglobinometry, Linear Models, Female, 2703 Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, business, 2706 Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Algorithms
Abstract: The Masimo Radical-7 Pulse CO-Oximeter (Masimo Corp., USA) non-invasively computes hemoglobin concentration (SpHb). SpHb was compared to Co-Oximeter readings (CoOxHb) of arterial samples in surgery patients of the emergency department. Forty-six patients were enrolled. The Masimo R1 25L (revision F and G) adult adhesive sensor was attached to the ring finger of the arterially cannulated hand. Before start, every 30 min during surgery and in the case of severe bleeding SpHb and CoOxHb values were documented. SpHb and post hoc adjusted SpHb (AdSpHb) values were analyzed. Linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman plot for agreement were performed. The detection failure rate of SpHb was 24.5 %. CoOxHb and SpHb showed a strong correlation (r = +0.81), but agreement was moderate [bias (LOA) of -0.6 (-3.0; +1.9)] g/dl. Positive and negative predicted value was 0.49 and 0.69. Exclusion of changes of CoOxHb values ≤1 g/dl resulted in a positive and negative predictive value of 0.66 and 1.00. Post hoc adjustment of the SpHb (AdSpHb) improved linear correlation of CoOxHb and AdSpHb [r = +0.90 (p
Published: 2017

9. Short term general anesthesia for retro-bulbar block in ophthalmic surgery generates no significant hypercapnia

Author: Monica Weber, Werner Baulig, Oliver M. Theusinger, Beatrice Beck-Schimmer, Peter Biro, University of Zurich, and Baulig, Werner
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, 10216 Institute of Anesthesiology, Apnea, 610 Medicine & health, Health Informatics, Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, Anesthesia, General, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Hypercapnia, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Bolus (medicine), Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension, 030202 anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Medicine, Humans, Thiopental, 2718 Health Informatics, Ophthalmic surgery, Aged, business.industry, Equipment Design, Carbon Dioxide, Middle Aged, Respiration, Artificial, Chin, Surgery, Oxygen, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, 030228 respiratory system, Anesthesia, Female, 2703 Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, medicine.symptom, Blood Gas Analysis, 2706 Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, business
Abstract: To assess the impact of short time hypnosis for retro-bulbar anesthesia on ventilation in patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery of the anterior eye chamber. In all patients, a combined continuous transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (PtcCO2) and partial oxygen saturation (SpO2) measurement was applied in addition to routine monitoring. To enable unconscious application of retro-bulbar anesthesia, intravenous thiopental was given in one to multiple bolus doses. Transient breathing support included chin lift, Esmarch maneuver and manual hand-bag ventilation via face mask. Main endpoints were apnea time, recovery time according to the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, as well as SpO2 and PtcCO2 readings at predefined time points. Fifty-two patients with a mean age of 68 ± 13 years were included. Average thiopental dose was 2.7 ± 0.6 mg/kg. In seven (13.5%) patients repeated doses of thiopental were necessary to a total of 3.3 ± 1.1 mg/kg. Except one patient, no severe, significant or clinical relevant hypercapnia or desaturation periods were observed, and the occurring elevation of PtcCO2 values did not correlate with the application of repeated doses of thiopental or the need for the Esmarch maneuver. Higher PtcCO2 values were associated with the presence of hypertension and smoking. Apnea (p
Published: 2016

10. Impact of Restrictive Intravenous Fluid Replacement and Combined Epidural Analgesia on Perioperative Volume Balance and Renal Function Within a Fast Track Program

Author: Markus Schäfer, Sven Muller, Konrad Maurer, Marco P. Zalunardo, Nicolas Demartines, Martin Hübner, Pierre A. Clavien, Werner Baulig, Zurich Fast Track Study Group, Müller, S., Hübner, M., Demartines, N., Clavien, PA., Zalunardo, MP., Maurer, K., Werner, B., Decurtins, M., Eisner, L., Castelli, I., Keller, HP., Langer, I., Gelpke, H., Grieder, F., Carstensen, T., Gehrz, A., Spahr, T., Paganoni, R., University of Zurich, and Demartines, N
Subjects: Adult, Male, 10216 Institute of Anesthesiology, medicine.medical_treatment, Renal function, Hemodynamics, 610 Medicine & health, Hematocrit, Kidney, Perioperative Care, chemistry.chemical_compound, Postoperative Complications, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Infusions, Intravenous, Colectomy, 10217 Clinic for Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Creatinine, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Urinary retention, Contraindications, Incidence, Perioperative, Length of Stay, Middle Aged, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Anesthetics, Combined, 2746 Surgery, Analgesia, Epidural, chemistry, Anesthesia, Fluid Therapy, Female, Surgery, Fluid Therapy/contraindications, Hemodynamics/physiology, Kidney/physiology, Postoperative Complications/epidemiology, Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology, Fast track, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Key factors of Fast Track (FT) programs are fluid restriction and epidural analgesia (EDA). We aimed to challenge the preconception that the combination of fluid restriction and EDA might induce hypotension and renal dysfunction. METHODS: A recent randomized trial (NCT00556790) showed reduced complications after colectomy in FT patients compared with standard care (SC). Patients with an effective EDA were compared with regard to hemodynamics and renal function. RESULTS: 61/76 FT patients and 59/75 patients in the SC group had an effective EDA. Both groups were comparable regarding demographics and surgery-related characteristics. FT patients received significantly less i.v. fluids intraoperatively (1900 mL [range 1100-4100] versus 2900 mL [1600-5900], P < 0.0001) and postoperatively (700 mL [400-1500] versus 2300 mL [1800-3800], P < 0.0001). Intraoperatively, 30 FT compared with 19 SC patients needed colloids or vasopressors, but this was statistically not significant (P = 0.066). Postoperative requirements were low in both groups (3 versus 5 patients; P = 0.487). Pre- and postoperative values for creatinine, hematocrit, sodium, and potassium were similar, and no patient developed renal dysfunction in either group. Only one of 82 patients having an EDA without a bladder catheter had urinary retention. Overall, FT patients had fewer postoperative complications (6 versus 20 patients; P = 0.002) and a shorter median hospital stay (5 [2-30] versus 9 d [6-30]; P< 0.0001) compared with the SC group. CONCLUSIONS: Fluid restriction and EDA in FT programs are not associated with clinically relevant hemodynamic instability or renal dysfunction.
Published: 2012

11. Measurement of Activated Coagulation Time in Children: Evaluation of the Blood-Saving Kaolin i-STAT Activated Coagulation Time Technique in Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia

Author: Markus Weiss, Werner Baulig, Francis F. Ulmer, Dominique Bettex, Nelly Spielmann, and Christoph Bürki
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Whole Blood Coagulation Time, Adolescent, Coagulation time, Blood saving, law.invention, law, Monitoring, Intraoperative, medicine, Cardiopulmonary bypass, Humans, Anesthesia, Prospective Studies, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Child, Blood Coagulation, Cardiopulmonary Bypass, business.industry, Limits of agreement, Age Factors, Infant, Intra-rater reliability, Cardiac surgery, Cardiac Anesthesia, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Child, Preschool, Female, Partial Thromboplastin Time, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Activated Coagulation Time, business
Abstract: To compare the activated coagulation times (ACTs) measured with the blood-saving kaolin i-STAT 1 ACT technique (Abbott Point of Care Inc, Princeton, NJ) with ACTs obtained from the widely used ACTR II device (Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, MN) in children undergoing cardiac surgery.A prospective, observational single-center study.Forty-four pediatric cardiac surgery patients.Surgery was performed with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) necessitating heparinization.ACTs measured on the i-STAT 1 device (2 × 95 μL) were compared with those obtained from the Medtronic ACTR II device (2 × 0.5 mL). Blood samples were drawn before, during, and after heparinization for CPB and paired for statistical analysis. The 2 techniques were compared using simple and multiregression analyses and the Bland-Altman method. In total, 179 intrarater and 142 interrater data pairs were analyzed. The intrarater reliability of the 2 devices was good, with a mean bias and limits of agreement of +2.0 and -55.5/+59.5 seconds for the Medtronic ACTR II and +0.5 and -59.9/+60.9 seconds for the i-STAT 1. An interrater reliability analysis of the mean of simultaneously measured ACT of the Medtronic ACTR II and both i-STAT 1 devices yielded a mean bias of -5.3 seconds and limits of agreement of -210.1/+199.5 seconds. A comparison of the higher of the paired ACT values from both devices showed similar results. After the removal of heparin, the i-STAT 1's ACT values became significantly lower than those measured on the Medtronic ACTR II (p0.001). Simple and multiregression analyses revealed that base excess independently influenced the mean bias of the ACT values from the Medtronic ACTR II (p = 0.037) and i-STAT 1 devices (p = 0.036).The kaolin i-STAT 1 ACT technique agreed well with the Medtronic ACTR II technique during the nonheparinized phase that preceded CPB. The overall agreement between the ACT obtained from the 2 devices was poor. The routine use of i-STAT 1 measured ACT values cannot be recommended as a reliable alternative to the Medtronic ACTR II.
Published: 2011

12. Off-pump surgery for the poor ventricle?

Author: Simon H. Sündermann, Simon P. Hoerstrup, Jürg Grünenfelder, Hector P. Rodriguez, Andre Plass, Maximilian Y. Emmert, Stephan Jacobs, Volkmar Falk, Burkhardt Seifert, Christoph Starck, Oliver M. Theusinger, Sacha P. Salzberg, Werner Baulig, University of Zurich, and Emmert, Maximilian Y
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, medicine.medical_treatment, Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump, 610 Medicine & health, Coronary Artery Disease, Revascularization, Risk Assessment, 2705 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Ventricular Function, Left, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Odds Ratio, medicine, Humans, Coronary Artery Bypass, Propensity Score, Stroke, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Chi-Square Distribution, Ejection fraction, business.industry, Patient Selection, Stroke Volume, 10060 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), 11359 Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), Stroke volume, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, 10020 Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Surgery, Cardiac surgery, 10022 Division of Surgical Research, Logistic Models, Treatment Outcome, Respiratory failure, Heart failure, Cardiology, 570 Life sciences, biology, Feasibility Studies, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Switzerland
Abstract: Severely decreased ejection-fraction is an established risk-factor for worse outcome after cardiac surgery. We compare outcomes of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) and on-pump CABG (ONCABG) in patients with severely compromised EF. From 2004 to 2009, 478 patients with a decreased EF ≤35% underwent myocardial-revascularization. Patients received either OPCAB (n = 256) or ONCABG (n = 222). Propensity score (PS), including 50 preoperative risk-factors, was used to balance characteristics between groups. PS adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to assess mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). A composite endpoint for major non-cardiac complications such as respiratory failure, renal failure, rethoracotomy was applied. Complete revascularization (CR) was assumed when the number of distal anastomoses was larger than that of diseased vessels. There was no difference for mortality (2.3 vs. 4.1%; PS-adjusted odds ratio (PS-OR) = 1.05; p = 0.93) and MACCE (13.7 vs. 17.6%; PS-OR = 1.22; p = 0.50) including myocardial-infarction (1.4 vs. 4.9%; PS-OR = 0.39; p = 0.26), low cardiac output (2.3 vs. 4.7%; PS-OR = 0.75; p = 0.72) and stroke (2.3 vs. 2.7%; PS-OR = 0.69; p = 0.66). OPCAB patients presented with a trend to less frequent occurrence of the non-cardiac composite (12.1 vs. 22.1%; PS-OR = 0.54; p = 0.059) including renal dysfunction (PAOR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.31-1.9; p = 0.57), bleeding (PAOR = 0.42; 95% CI 0.14-1.20; p = 0.10) and respiratory failure (PAOR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.05-3.29; p = 0.39). The rate of complete revascularization was similar (92.2 vs. 92.8%; PS-OR = 0.75; p = 0.50). OPCAB in patients with severely decreased EF is safe and feasible. It may even benefit these patients in regard to non-cardiac complications and does not come at cost of less complete revascularization.
Published: 2011

13. Relative concentrations of haemostatic factors and cytokines in solvent/detergent-treated and fresh-frozen plasma

Author: Donat R. Spahn, Maximilian Y. Emmert, Werner Baulig, Oliver M. Theusinger, Lars M. Asmis, and Burkhardt Seifert
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Detergents, Fibrinogen, Plasma, Von Willebrand factor, Reference Values, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Interleukin 8, Interleukin 6, Hemostasis, biology, business.industry, Interleukin, Blood Coagulation Factors, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Endocrinology, Cytokine, Coagulation, Immunology, Solvents, biology.protein, Cytokines, Fresh frozen plasma, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Indications, efficacy, and safety of plasma products are highly debated. We compared the concentrations of haemostatic proteins and cytokines in solvent/detergent-treated plasma (SDP) and fresh-frozen plasma (FFP).Concentrations of the following parameters were measured in 25 SDP and FFP samples: fibrinogen (FBG), factor (F) II, F V, F VII, F VIII, F IX, F X, F XIII, von Willebrand factor (vWF), D-Dimers, ADAMTS-13 protease, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10.Mean FBG concentrations in SDP and FFP were similar, but in FFP, the range was larger than in SDP (P0.01). Mean F II, F VII, F VIII, F IX, and F XIII levels did not differ significantly. Higher concentrations of F V (P0.01), F X (P0.05), vWF (P0.01), and ADAMTS-13 (P0.01) were found in FFP. With the exception of F VIII and F IX, the range of concentrations for all of these factors was smaller (P0.05) in SDP than in FFP. Concentrations of TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 (all P0.01) were higher in FFP than in SDP, again with a higher variability and thus larger ranges (P0.01).Coagulation factor content is similar for SDP and FFP, with notable exceptions of less F V, vWF, and ADAMTS-13 in SDP. Cytokine concentrations (TNFα, IL-8, and IL-10) were significantly higher in FFP. The clinical relevance of these findings needs to be established in outcome studies.
Published: 2011

14. Comparison of Spectral Entropy and Bispectral Index Electroencephalography in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Author: Edith R. Schmid, Urs Schwarz, Burkhardt Seifert, Werner Baulig, University of Zurich, and Baulig, W
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, 10216 Institute of Anesthesiology, 610 Medicine & health, Electroencephalography, 2705 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, law.invention, Response entropy, law, Internal medicine, Cardiopulmonary bypass, Medicine, Prospective cohort study, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Spectral entropy, 10060 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), 10040 Clinic for Neurology, Surgery, Cardiac surgery, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Bispectral index, Anesthesia, Cardiology, 2703 Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Artery
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study's aim was to compare response entropy (RE) and state entropy (SE) with bispectral index (BIS) electroencephalography (EEG) as an alternative cerebral monitoring tool in patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. DESIGN: Prospective, observational single-center study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery receiving remifentanil-propofol anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS: Surgery was performed with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cardiac arrest in 15 patients, with CPB without cardiac arrest in 9 patients and without CPB in 6 patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: RE, SE, BIS, burst suppression ratio (BSR), and frontal electromyography (f-EMG) were detected simultaneously. RE and SE compared favorably with BIS and their correlations were strong (r(2) = 0.6, r(2) = 0.55, respectively). The mean bias of RE and BIS was -1.8, but limits of agreement were high (+20.5/-24.1). RE and SE tended to be lower than the BIS values in the CPB subgroups. The detection of BSR was similar with RE and SE and the BIS. A strong correlation existed between BIS and f-EMG (r(2) = 0.62) in contrast to RE (r(2) = 0.45) and SE (r(2) =0.39). BIS monitoring was significantly more disturbed than RE and SE with 9.1% +/-10.9% and 0.1% +/- 0.2% of the total anesthesia time, respectively. Neither implicit nor explicit memory was shown. CONCLUSION: RE and SE are comparable with the BIS but showed significantly less interference from f-EMG and superior resistance against artifacts. Thus, spectral entropy is more suitable than the BIS during propofol-remifentanil anesthesia in cardiac surgery patients.
Published: 2010

15. Red cell transfusion in elective cardiac surgery patients

Author: Andrea Lassnigg, Werner Baulig, H. W. Reesink, P. Raivio, Daniel Schmidlin, G. Janvier, A. Schiferer, A. Westerlind, Alain Vuylsteke, Andreas Zuckermann, Michael Hiesmayr, Marc Kastrup, J.-J. Lehot, Herko Grubitzsch, Simon Panzer, C. Isetta, C. von Heymann, R. Suojaranta-Ylinen, C. Gerrard, Edith R. Schmid, S. Bélisle, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and University of Zurich
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, 10216 Institute of Anesthesiology, business.industry, 2720 Hematology, 610 Medicine & health, Hematology, General Medicine, Surgery, Cardiac surgery, Red cell transfusion, Text mining, Elective Surgical Procedures, Surveys and Questionnaires, Internal medicine, medicine, Cardiology, Humans, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Erythrocyte Transfusion, business
Published: 2009

16. Accuracy of Continuous Central Venous Oxygen Saturation Monitoring in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

Author: Werner Baulig, Alexander Dullenkopf, Hans Rudolf Roth, Edith R. Schmid, Andreas Kobler, Barbara Baulig, University of Zurich, and Baulig, W
Subjects: Adult, Catheterization, Central Venous, Mean arterial pressure, medicine.medical_specialty, 10216 Institute of Anesthesiology, medicine.medical_treatment, Cardiac index, Hemodynamics, 610 Medicine & health, Health Informatics, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Sensitivity and Specificity, law.invention, law, Monitoring, Intraoperative, Intensive care, Heart rate, medicine, Humans, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Oximetry, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Aged, 2718 Health Informatics, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Reproducibility of Results, Middle Aged, Intensive care unit, Cardiac surgery, Oxygen, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia, 2703 Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, 2706 Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, business, Central venous catheter
Abstract: Continuous assessment of central venous oxygen saturation (S(cevox)O(2)) with the CeVOX device (Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany) was evaluated against central venous oxygen saturation (S(cv)O(2)) determined by co-oximetry.In 20 cardiac surgical patients, a CeVOX fiberoptic probe was introduced into a standard central venous catheter placed in the right internal jugular vein and advanced 2-3 cm beyond the catheter tip. After in vivo calibration of the probe, S(cevox)O(2), S(cv)O(2), mixed venous oxygen saturation (S(mv)O(2)) haemoglobin (Hb), body temperature, heart rate, central venous and mean arterial pressure, and cardiac index were assessed simultaneously at 30 min intervals during surgery and at 60 min intervals during recovery in the intensive care unit. Agreement between S(cevox)O(2), and S(cv)O(2) was determined by Bland-Altman analysis. Simple regression analysis was used to assess the correlation of S(cevox)O(2), and S(cv)O(2) to Hb, body temperature and haemodynamic parameters.Values of S(cevox)O(2) and S(cv)O(2) (84 data pairs during surgery and 106 in the intensive care unit) ranged between 45-89% and 43-90%, respectively. Mean bias and limits of agreement of S(cevox)O(2) and S(cv)O(2) were -0.9 (-7.9/+6.1)% during surgery and -1.2 (-10.5/+8.1)% in the intensive care unit. In 37.9% of all measured data pairs, the difference between S(cevox)O(2) and S(cv)O(2) was beyond clinically acceptable limits (or =1 s.d.). Mean bias was significantly influenced by cardiac index. Sensitivity and specificity of S(cevox)O(2) to detect substantial (or =1 s.d.) changes in S(cv)O(2) were 89 and 82%, respectively.In adult patients during and after cardiac surgery, the current version of the CeVOX device might not be the tool to replace S(cv)O(2) determined by co-oxymetry, although sensitivity and specificity of S(cevox)O(2 )to predict substantial changes in S(cv)O(2) were acceptable.
Published: 2008

17. Transcutaneous continuous carbon dioxide tension monitoring reduced incidence, degree and duration of hypercapnia during combined regional anaesthesia and monitored anaesthesia care in shoulder surgery patients

Author: Alain Borgeat, José Aguirre, Sandra Guzzella, Marija Keselj, Barbara Baulig, Werner Baulig, University of Zurich, and Baulig, Werner
Subjects: Adult, Male, Shoulder, Shoulder surgery, medicine.medical_treatment, Remifentanil, 610 Medicine & health, Health Informatics, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Sensitivity and Specificity, 142-005 142-005, MAC Regimen, Hypercapnia, Piperidines, Anesthesia, Conduction, Monitoring, Intraoperative, Humans, Medicine, Prospective Studies, Propofol, Monitoring, Physiologic, 2718 Health Informatics, business.industry, Incidence, Reproducibility of Results, Oxygenation, Carbon Dioxide, Middle Aged, respiratory tract diseases, Hypoventilation, Oxygen, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia, Breathing, Female, 2703 Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, medicine.symptom, business, 2706 Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous, Anesthetics, Intravenous, medicine.drug
Abstract: We studied the impact of transcutaneous continuous carbon dioxide tension (PtcCO2) monitoring on ventilation and oxygenation during monitored anaesthesia care (MAC) in patients scheduled for shoulder surgery with continuous interscalene block. 50 patients were randomised either to the intervention (I-group) or the control (C-group) group. In both groups MAC was performed using target controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil. MAC regimen was adapted to PtcCO2 values in the I-group, whereas the C-group was blinded for these values. Primary outcome was the incidence, degree and duration of hypoventilation stages. In the I-group and the C-group the mean ± SD [range] of PtcCO2 and PaCO2 was 5.79 ± 0.84 [4.37] and 5.44 ± 0.59 [2.78] kPa, as well as 6.41 ± 1.17 [6.29] and 6.01 ± 0.96 [7.15] kPa. Periods of PtcCO2/PaCO2 > 6.5 kPa were 21.0 ± 35.7/1.2 ± 4.2 min in the I-group and 45.6 ± 40.0/18.6 ± 26.8 min in the C-group. Severe hypercapnia (PtcCO2 and/or PaCO2 > 7.5 kPa) was dected in 3/0 patients of the I-group and in 10/3 patients of the C-group. PtcCO2 and PaCO2 showed a strong correlation (r = 0.78), but only moderate agreement with a mean bias (LOA) of −0.37 (−1.69; +0.95) kPa showing an overestimation of the PaCO2. Sensitivity and specificity of PtcCO2 to detect changes of PaCO2 was 0.94 and 0.56, respectively. In no patient SpO2 or SaO2 values lower than 90 % were measured. Despite a moderate agreement between PaCO2 and PtcCO2 the PtcCO2 monitoring significantly reduced incidence, degree and duration of hypercapnia in shoulder surgery patients with MAC.
Published: 2015

18. Changes in coagulation in standard laboratory tests and ROTEM in trauma patients between on-scene and arrival in the emergency department

Author: Stefan M Müller, Donat R. Spahn, Oliver M. Theusinger, Burkhardt Seifert, Werner Baulig, Sergio Mariotti, University of Zurich, and Theusinger, Oliver M
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Emergency Medical Services, Time Factors, Adolescent, 10216 Institute of Anesthesiology, Ambulances, 610 Medicine & health, Hematocrit, Fibrinogen, Wounds, Nonpenetrating, Protein S, Young Adult, Predictive Value of Tests, medicine, Coagulation testing, Humans, Prospective Studies, Blood Coagulation, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, biology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, 10060 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), Blood Coagulation Disorders, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Surgery, Thrombelastography, Thromboelastometry, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Clotting time, Coagulation, Anesthesia, biology.protein, Female, 2703 Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Blood Gas Analysis, business, Emergency Service, Hospital, Biomarkers, Switzerland, medicine.drug, Partial thromboplastin time
Abstract: BACKGROUND: When trauma patients arrive in the emergency department (ED), coagulopathy frequently is present. The time course, however, in which this coagulopathy develops is poorly understood. No study has fully evaluated the coagulation status, including thromboelastometry on-scene and at hospital arrival. We hypothesized that measured coagulation variables might change when measured at the scene of injury and upon arrival to the ED. METHODS: We performed a prospective, single-center, observational study investigating coagulation status in 50 trauma patients on-scene and at arrival in the ED. Measurements included arterial blood gases, ROTEM®, protein S100, protein C activity, protein S, Quick value, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, D-dimer, coagulation factor V (FV), coagulation factor XIII (FXIII), fibrinogen, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, and volume and blood products being administered during the first 24 hours. RESULTS: Significant changes between on-scene and the ED were observed for the following values: partial venous oxygen pressure increased and sodium, glucose, and lactate decreased. For EXTEM, INTEM, and APTEM, clotting time and clot formation time increased significantly, whereas maximal clot firmness and angle α decreased significantly (all P ≤ 0.004). For FIBTEM, clotting time increased significantly and maximal clot firmness decreased significantly. In the laboratory, significant reductions in hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, FV, FXIII, protein C activity, protein S, and protein S100 were observed (all P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although most all laboratory and rotational thromboelastometry coagulation tests worsened over time when measured on-scene and in the ED, monitoring coagulation at the scene of trauma does not provide clinically important information in a majority of trauma patients. One hour after injury, significant activation and consumption of fibrinogen, FV, FXIII, protein C activity, and protein S were observed.
Published: 2014

19. Laryngeal damage due to an unexpectedly large and inappropriately designed cuffed pediatric tracheal tube in a 13-month-old child

Author: Claudia M. Dillier, Claudine Gysin, Andreas C. Gerber, Daniel Trachsel, Markus Weiss, and Werner Baulig
Subjects: Male, Larynx, medicine.medical_specialty, Laryngoscopy, business.industry, Pain medicine, Infant, General Medicine, Anesthesia, General, respiratory system, Tracheal tube, Surgery, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Anesthesia, Anesthesiology, Intubation, Intratracheal, Humans, Medicine, Respiratory system, Intraoperative Complications, business, Respiratory tract
Abstract: To present a case of laryngeal damage in an infant caused by a too large and inappropriately designed cuffed tracheal tube.A 13-month-old child undergoing cardiac surgery was intubated with an uncuffed endotracheal tube with an internal diameter (ID) of 4.0 mm. Because of an important air leak around the tracheal tube during mechanical ventilation, a cuffed endotracheal tube ID 4.0 mm was inserted. The air leak with the tube cuff not inflated was acceptable at 25 cm H2O airway pressure. After extubation on the third postoperative day, the patient showed increasing stridor and respiratory deterioration. Fibreoptic laryngoscopy of the spontaneously breathing patient showed a large intra-laryngeal web. After surgical removal of the web, the child rapidly recovered and was discharged from the hospital on the 12th postoperative day. Inspection of the 4.0 mm (ID) cuffed tracheal tube revealed a cuff positioned inappropriately high and an increase of 0.7 mm in outer tube diameter compared to the 4.0 mm (ID) uncuffed tracheal tube from the same manufacturer. The tube cuff is likely to be situated within the larynx when placed in accordance to insertion depth formulas or radiological criteria, as used for uncuffed tracheal tubes in children.The larger than expected tracheal tube with its intra-laryngeal cuff position in a 13-month-old child likely caused mucosal damage and an inflammatory reaction within the larynx resulting in granulation tissue formation and fibrous healing around the tracheal tube.
Published: 2004

20. Regional cerebral oxygen desaturation measured by Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy is not a reliable indicator for cerebral outcome after aortic arch surgery

Author: Philipp K. Buehler, Werner Baulig, Marco Bosshart, Karin Brueckner, and Dominique Bettex
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, business.industry, Anesthesia, Internal medicine, medicine, Cardiology, Cerebral oxygen, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Aortic arch surgery, business
Published: 2015

21. The influence of laboratory coagulation tests and clotting factor levels on Rotation Thromboelastometry (ROTEM(R)) during major surgery with hemorrhage

Author: Oliver M. Theusinger, Donat R. Spahn, Maximilian Y. Emmert, Jennifer Eismon, Burkhardt Seifert, Werner Baulig, and Carsten M. Schröder
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Thrombin Time, Blood Loss, Surgical, Hemorrhage, Thrombin time, Young Adult, Predictive Value of Tests, Monitoring, Intraoperative, Coagulation testing, medicine, Humans, International Normalized Ratio, Blood Coagulation, Blood coagulation test, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Clotting factor, Aged, 80 and over, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Middle Aged, Blood Coagulation Factors, Surgery, Thrombelastography, Thromboelastometry, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Coagulation, Predictive value of tests, Multivariate Analysis, Linear Models, Female, Partial Thromboplastin Time, Blood Coagulation Tests, business, Biomarkers, Partial thromboplastin time
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the association between standard laboratory tests, coagulation factor concentrations, and Rotation Thromboelastometry (ROTEM® delta, TEM® International GmbH, Munich, Germany) in patients undergoing major surgery with hemorrhage.In 45 patient's fibrinogen, factor VIII, factor XIII, International Normalized Ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time, hemoglobin, leukocytes, and platelet count were simultaneously measured intraoperatively with ROTEM (EXTEM, INTEM, FIBTEM, APTEM) measurements. ROTEM parameters were: clotting time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), maximum clot firmness (MCF), and α-angle. Demographic and laboratory data were expressed as mean ± SD and median [range]; nonparametric Spearman rank correlations and multiple linear regressions were performed; P-values ≤0.003 were considered significant.Significant correlations (P ≤ 0.003) were found for CFT, α-angle, and MCF, in EXTEM, INTEM, and APTEM with platelets, INR, and fibrinogen. Factor VIII (18 measurements) showed a strong correlation (r ≥ 0.7 or r ≤ -0.7; all P ≤ 0.003) with MCF, CFT, and α-angle of EXTEM, INTEM, MCF of FIBTEM excluding CT of EXTEM, INTEM, FIBTEM and strong significant correlation for α-angle of APTEM and moderate for CFT and MCF of APTEM. A significant moderate to strong correlation of factor XIII with MCF of EXTEM, INTEM, FIBTEM, and APTEM was found. Hemoglobin was moderately correlated (r = 0.3-0.7 or r = -0.3 to -0.7) with MCF in APTEM (P = 0.003). A moderate to strong correlation of the standard coagulation tests with all ROTEM parameters was found, in particular the CT. The aPTT correlated significantly moderate to strong with CT, CFT, α-angle, and MCF of INTEM. However, multiple linear regressions were not able to show an influence of INR on ROTEM parameters except for APTEM-MCF. A significant impact of the aPTT on INTEM-CT was found. EXTEM, INTEM, and APTEM are significantly influenced by fibrinogen and platelets.The results confirm the clinical assumption that EXTEM, INTEM, and APTEM are associated with fibrinogen and platelets levels; INTEM-CT significantly to aPTT; and FIBTEM significantly to fibrinogen. Factor VIII showed a significant correlation with all ROTEM parameters except CT of EXTEM, INTEM, FIBTEM, and CFT and MCF of APTEM.
Published: 2013

22. Cardiac Contractility

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

23. Candidiasis

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

24. Capsaicin- 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

25. Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

26. Chronic Bronchitis

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

27. Cardiorenal Syndrome

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

28. Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS)

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

29. Cryptococcus gattii

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

30. Chest Infection

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

31. Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

32. Coma depasse

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

33. Cystic Echinococcosis (CE)

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

34. Calcium Channel Antagonist Poisoning

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

35. Cardiac Steroids and Glycoside Toxicity

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

36. Closure Time (PFA)

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

37. Cardiac Output, Measurements

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Internal medicine, medicine, Cardiology, End-diastolic volume, business, End-systolic volume, Pulse pressure
Published: 2012

38. Critical Illness Myopathy and/or Neuropathy (CRIMYNE)

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

39. Cardiac Troponin T

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

40. Continuous Veno-venous Hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF)

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

41. Clostridium difficile Infection

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

42. Closed Head Injury (CHI)

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

43. Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Monitoring

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

44. Contact Precautions

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

45. Capillary Refill

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

46. Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance in Children

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

47. Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

48. Contrast Nephropathy

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

49. Clostridium difficile Diarrhea

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

50. Catheter Port Allocation

Author: Adeel Abbasi, Francis DeRoos, José Artur Paiva, J.M. Pereira, Brian G. Harbrecht, Donald P. Levine, Patricia D. Brown, Lara Wijayasiri, Andrew Rhodes, Maurizio Cecconi, Jonathan R. Egan, Marino S. Festa, Chadwick D. Miller, Daniel W. Entrikin, W. Gregory Hundley, James McCord, Giorgio Della Rocca, Maria Gabriella Costa, Nima Majlesi, Diane P. Calello, Richard D. Shih, Dominic W. K. Spray, Raghu R. Seethala, Benjamin S. Abella, Claudio Ronco, Mikko Haapio, Nagesh S. Anavekar, Andrew A. House, Rinaldo Bellomo, Andrew M. Morris, Scott E. Bell, Kathryn M. Beauchamp, Sarah E. Pinski, Arianne Boylan, Jens-Peter Witt, Todd F. VanderHeiden, Philip F. Stahel, Gorazd Voga, José Rodolfo Rocco, Daniel B. Craig, Suzanne M. Shepherd, William H. Shoff, Samuel Waller, Sonia Labeau, Dominique Vandijck, Stijn Blot, John Tobias Nagurney, Donald D. Trunkey, John C. Mayberry, Christopher M. Watson, Robert G. Sawyer, Laura J. Moore, Ares Krishna Menon, Rüdiger Autschbach, Werner Baulig, Donat R. Spahn, Michael T. Ganter, Jeffry L. Kashuk, Judd E. Hollander, Julie P. Chou, Tom Lim, Andrew G. Lee, Christopher H. Mody, Lewis J. Kaplan, Roselle Crombie, Gina Luckianow, Derrick Sun, John H. Burton, Eric A. J. Hoste, Zhongping Huang, William R. Clark, Harold Litt, Jeremy Cordingley, Thomas J. Marrie, Lucido L. Ponce, Claudia S. Robertson, Carla Nester, Patrick D. Brophy, Anders Kallner, Brent P. Goodman, Oliver L. Hung, and Stefan Herget-Rosenthal
Published: 2012

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