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Insomnia is a common symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is resistant to first-line cognitive behavioral interventions. However, research suggests that, among individuals with PTSD, self-reported sleep impairment is typically more severe than what is objectively observed, a phenomenon termed sleep state misperception. Relatively little research has examined which individuals with PTSD are most likely to exhibit sleep state misperception. This study explored clinical predictors of sleep state misperception in a sample of 43 women with PTSD and clinically significant sleep impairment. During a baseline assessment, participants' PTSD symptoms were assessed using a clinical interview and their sleep was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Objective sleep, self-reported sleep, and PTSD symptoms were then assessed over a 1-week period using actigraphy and daily diaries. Consistent with previous research, women in the study exhibited total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), and sleep onset latency (SOL) sleep state misperception. For TST and SE, but not SOL, discrepancies between actigraphy and the PSQI were associated with each clinician-rated PTSD symptom cluster, whereas discrepancies between actigraphy and daily diary were only associated with clinician-rated reexperiencing symptoms. The only self-reported PTSD symptom that was uniquely associated with sleep state misperception was nightmares. This association was no longer significant after controlling for sleep-related anxiety. Results suggest that women with more severe reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD, particularly nightmares, may be more likely to exhibit TST and SE sleep state misperception, perhaps due to associated sleep-related anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess whether the higher prevalence of childhood trauma exposure but lower prevalence of alcohol use in Black vs. White adolescent girls reflects a lower magnitude of association between trauma and alcohol use initiation in Black girls; and additionally, whether low socioeconomic status (SES) and neighborhood factors account in part for the link between trauma and early alcohol use.Methods: Data were drawn from annual interviews conducted with an urban sample of girls and their primary caregivers from ages 5-8 (baseline) through age 17 (n = 2068, 57.7% Black, 42.3% White). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses using race and childhood trauma to predict alcohol use initiation were conducted in two stages, with SES and neighborhood factors added in the second stage.Results: Childhood trauma was more prevalent (29.0 vs. 17.5%) and alcohol use initiation less prevalent (37.7 vs. 54.4%) in Black vs. White girls, but we found no evidence for differences in liability conferred by trauma. However, significant changes in hazards ratios (HRs) from the unadjusted to adjusted models were observed for Black race (HR = 0.57, CI 0.50-0.65 to HR = 0.66, CI 0.54-0.80) and childhood trauma (HR = 1.70, CI 1.46-1.99 to HR = 1.34, CI 1.05-1.71).Conclusions: Findings indicate that childhood trauma is an equally potent risk factor for early drinking onset for Black and White girls; the risk for early alcohol use in Black girls who have experienced traumatic events should not be underestimated. Results further indicate that low SES and neighborhood factors contribute to the associations of childhood trauma and race with alcohol use initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the association between racial discrimination and suicidality (ideation, plan, or attempt) in African-American adolescents and young adults (n = 806, mean age = 17.9 years). Structured psychiatric phone interviews were conducted in offspring and their mothers in a high-risk alcoholism family study. Logistic regression analyses using offspring's own racial discrimination as a predictor revealed elevated odds of suicidality, even after adjusting for correlated psychiatric conditions (OR = 1.76) but was reduced to non-significance after adjusting for maternal experiences of racial discrimination (OR = 3.19 in males), depression, and problem drinking. Findings support a link between racial discrimination and suicidality in African-American youth that, for males, is partially explained by maternal racial discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the original article, in Table 3, the sentence "Primary caregiver education ≤  12 years" should be "Primary caregiver education < 12 years". The original article was corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) report significant trauma histories, high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), head injuries and comorbid disorders, and multiple barriers to treatment that often preclude the regular attendance and engagement required in typical therapy protocols. The significant challenges faced by IPV survivors needing treatment may be ameliorated by condensing effective treatments for PTSD, such as cognitive processing therapy (CPT), in an accelerated delivery timeline., Method: Using a multiple subject, single case design of six matched pairs of 12 female IPV survivors, we preliminarily tested the relative effectiveness of individual massed CPT delivered over 5 days (mCPT) as compared with standard CPT (sCPT) delivery in women IPV survivors. Assessments included full psychiatric diagnostic interviews, clinical interviews assessing trauma history and head injury prior to treatment, symptom monitoring during treatment, and full repeat assessments at 1 month and 3 months following treatment., Results: No treatment group effect was found for PTSD severity between mCPT and sCPT among intention-to-treat, F (1, 10) = .01, p = .93. Both mCPT and sCPT were associated with significant improvement in PTSD, F (2, 20) = 45.05, p < .001, d s = 1.32-2.38)., Conclusion: Overall, findings indicate mCPT appears effective in reducing psychological symptoms for women IPV survivors and suggest that condensed treatment is both palatable and feasible. Accelerated treatment delivery in this population may provide a necessary lifeline for women with IPV-related PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: To adapt the Boston Assessment of TBI-Lifetime (BAT-L) interview specifically for female survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), validate the adapted BAT-L/IPV, and report the prevalence of head injury., Setting: The BAT-L is the first validated instrument to diagnose traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) throughout the life span for post-9/11 veterans. The BAT-L/IPV was adapted to target diagnostic issues belonging exclusively to IPV while maintaining its life span approach., Participants: Community-dwelling convenience sample of 51 female survivors of IPV with subthreshold (n = 10) or full diagnostic criteria (n = 41) of posttraumatic stress disorder., Design: Standard TBI criteria were evaluated using a semistructured clinical interview., Main Measures: The BAT-L/IPV is compared with the Ohio State University TBI Identification Method (OSU-TBI-ID) scoring approach as the criterion standard., Results: Correspondence between the BAT-L/IPV and the OSU-TBI-ID score was excellent (Cohen κ = 0.86; Kendall τ-b = 0.89). Sensitivity = 89.3% (95% CI, 81.2-97.4); specificity = 98.3% (95% CI, 95.0-100); positive predictive value = 98.0% (95% CI, 94.2-100); and negative predictive value = 90.6% (95% CI, 83.5-97.7). On the BAT-L/IPV, more than one-third (35.3%) of IPV survivors reported TBI secondary to an IPV-related assault, 76.5% reported IPV subconcussive head injury, 31.4% reported attempted strangulation, and 37.3% reported non-IPV TBI., Conclusions: The BAT-L/IPV performed well in diagnosing TBI in female IPV survivors as compared with the criterion standard. The prevalence of TBI was frequent; subconcussive head injury was pervasive. Greater awareness for head injury risk and increased diagnostic specificity of TBI in IPV survivors is needed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Objective: Insomnia, characterized by difficulty falling and staying asleep, is a common and debilitating symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is resistant to first-line, trauma-focused therapies. Previous research has found that sleep-directed hypnosis improves subjective sleep quality, particularly sleep onset latency, in women with PTSD. However, it cannot be assumed that improvements in subjective sleep reports correspond with objectively measured sleep improvements, because research has indicated a lack of agreement across these measures. The current study examined the effects of sleep-directed hypnosis plus cognitive processing therapy (hypCPT) on objective indices of sleep quality measured with actigraphy. Method: Forty-five women with PTSD were randomized to receive sleep-directed hypCPT or sleep and psychiatric symptom monitoring plus CPT (ssmCPT). Pre- and posttreatment, participants completed 1 week of daily actigraphy assessments of nocturnal sleep onset latency, waking after sleep onset, and total sleep time. Results: Overall improvement in objective sleep indices was not observed. Despite this, at posttreatment, treatment completers receiving hypCPT took significantly less time to fall asleep than did women receiving ssmCPT. Conclusions: More research is needed to understand and reduce the discrepancy between subjectively and objectively assessed sleep impairments in PTSD. Nevertheless, results indicate that adding sleep-directed hypnosis to trauma-focused therapy may be of some use for individuals with PTSD-related insomnia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

In the current research, we examined the association of key risk and protective factors for gambling involvement from the domains of family environment, conduct problems/delinquency, substance use, and depressive psychopathology in a nationally representative sample. The sample was comprised of 13,291 young adults (ages 18-26; Meanage = 22.8) self-identifying as European American (n=9,939) or African American (n=3,335) who participated in Wave III (n = 15,170) of the restricted-use National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We used separate logistic regressions to study participation in specific gam bling categories (lottery games, casino-type games, other games). Childhood neglect, physical discipline, and current alcohol use was associated across each of the three gam bling categories. Our results also revealed differences between European American and African American subjects. Current cannabis use was associated with all three categories among African Americans, while current cigarette use was associated among European Americans for lottery games, and depression (female) was associated with other games. We also applied multinomial logistic regression to study gambling involvement based on the number of gam bling categories that the participant engaged in 2 or more (referent), only 1, or none at all. Our results revealed that delinquency/conduct symptoms (AOR=0.83) along with cannabis use (African American; AOR =0.66), cigarette use (European American; AOR =0.83), current alcohol use (AOR=0.66) were associated with gambling in two categories vs. gambling in one category. Childhood physical discipline (AOR=0.75) and childhood neglect (AOR=0.75) were associated with gam bling in two categories vs. no gambling. Further are needed to investigate the developmental pathways leading to increased gam bling involvement among African American and European American adolescents and young adults.