32 results on '"Werle R"'
Search Results
2. Dualität und Einheit: Descartes' Substanzdualismus
- Author
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Schneider, Helmut, Schröder-Werle, Renate, Schneider, H ( Helmut ), Schröder-Werle, R ( Renate ), Schulte, Peter; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8828-288X, Schneider, Helmut, Schröder-Werle, Renate, Schneider, H ( Helmut ), Schröder-Werle, R ( Renate ), and Schulte, Peter; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8828-288X
- Published
- 2022
3. Functional profile and quality of life in patients with cervical dystonia: 1451
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Werle, R. W., Takeda, S. Y.M., Zonta, M. B., Guimarães, A. T.B., and Teive, H. A.G.
- Published
- 2014
4. Infection of a knee joint with Mycobacterium avium in a patient with sarcoidosis: O141
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Hahne, J., von Stein, T., Militz, M., Werle, R., and Bühren, V.
- Published
- 2010
5. Additive design: the concept and data analysis
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Oliveira, M C, primary, Pereira, G A M, additional, Ferreira, E A, additional, Santos, J B, additional, Knezevic, S Z, additional, and Werle, R, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Reply to comments on “Performance assessment of factory and field calibrations for electromagnetic sensors in a loam soil”
- Author
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Rudnick, D.R., primary, Lo, T., additional, Singh, J., additional, Werle, R., additional, Muñoz-Arriola, F., additional, Shaver, T., additional, Burr, C.A., additional, and Dorr, T.J., additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Performance assessment of factory and field calibrations for electromagnetic sensors in a loam soil
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Singh, J., primary, Lo, T., additional, Rudnick, D.R., additional, Dorr, T.J., additional, Burr, C.A., additional, Werle, R., additional, Shaver, T.M., additional, and Muñoz-Arriola, F., additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Wirksamkeit der Isoliermaßnahmen bei multiresistenten Erregern durch eine Isolierstation im Vergleich zur Normal- und Intensivstation
- Author
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Greipel, J, Hackl, S, von Rüden, C, Werle, R, Bühren, V, Militz, M, Greipel, J, Hackl, S, von Rüden, C, Werle, R, Bühren, V, and Militz, M
- Published
- 2017
9. Kann mit einer Isolierstation die Rate nosokomialer Übertragungen von MRE reduziert werden?
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Militz, M, Maier, D, Hungerer, S, Werle, R, Bühren, V, Militz, M, Maier, D, Hungerer, S, Werle, R, and Bühren, V
- Published
- 2015
10. Uncertainty and the market for patents
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Troy, I. and Werle, R.
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Markt ,ddc:300 ,Risiko ,Patent ,Lizenzvergabe - Abstract
Modern societies regard knowledge as a production factor in its own right. The market is the prevailing governance mode of their economies, and it is supposed to be the most appropriate mode of trading and allocating knowledge assets, too. But socio-economic research has revealed that knowledge markets are far from functioning smoothly. Building on ongoing qualitative research into patent trading we suggest that the emergence of a well-functioning market for patented new technological knowledge is confronted with several obstacles, which can be characterized as different facets of uncertainty. They are included in the process of creation of innovative knowledge, in its transformation into a fictitious knowledge commodity (patent), in its uniqueness, in the strategy of transaction partners, in the estimation of the future market potential of final products (based on the patent), and generally in the problem of incomplete and asymmetric information. Also a commonly accepted method of determining a patent’s value is missing. We analyze structural and organizational responses to the problem of uncertainty. Potential traders often rely on contractual options, especially licensing agreements, and complementary procedural principles facilitating the trade of patents. Moderne Gesellschaften betrachten Wissen als einen eigenständigen Produktionsfaktor. Die Wirtschaft dieser Gesellschaften koordiniert sich in zunehmendem Maße durch den Markt, der als angemessener Modus der Allokation von und des Handels mit Wissen angesehen wird. Einschlägige sozioökonomische Studien zeigen allerdings, dass von einem Markttausch höchstens eingeschränkt die Rede sein kann. Auf der Basis einer laufenden qualitativen Untersuchung zum Patenthandel identifizieren wir unterschiedliche Facetten umfassender Unsicherheit, mit denen die Akteure in diesem Feld konfrontiert sind. Die Quellen der Unsicherheit liegen im Prozess der Entwicklung innovativen Wissens und dessen Transformation in eine fiktive Ware (Patent) ebenso wie in der Einzigartigkeit des patentierten Wissens. Aber auch die Schwierigkeiten, das Marktpotenzial eines auf dem Patent basierenden Endprodukts einzuschätzen, die Strategien der Transaktionspartner und generell die Probleme unvollständiger und asymmetrischer Information verursachen Unsicherheit. Zudem gibt es keine allgemein akzeptierte Methode, den Wert eines Patents zu bestimmen. Wir analysieren strukturelle, organisatorische und prozedurale Reaktionen auf das Problem der Unsicherheit und zeigen, dass potenzielle Handelspartner auf vertragliche Vereinbarungen, insbesondere Lizenzverträge setzen, um Patente zu handeln. 1 Introduction 2 Creating Property and ownership of technological knowledge 3 Transactions and markets 4 Uncertainty 5 Sources of uncertainty 6 Coping with uncertainty 7 A market for patents? References
- Published
- 2008
11. Die Verzahnung von Technologischen und sozialen Determinismen und die Ambivalenzen von Handlungsträgerschaft im >>Constructive Technology Assesment
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Rip, Arie, Dolata, U., and Werle, R.
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METIS-243295 - Published
- 2007
12. Institutionalistische Technikanalyse: Stand und Perspektiven
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Werle, R.
- Abstract
En diferentes sub-disciplinas de las ciencias sociales se encuentran enfoques institucionalistas que analizan la emergencia, el desarrollo y la difusión de las tecnologias, sin que eso sea necesariamente el punto central de estos estudios. Las aportaciones más importantes provienen del ámbito de los estudios sobre los sistemas nacionales de innovación, de las investigaciones sobre las variantes del capitalismo y de los estudios sociologicos de la tecnología. Estas serán discutidas en este articulo desde el punto de vista de la sociología de la tecnología. Los estudios utilizan muy a menudo una distinción simple entre tipos de tecnología o de innovaciones tecnologicas (por ejemplo radical/incremental). Muchos sugieren implicita o explicitamente modelos de fases del desarrollo tecnologico. Excepto los estudios socio-historicos, se renuncia, en general, a una descripción detallada de las tecnologias en cuestión. Esta estrategia del “black-boxing“ podría facilitar la detección y la descripción de las relaciones generalizables entre constelaciones institucionales y desarrollo tecnologico. Sin embargo, pocas veces se ha conseguido mostrar estas relaciones porque existe - sobre todo en las teorias de la innovación, parcialmente en los estudios sociologicos de la tecnologia y también, pero en menor grado, en los estudios sobre las variaciones del capitalismo – un deficit respecto a la conceptualización teórica de los arrangements institucionales y sus cambios, pero también porque pocas veces se toman en consideración las repercusiones de los cambios tecnológicos en las instituciones. In verschiedenen sozialwissenschaftlichen Teildisziplinen finden sich institutionalistische Ansätze, die die Entstehung, Entwicklung und Ausbreitung von Technik analysieren, ohne dass diese unbedingt den zentralen Fokus der Studien bildet. Die wichtigsten stammen aus dem Bereich der Forschung über nationale Innovationssysteme, der Forschung über die Spielarten des Kapitalismus und der Techniksoziologie. Sie werden in diesem Papier aus techniksoziologischer Perspektive diskutiert. Die Arbeiten bedienen sich oft einfacher Unterscheidungen zwischen bestimmten Typen von Technik oder technischen Innovationen (z.B. radikal/ inkrementell). Viele verwenden implizit oder explizit Phasenmodelle technischer Entwicklung. Zudem verzichten sie außer in historischen soziologischen Studien regelmäßig auf detaillierte Beschreibungen einzelner Techniken. Dieses „black-boxing“ kann es erleichtern, generalisierbare Zusammenhänge zwischen institutionellen Konstellationen und technischen Entwicklungen aufzuzeigen. Das ist bisher aber nur selten gelungen, weil – vor allem in der Innovationstheorie, teilweise auch in der Techniksoziologie und am wenigsten noch in den Studien über die Spielarten des Kapitalismus – ein Defizit hinsichtlich der theoretischen Konzeptualisierung von institutionellen Arrangements und deren Veränderung besteht, aber auch weil nur selten Rückwirkungen technischer Veränderungen auf Institutionen in die Untersuchungen einbezogen werden.
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- 2006
13. Institutionalistische Technikanalyse: Stand und Perspektiven
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Werle, R. and Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung
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Theorieanwendung ,descriptive study ,engineering ,diffusion ,deskriptive Studie ,technische Entwicklung ,Techniksoziologie ,Technik ,Sociology & anthropology ,innovation ,technical development ,theory application ,Soziologie, Anthropologie ,sociology of technology ,Institutioneller Wandel ,ddc:300 ,Institutionalismus ,institutionalism ,ddc:301 ,Sociology of Science, Sociology of Technology, Research on Science and Technology ,Wissenschaftssoziologie, Wissenschaftsforschung, Technikforschung, Techniksoziologie - Abstract
In verschiedenen sozialwissenschaftlichen Teildisziplinen finden sich institutionalistische Ansätze, die die Entstehung, Entwicklung und Ausbreitung von Technik analysieren, ohne dass diese unbedingt den zentralen Fokus der Studien bildet. Die wichtigsten stammen aus dem Bereich der Forschung über nationale Innovationssysteme, der Forschung über die Spielarten des Kapitalismus und der Techniksoziologie. Sie werden in diesem Papier aus techniksoziologischer Perspektive diskutiert. Die Arbeiten bedienen sich oft einfacher Unterscheidungen zwischen bestimmten Typen von Technik oder technischen Innovationen (zum Beispiel radikal/inkrementell). Viele verwenden implizit oder explizit Phasenmodelle technischer Entwicklung. Zudem verzichten sie außer in historischen soziologischen Studien regelmäßig auf detaillierte Beschreibungen einzelner Techniken. Dieses „black-boxing“ kann es erleichtern, generalisierbare Zusammenhänge zwischen institutionellen Konstellationen und technischen Entwicklungen aufzuzeigen. Das ist bisher aber nur selten gelungen, weil – vor allem in der Innovationstheorie, teilweise auch in der Techniksoziologie und am wenigsten noch in den Studien über die Spielarten des Kapitalismus – ein Defizit hinsichtlich der theoretischen Konzeptualisierung von institutionellen Arrangements und deren Veränderung besteht, aber auch weil nur selten Rückwirkungen technischer Veränderungen auf Institutionen in die Untersuchungen einbezogen werden. Different sub-disciplines of the Social Sciences provide institutional approaches to analyze the emergence, development and diffusion of technology which is not necessarily the central focus of these studies. Most important are those in the area of research on national systems of innovation, in the studies on the varieties of capitalism and in the sociology of technology. In this paper they are discussed from the perspective of the sociology of technology. Often the studies use rather simple distinctions between types of technology or technical innovations (e.g. radical/incremental). Many suggest implicitly or explicitly phase models of technical development. Except for historical sociological accounts the studies usually avoid providing a detailed description of single technologies. This "blackboxing" strategy by and large facilitates detecting generalizable relations between institutional constellations and technical development. But it has hardly ever succeeded because " foremost in innovation theory, but partly also in the sociology of technology and least so in the studies on the varieties of capitalism " a deficit is encountered concerning the theoretical concept of institutional arrangements and their changes but also because repercussions of technical changes on institutions have rarely been analyzed. 1 Zielsetzung 2 Innovationstheoretischer Institutionalismus 3 Politökonomischer Institutionalismus 4 Techniksoziologischer Institutionalismus 5 Forschungsperspektiven Literatur
- Published
- 2003
14. Lessons learnt from the Internet: hands off, hands on, or what role of public policy in Europe?
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Werle, R.
- Abstract
The evolution of the Internet challenges traditional approaches of industrial and technology policy and seems to suggest a hands off policy. The cultural impact of the network, on the other hand, appears to call for some regulatory intervention into its future development. The article’s first part briefly examines the role of U.S. public policy in the early stages of the Internet and then provides a critical assessment of institutional and policy factors in the EU which slowed down the Internet’s diffusion on this side of the Atlantic. Only recently can we observe changes. Telecommunications liberalization and the emergence of market competition in this industry coincide with a new Internet policy that recognizes the infra-structural significance of this network for a European information society and the need to involve Internet users in order to exploit the potential of this network. Another look at the Internet’s history in the article’s second part unveils that the network evolved in a cultural context that was shaped by the communities of designers and users whose members were either scientists and engineers or belonged to the “computer hacker” community. The technical design of the initial Internet embedded, reflected and reinforced elements of this cultural mixture. The technical ease with which the Internet extended into many diverse cultural settings has provided incentives and exerted pressures towards cultural change, and it has triggered efforts to control the use of and the content which is communicated via the net. The resulting dynamics unfolded as a consequence of the interdependence of technical and cultural elements. The cultural effects are manifold: rather than a uniform mega-trend we observe cultural globalization, cultural pluralization and fragmentation and also cultural convergence. Thus restrictive political intervention to protect a specific national culture would be the wrong recipe.
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- 2002
15. Standards in the international telecommunications regime
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Werle, R.
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L96 ,Welt ,Trade Negotiations ,Technical Standards ,Telekommunikation ,WTO-Regeln ,International Economic Order ,Normung ,Internationale Handelspolitik ,Institutioneller Wettbewerb ,ddc:330 ,Telecommunications ,Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse ,F02 ,F13 - Abstract
Technical standards in telecommunications – the central focus of this paper - were traditionally developed by official government accredited or intergovernmental organizations. In the last two decades, however, private forums and consortia of standardization have evolved which initiated a shift from a predominantly technical to a business approach to standards-setting. The business perspective also guides the evaluation of standards in trade policy at the European and at the international level. In the EU and more so in the WTO regional and national diversity of standards is generally regarded as a barrier to trade. Thus harmonization of diverging standards – and not standards competition – and/or the adoption of new international standards is stipulated. Only standards adopted by official organizations are regarded as legitimate. Private organizations and the standards developed by them tend to be ignored. Traditionell wurden technische Standards in der Telekommunikation - dem zentralen Gegenstand dieses Papiers - von anerkannten nationalen oder intergouvernementalen Organisationen entwickelt. In den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten sind jedoch private Foren und Konsortien entstanden, die einen Wandel initiiert haben von einem technisch zu einem kommerziell geprägten Verständnis von Standardisierung. Dieses leitet auch die Beurteilung von Standards durch die Handelspolitik auf europäischer und internationaler Ebene. In der EU und mehr noch in der WTO werden regional und national unterschiedliche Standards als Handelshemmnisse betrachtet. Deshalb fordert man die Harmonisierung der divergierenden Standards - und nicht deren Konkurrenz - und/oder die Entwicklung neuer internationaler Standards. Nur Standards, die von offiziellen Organisationen verabschiedet wurden, werden anerkannt. Private Organisationen und die von ihnen erarbeiteten Standards werden hingegen tendenziell ignoriert.
- Published
- 2001
16. Corporate actor networks in European policy making: Harmonizing telecommunications policy
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Dang Nguyen, G., Schneider, V., and Werle, R.
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ddc:300 - Abstract
The European Community as a social configuration, with its complex division of competencies and action capacities between EC institutions and national governments, is still difficult to conceptualize. In this context the authors propose the concept of corporate actor networks in order to understand more thoroughly the interaction processes of policy integration by which the European community has accumulated increasing supranational action capacities. A case study on the emergence and development EC telecommunications policy provides the background for a discussion of the scope, structure and operation of such EC policy actor networks. Mit ihrer komplexen Verteilung von Kompetenzen und Handlungskapazitäten zwischen den EG-Institutionen und den Mitgliedsstaaten ist das Sozialgebilde Europäische Gemeinschaft immer noch schwierig zu konzeptualisieren. Hierzu schlagen die Autoren das Konzept des Netzwerks korporativer Akteure vor. Dieses soll die Interaktionsprozesse zwischen den relevanten Akteuren in den Europäischen Gemeinschaften, welche der Integration verschiedener Politiken (policies) dienen, genauer fassen. Mittels einer Fallstudie über die Herausbildung und Entwicklung der EG-Telekommunikationspolitik wird ein Einblick in die Reichweite, Struktur und Operationsweise dieser transnationalen Politiknetzwerke auf EG-Ebene gegeben. Introduction 2 The European Community as an Emerging Political System Corporate Actor Characteristics of European Institutions A Network Concept of European Policy Making 3 The European Community in Telecommunications Policy The First Steps Toward European Telecommunications Policy The Making of European Telecommunications Policy The Green Paper on Telecommunications 4 The EC Commission in a National Policy Arena: The German Telecommunications Reform 5 Conclusion
- Published
- 1993
17. Koordination und Evolution: Technische Standards im Prozeß der Entwicklung technischer Systeme
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Schmidt, S. and Werle, R.
- Subjects
ddc:300 - Abstract
Evolutionstheoretische Erklärungen technischer Entwicklung haben in der letzten Zeit an Stellenwert gewonnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit sieht zwei Schwachstellen dieser Ansätze. Zum einen fehlt eine über stochastische Prozesse hinausgehende Erklärung der Entstehung von Varianz. Zum anderen wird die Rolle intentionaler Handlung im Mechanismus der Umweltselektion übergangen. Anhand von Beispielen aus der Telekommunikation und dem Computerbereich wird in diesem Papier aufgezeigt, wie Innovationen in größeren technischen Systemen sehr spezifischen Selektionsprozessen unterworfen sind. Neben ökonomischen Faktoren sind kognitive Elemente von Bedeutung. Mit der Zunahme großtechnischer Systeme werden Regeln des Aufbaus und der Gestaltung zunehmend als Standards kodifiziert und in übergreifende Architekturkonzepte eingeordnet. Sie können als Versuch von Akteueren gedeutet werden, das Ausmaß von technischer Varianz zu kontrollieren und so die bestehende Unsicherheit über die weitere Entwicklung des Systems zu reduzieren. Die Form sozialer Koordination zwischen den beteiligten Akteuren wirkt sich dabei direkt auf die Art der kognitiven Strukturierung aus. Das Papier zeigt auf, daß sich soziale Koordinationsmuster und technsiche Systemarchitekturen gegenseitig bedingen und wechselseitig stabilisieren. Evolutionary explanations of technological developrnent have gained in irnportance in recent years. The paper argues that there are two shortcornings of these approaches. Firstly, they lack to account for the genesis of different variants other than through stochastic processes. Secondly, they neglect the role of strategic action in the rnechanisrn of environrnental selection. Drawing on exarnples frorn telecornrnunications and cornputing, the paper exernplifies how innovations in large technical systerns contexts are shaped by very specific selection processes. Next to econornic factors cognitive elernents are significant. With the proliferation of large technical systerns, rules of construction and design are increasingly codified as standards, and ordered in comprehensive architectural concepts. They can be interpreted as the attempt of actors to control the degree of technical variance and thus to reduce the existing uncertainty of the further development of the system. The form of social coordination among the involved actors is directly relevant for the kind of cognitive structure. The paper shows that patterns of social coordination and technical architectural concepts are interdependent and stabilize each other. Abstract 1 Einleitung 2 Technische Entwicklung aus Sicht der Evolutionstheorie 3 Großtechnische Systemzusammenhänge und die Entwicklung technischer Artefakte 3.1 Systeme, Komponenten und Module 3.2 Probleme der Integration, der Kopplung und der Interoperation 3.3 Hierarchische Koordination, Einheitstechnik und Expansion des Telefonsystems 3.4 Interfaces, Kompatibilität und technische Standards 4 Großtechnische Systemzusammenhänge und die Entwicklung von Standards 4.1 Standardarchitekturen und Referenzmodelle 4.2 Die Entstehung von Standards im Kontext von kognitiven und materiellen Systemzusammenhängen 5 Koordination technischer Evolution durch Standards Literatur
- Published
- 1992
18. Telekommunikation in der Bundesrepublik: Expansion, Differenzierung, Transformation
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Werle, R.
- Subjects
ddc:300 - Abstract
Rasche Innovationen in der Übertragungs-, Vermittlungs- und Endgerätetechnik haben in den 70er Jahren die erneute Expansion und weitere Differenzierung des Telekommunikationssystems eingeleitet. Das Telefon, Wachstumsträger der ersten Nachkriegsjahrzehnte, wurde zwar nicht marginalisiert, verlor aber seine technische Dominanz. Hierdurch wurde auch die Position der Akteure relativiert, die sich speziell um diese "alte" Technik gruppiert hatten - insbesondere die Bundespost und die deutsche Fernmeldeindustrie. Die jüngst erfolgte "Poststrukturreform" ist eine Konsequenz dieses Wandels. Die Arbeit zeichnet diese Entwicklung als einen Prozeß der Expansion, Differenzierung und Transformation nach. In diesem hat das sozio-technische System Telekommunikation nicht nur seine technischen Komponenten verändert, sondern auch in wirtschaftlicher, politischer und rechtlicher Hinsicht neue Akteurnetzwerke, institutionelle Regelungen und Opportunitätsstrukturen entstehen lassen. Schaubilder Vorbemerkung Kapitel I Einleitung Technikforschung in den Sozialwissenschaften Fragestellung Gang der Untersuchung Kapitel II Theoretischer Bezugsrahmen: Die Telekommunikation als soziotechnisches Funktionssystem 1 Genese und Entwicklungsmuster 2 Systemeigenschaften und Differenzierungsstruktur 3 Akteure, Orientierungen und Handlungsfelder 4 Zur Struktur der Handlungsorientierungen und Handlungsfelder in der Telekommunikation 5 Problemdominanzen, Handlungsorientierungen und Systementwicklung Kapitel III Die frühe Nachkriegsentwicklung der Telekommunikation (1945-1955): Technische Weichenstellung für eine unsichere Zukunft 1 Institutionelle Ausgangssituation 2 Technische Alternativen: Restauration oder Neubeginn Technische Optionen des Neubeginns Zur Netzarchitektur Zur Vermittlungstechnik Langfristige Selbstbindung und technische Kooperation 3 Politische Non-Decision: Perpetuierung des staatlichen Monopols in demokratisch geläuterter Form Zum staatlichen Telekommunikationsmonopol Das Postverwaltungsgesetz (PVerwG) 4 Ökonomische Ultima Ratio: Verschuldung der Bundespost zur Finanzierung von Wiederaufbau und Wachstum Die zentrale Marktposition der Bundespost Zielvorgaben und Parameter des wirtschaftlichen Handelns der Post Die Herstellerindustrie Nachfragedruck und Infrastrukturknappheit 5 Verschränkung von Technik und Ökonomie Differenzierung der Benutzungsgebühren Technische und wirtschaftliche Lebensdauer der Anlagen Kostenorientierte Rationalisierung: Das Prinzip der Einheitstechnik Die Entscheidung für den Vermittlungswähler (EMD) von Siemens Kapitel IV Wachstum und Konsolidierung der Telekommunikation auf technisch sicherer Basis (1955-1978) 1 Von der Finanzkrise der Bundespost zur Politisierung der Telekommunikation Technik im Dienste der Ökonomie Politische Resonanz der Wachstumskrise der Bundespost Die Bundespost zwischen Wirtschaft und Politik 2 Statt mehr Markt mehr Staat: Politische und rechtliche Stabilisierung des Monopols der Bundespost Erste Kritik an der Monopolstellung der Bundespost Politik und Recht im Streit um die Postverfassung Erfolglose Aktionen gegen die monopolistische Stellung der Post Die technologiepolitische Entdeckung der Post 3 Stetig, aber langsam: Technische Entwicklung geschützt vor Markt und Staat Elektromechanik und Elektronik Teilelektronische Versuchsvermittlungssysteme Raumvielfach und Zeitvielfach Das analoge elektronische Wählsystem (EWS) Probleme bei der Entwicklung des EWS Datenkommunikation und offene Zweckstruktur der Technik Elektronische Datenvermittlung und Netzintegration Technische Innovation und betriebliche Interessen 4 Ein prosperierender Sektor lockt neue Akteure Aus der Wachstumskrise in den gesättigten Markt? Diversifizierung in neue Märkte Neue Massendienste? Konflikte durch neue technische Möglichkeiten Kapitel V Wächsende ökonomische, politische und technische Umweltturbulenzen (1978-1989): Transformation der Telekommunikation 1 Technische Revolution? Vom Digitalisierungsschock zum technischen Infrastrukturentwurf für das nächste Jahrtausend Die kurze Karriere des analogen EWS Paketvermittelte Datenkommunikation Digitale Vermittlungssysteme Das diensteintegrierende digitale Netz (ISDN) 2 Neue Märkte durch neue Technik und neue Technik durch neue Märkte: Wechselwirkungen von Technik und Ökonomie Die Bundespost als Zugpferd von Konjunktur und Wachstum? Internationalisierung der Telekommunikationsmärkte 3 Mobilisierung von Wachstumsreserven zur Überwindung der ökonomischen Strukturkrise: Staatsinterventionismus und Deregulierung Von der juristischen zur politischen Auseinandersetzung um das Telekommunikationsmonopol Internationale Deregulierungstendenzen und Europäisierung des Regulierungsbereichs Die Poststrukturreform Die Reform im Prozeß der Transformation Kapitel VI Das strukturierte Zusammenspiel von Technik, Ökonomie, Politik und Recht: Entwicklungsmuster und Dynamik in der Telekommunikation Anhang A. Auszüge aus dem Postverwaltungsgesetz B. Auszüge aus dem Poststrukturgesetz Literatur
- Published
- 1990
19. Internetpolitik in Deutschland
- Author
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Werle, R., primary
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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20. Liberalization and integration
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Werle, R., primary and Fuchs, G., additional
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- 1993
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21. Liberalization and integration: Pathways to a trans-European network in telecommunications
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Werle, R. and Fuchs, G.
- Published
- 1993
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22. Simulation models on the ecology and management of arable weeds: Structure, quantitative insights, and applications
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Bagavathiannan, MV, Beckie, HJ, Chantre, GR, Gonzalez-Andujar, JL, Leon, RG, Neve, P, Poggio, SL, Schutte, BJ, Somerville, Gaylene, Werle, R, and Van Acker, R
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- 2020
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23. Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors in giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida).
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Faleco FA, Machado FM, Bobadilla LK, Tranel PJ, Stoltenberg D, and Werle R
- Subjects
- Plant Weeds drug effects, Plant Weeds genetics, Plant Weeds enzymology, Plant Proteins genetics, Plant Proteins metabolism, Acetolactate Synthase genetics, Acetolactate Synthase antagonists & inhibitors, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Weed Control, Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase genetics, Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase antagonists & inhibitors, Herbicide Resistance genetics, Herbicides pharmacology, Ambrosia
- Abstract
Background: Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) is one of the most troublesome weed species in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cropping systems. Following numerous reports in 2018 of suspected herbicide resistance in several Ambrosia trifida populations from Wisconsin, our objective was to characterize the response of these accessions to acetolactate synthase (ALS), enolpyruvyl shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS), and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors applied POST., Results: Four accessions (AT1, AT4, AT6, and AT10) exhibited ≥ 50% plant survival after exposure to the cloransulam 3× rate. Two accessions (AT8 and AT10) and one accession (AT2) exhibited ≥ 50% plant survival after exposure to glyphosate and fomesafen 1× rates, respectively. The AT10 accession exhibited multiple resistance to cloransulam and glyphosate. The AT12 accession was 28.8-fold resistant to fomesafen and 3.7-fold resistant to lactofen. A codon change in PPX2 conferring a R98L substitution was identified as the most likely mechanism conferring PPO-inhibitor resistance., Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of PPO-inhibitor resistance in Ambrosia trifida globally and we identified the genetic mutation likely conferring resistance. Proactive and diversified integrated weed management strategies are of paramount importance for sustainable long-term Ambrosia trifida management. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)
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- 2024
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24. The silver bullet that wasn't: Rapid agronomic weed adaptations to glyphosate in North America.
- Author
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Landau C, Bradley K, Burns E, Flessner M, Gage K, Hager A, Ikley J, Jha P, Jhala A, Johnson PO, Johnson W, Lancaster S, Legleiter T, Lingenfelter D, Loux M, Miller E, Norsworthy J, Owen M, Nolte S, Sarangi D, Sikkema P, Sprague C, VanGessel M, Werle R, Young B, and Williams MM 2nd
- Abstract
The rapid adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops at the end of the 20th century caused a simplification of weed management that relied heavily on glyphosate for weed control. However, the effectiveness of glyphosate has diminished. A greater understanding of trends related to glyphosate use will shed new light on weed adaptation to a product that transformed global agriculture. Objectives were to (1) quantify the change in weed control efficacy from postemergence (POST) glyphosate use on troublesome weeds in corn and soybean and (2) determine the extent to which glyphosate preceded by a preemergence (PRE) improved the efficacy and consistency of weed control compared to glyphosate alone. Herbicide evaluation trials from 24 institutions across the United States of America and Canada from 1996 to 2021 were compiled into a single database. Two subsets were created; one with glyphosate applied POST, and the other with a PRE herbicide followed by glyphosate applied POST. Within each subset, mean and variance of control ratings for seven problem weed species were regressed over time for nine US states and one Canadian province. Mean control with POST glyphosate alone decreased over time while variability in control increased. Glyphosate preceded by a labeled PRE herbicide showed little change in mean control or variability in control over time. These results illustrate the rapid adaptation of agronomically important weed species to the paradigm-shifting product glyphosate. Including more diversity in weed management systems is essential to slowing weed adaptation and prolonging the usefulness of existing and future technologies., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences 2023.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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25. Impact of volatility reduction agents on dicamba and glyphosate spray solution pH, droplet dynamics, and weed control.
- Author
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Kouame KB, Butts TR, Werle R, and Johnson WG
- Subjects
- Weed Control, Potassium Acetate, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Herbicide Resistance, Glyphosate, Dicamba pharmacology, Herbicides pharmacology
- Abstract
Background: Regulations in 2021 required the addition of a volatility reduction agent (VRA) to dicamba spray mixtures for postemergence weed control. Understanding the impact of VRAs on weed control, droplet dynamics, and spray pH is essential., Results: Adding glyphosate to dicamba decreased the solution pH by 0.63 to 1.85 units. Across locations, potassium carbonate increased the tank-mixture pH by 0.85 to 1.65 units while potassium acetate raised the pH by 0.46 to 0.53 units. Glyphosate and dicamba in tank-mixture reduced Palmer amaranth control by 14 percentage points compared to dicamba alone and decreased barnyardgrass control by 12 percentage points compared to glyphosate alone 4 weeks after application (WAA). VRAs resulted in a 5-percentage point reduction in barnyardgrass control 4 WAA. Common ragweed, common lambsquarters, and giant ragweed control were unaffected by herbicide solution 4 WAA. Dicamba alone produced a larger average droplet size and had the fewest driftable fines (% volume < 200 μm). Potassium acetate produced a larger droplet size than potassium carbonate for D
v0.1 and Dv0.5 . The addition of glyphosate to dicamba decreased droplet size from the entire spray droplet spectrum (Dv0.1 , Dv0.5 , Dv0.9 )., Conclusion: A reduction in spray pH, droplet size, and weed control was observed from mixing dicamba and glyphosate. It may be advisable to avoid tank-mixtures of these herbicides and instead, apply them sequentially to maximize effectiveness. VRAs differed in their impacts on spray solution pH and droplet dynamics, but resulted in a minimal negative to no impact on weed control. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Hooded broadcast sprayer for particle drift reduction.
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Canella Vieira B, Coura Oliveira M, Sousa Alves G, Golus JA, Schroeder K, Smeda RJ, Rector RJ, Kruger GR, and Werle R
- Subjects
- Agriculture methods, Crops, Agricultural, Particle Size, Herbicides, Pesticides analysis
- Abstract
Background: There is renewed interest amongst crop protection professionals and regulators in the adoption of spray hoods to further reduce pesticide off-target movement during applications. Although the benefits of sprayer hoods have been reported since the early 1950s, adoption has been relatively low among farmers and applicators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of spray hoods in reducing pesticide drift of spray solutions from nozzles typically used for herbicide applications in row crops with tolerance to dicamba or 2,4-D., Results: Hooded applications substantially reduced spray drift potential across all treatment scenarios compared to conventional applications. Hooded applications using the AIXR nozzle without drift-reducing adjuvant (DRA) had a similar area under the drift curve (31.5) compared to conventional applications (open sprayer) using the TTI nozzle with DRA (27.7), despite the major droplet size differences between these treatments (D
V50 = 447.5 and 985 μm, respectively)., Conclusion: These results indicate that the adoption of spray hoods combined with proper nozzle selection, and the use of DRAs can substantially reduce spray drift potential during pesticide applications. The use of this technology can be complementary to other drift-reducing technologies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.)- Published
- 2022
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- View/download PDF
27. Modeling the evolution of herbicide resistance in weed species with a complex life cycle.
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Holmes KH, Lindquist JL, Rebarber R, Werle R, Yerka M, and Tenhumberg B
- Subjects
- Animals, Life Cycle Stages, Plant Weeds genetics, Weed Control methods, Herbicide Resistance genetics, Herbicides pharmacology
- Abstract
A growing number of weed species have evolved resistance to herbicides in recent years, which causes an immense financial burden to farmers. An increasingly popular method of weed control is the adoption of crops that are resistant to specific herbicides, which allows farmers to apply the herbicide during the growing season without harming the crop. If such crops are planted in the presence of closely related weed species, it is possible that resistance genes could transfer from the crop species to feral populations of the wild species via gene flow and become stably introgressed under ongoing selective pressure by the herbicide. We use a density-dependent matrix model to evaluate the effect of planting such crops on the evolution of herbicide resistance under a range of management scenarios. Our model expands on previous simulation studies by considering weed species with a more complex life cycle (perennial, rhizomatous weed species), studying the effect of environmental variation in herbicide effectiveness, and evaluating the role of common simplifying genetic assumptions on resistance evolution. Our model predictions are qualitatively similar to previous modeling studies using species with a simpler life cycle, which is, crop rotation in combination with rotation of herbicide site of action effectively controls weed populations and slows the evolution of herbicide resistance. We find that ignoring the effect of environmental variation can lead to an over- or under-prediction of the speed of resistance evolution. The effect of environmental variation in herbicide effectiveness depends on the resistance allele frequency in the weed population at the beginning of the simulation. Finally, we find that degree of dominance and ploidy level have a much larger effect on the predicted speed of resistance evolution compared to the rate of gene flow., (© 2021 by the Ecological Society of America.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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28. Cover crops, hormones and herbicides: Priming an integrated weed management strategy.
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Oliveira MC, Osipitan OA, Begcy K, and Werle R
- Subjects
- Agriculture, Crops, Agricultural, Germination drug effects, Plant Dormancy drug effects, Sustainable Development, Herbicide Resistance, Herbicides pharmacology, Plant Growth Regulators pharmacology, Plant Weeds drug effects, Weed Control
- Abstract
Herbicide weed resistance has been a major issue of conventional global row crop agriculture for decades. Still current strategies and novel technologies available to address weed resistance are mainly herbicide-based. Thus, there is a need for innovative means of integrated weed management strategies. Our approach proposed herein integrates cover crops, plant hormones and pre-emergence (PRE) herbicides as part of weed management programs. Plant hormones such as gibberellic acid (GA
3 ) and abscisic acid (ABA) have the potential to induce seed germination and seed dormancy, respectively. Prior to crop emergence, plant hormones are tank mixed with PRE herbicides and sprayed to cover crop residue. Two strategies are proposed (1) PRE herbicides + GA3 and (2) PRE herbicide + ABA. The hormones provide different results; GA3 is likely to stimulate a more uniform weed seed germination, thus enhancing efficacy of PRE herbicides. Conversely, ABA could promote weed seed dormancy, reducing selection pressure and weed infestations until crop canopy closure. Much research is needed to understand the impact of hormones on weed and crop species, optimize products and rates, and compatibility of hormones with herbicides and cover crops. If successful, this approach could open a new opportunity for agricultural business, enhance farming sustainability by reducing dependence on herbicides and minimizing agronomic, economic and environmental issues related to weed resistance., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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29. Herbicide drift exposure leads to reduced herbicide sensitivity in Amaranthus spp.
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Vieira BC, Luck JD, Amundsen KL, Werle R, Gaines TA, and Kruger GR
- Subjects
- 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid toxicity, Amaranthus genetics, Amaranthus physiology, Dicamba toxicity, Glycine analogs & derivatives, Glycine toxicity, Herbicides toxicity, Glyphosate, Amaranthus drug effects, Ecotype, Herbicide Resistance
- Abstract
While the introduction of herbicide tolerant crops provided growers new options to manage weeds, the widespread adoption of these herbicides increased the risk for herbicide spray drift to surrounding vegetation. The impact of herbicide drift in sensitive crops is extensively investigated, whereas scarce information is available on the consequences of herbicide drift in non-target plants. Weeds are often abundant in field margins and ditches surrounding agricultural landscapes. Repeated herbicide drift exposure to weeds could be detrimental to long-term management as numerous weeds evolved herbicide resistance following recurrent-selection with low herbicide rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate if glyphosate, 2,4-D, and dicamba spray drift could select Amaranthus spp. biotypes with reduced herbicide sensitivity. Palmer amaranth and waterhemp populations were recurrently exposed to herbicide drift in a wind tunnel study over two generations. Seeds from survival plants were used for the subsequent rounds of herbicide drift exposure. Progenies were subjected to herbicide dose-response studies following drift selection. Herbicide drift exposure rapidly selected for Amaranthus spp. biotypes with reduced herbicide sensitivity over two generations. Weed management programs should consider strategies to mitigate near-field spray drift and suppress the establishment of resistance-prone weeds on field borders and ditches in agricultural landscapes.
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
30. Response of Amaranthus spp. following exposure to sublethal herbicide rates via spray particle drift.
- Author
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Vieira BC, Luck JD, Amundsen KL, Gaines TA, Werle R, and Kruger GR
- Subjects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Glycine administration & dosage, Glycine analogs & derivatives, Glycine chemistry, Glycine pharmacology, Herbicides administration & dosage, Herbicides chemistry, Glyphosate, Amaranthus drug effects, Herbicide Resistance, Herbicides pharmacology
- Abstract
The adverse consequences of herbicide drift towards sensitive crops have been extensively reported in the literature. However, little to no information is available on the consequences of herbicide drift onto weed species inhabiting boundaries of agricultural fields. Exposure to herbicide drift could be detrimental to long-term weed management as several weed species have evolved herbicide-resistance after recurrent selection with sublethal herbicide rates This study investigated the deposition of glyphosate, 2,4-D, and dicamba spray particle drift from applications with two different nozzles in a low speed wind tunnel, and their impact on growth and development of Amaranthus spp. Herbicide drift resulted in biomass reduction or complete plant mortality. Inflection points (distance to 50% biomass reduction) for Amaranthus tuberculatus were 7.7, 4.0, and 4.1 m downwind distance for glyphosate, 2,4-D, and dicamba applications with the flat-fan nozzle, respectively, whereas these values corresponded to 2.8, 2.5, and 1.9 m for applications with the air-inclusion nozzle. Inflection points for Amaranthus palmeri biomass reduction were 16.3, 10.9, and 11.5 m for glyphosate, 2,4-D, and dicamba applications with the flat-fan nozzle, respectively, whereas these values corresponded to 7.6, 5.4, and 5.4 m for applications with the air-inclusion nozzle. Plants were more sensitive to glyphosate at higher exposure rates than other herbicides, whereas plants were more sensitive to 2,4-D and dicamba at lower exposure rates compared to glyphosate. Applications with the flat-fan nozzle resulted in 32.3 and 11.5% drift of the applied rate at 1.0 and 3.0 m downwind, respectively, whereas the air-inclusion nozzle decreased the dose exposure in the same distances (11.4 and 2.7%, respectively). Herbicide drift towards field boundaries was influenced by nozzle design and exposed weeds to herbicide rates previously reported to select for herbicide-resistant biotypes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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31. Distribution of glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus spp. in Nebraska.
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Vieira BC, Samuelson SL, Alves GS, Gaines TA, Werle R, and Kruger GR
- Subjects
- Amaranthus drug effects, Crop Production methods, Glycine pharmacology, Nebraska, Plant Weeds drug effects, Species Specificity, Glyphosate, Amaranthus physiology, Glycine analogs & derivatives, Herbicide Resistance, Herbicides pharmacology, Plant Dispersal, Plant Weeds physiology
- Abstract
Background: Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) are major weeds occurring in fields throughout Nebraska with recurrent grower complaints regarding control with glyphosate. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and distribution of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth, common waterhemp, and redroot pigweed populations in Nebraska. The study also aimed to investigate how agronomic practices influence the occurrence of glyphosate resistance in the three Amaranthus species., Results: Glyphosate resistance was widespread in common waterhemp (81% of the screened populations), few Palmer amaranth populations were glyphosate-resistant (6% of the screened populations), whereas no glyphosate-resistant redroot pigweed populations were identified in Nebraska. Weed species, geographic region within the state, and current crop were the most important factors predicting the occurrence of glyphosate resistance in fields infested with Amaranthus species in Nebraska., Conclusion: The intensive glyphosate selection pressure exerted in soybean (Glycine max) fields in eastern Nebraska is one of the major factors causing widespread occurrence of glyphosate resistance in common waterhemp in the state. The relatively low frequency of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in the state highlights the importance of the application timing and the adoption of multiple modes of action in weed management practices to delay the evolution of glyphosate resistance. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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32. Human bacterial arthritis caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus: report of a case.
- Author
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Friederichs J, Hungerer S, Werle R, Militz M, and Bühren V
- Subjects
- Animals, Arthritis, Infectious microbiology, Arthritis, Infectious therapy, C-Reactive Protein metabolism, Disease Reservoirs microbiology, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Foot, Horses microbiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Positron-Emission Tomography, Radiopharmaceuticals, Shoulder, Streptococcal Infections microbiology, Streptococcal Infections therapy, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Arthritis, Infectious diagnosis, Streptococcal Infections diagnosis, Streptococcus equi isolation & purification, Streptococcus equi pathogenicity
- Abstract
Septic arthritis caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus is a rare event in humans. Of the four cases reported in the literature, only two patients had direct animal contact, and the portal of entry remained unclear in all cases. We report herein the case of a patient who suffered a purulent arthritis of the left shoulder caused by S. zooepidemicus, successfully treated in our department. A diagnostic FDG-PET-CT scan ruled out other foci of infection, but detected a hyperkeratotic plantar chronic soft tissue lesion of the left foot, acquired in a paragliding accident 10 years earlier. The fact that the patient habitually took care of his horses barefoot in boots, identifies the cutaneous portal of entry as most likely. To our knowledge this is the first report of a septic arthritis caused by S. zooepidemicus where a cutaneous entry route is described., (Copyright © 2009 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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