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Scientific tasks aimed at decoding and characterizing complex systems and processes at high pressures set new challenges for modern X‐ray diffraction instrumentation in terms of X‐ray flux, focal spot size and sample positioning. Presented here are new developments at the Extreme Conditions beamline (P02.2, PETRA III, DESY, Germany) that enable considerable improvements in data collection at very high pressures and small scattering volumes. In particular, the focusing of the X‐ray beam to the sub‐micrometer level is described, and control of the aberrations of the focusing compound refractive lenses is made possible with the implementation of a correcting phase plate. This device provides a significant enhancement of the signal‐to‐noise ratio by conditioning the beam shape profile at the focal spot. A new sample alignment system with a small sphere of confusion enables single‐crystal data collection from grains of micrometer to sub‐micrometer dimensions subjected to pressures as high as 200 GPa. The combination of the technical development of the optical path and the sample alignment system contributes to research and gives benefits on various levels, including rapid and accurate diffraction mapping of samples with sub‐micrometer resolution at multimegabar pressures., Facing the challenges of X‐ray diffraction from tiny samples subjected to multimegabar pressures, instrumentation developments are presented that enable, among other studies, single‐crystal data collection from micrometer‐ to sub‐micrometer‐sized grains. The developments are based on a sub‐micrometer beam capability employing compound refractive lenses operating with a phase correcting plate and a precise motorization solution.

Genus Mesturus Wagner, 1862 TYPE SPECIES. — By monotypy: Mesturus verrucosus Wagner, 1862. Lower Tithonian from the “Solnhofener Plattenkalke” of Bavaria, Germany. Holotype of Mesturus verrucosus: specimen figured by Wagner (1862: pl. 3, fig. 1; caudal region only). Currently housed at the Bayerischen Staatssamlung für Paleontologie und Historische Geologie, München, Germany, specimen AS V 508. OTHER SPECIES. — M. leedsi, Woodward 1895, Oxfordian from the Peterborough Member of the Oxford Clay Formation, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; “ Mesturus cordillera ”, see under Gyrodus sp.; Mesturus sp., Tithonian from Canjuers, Var, France. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Mesturus verrucosus: JM SOS 2366; NHML 49147 (cast of holotype), P. 37023a-b, 8656; M. leedsi: holotype, NHML 6834 (isolated bones from a single skull). Other specimens: NHML 8382, 8383 (remains of skull), 8384 (head with dentition plus some scales), 8385 (skull with dentition); Mesturus sp., MNHN CNJ 130 a-b (nearly complete, partially disarticulated specimen)., Published as part of Poyato-Ariza F. J. & Wenz S., 2002, A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes, pp. 139-248 in Geodiversitas 24 (1) on page 148, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5371649, {"references":["WAGNER A. 1862. - Monographie der fossilen Fische aus den lithographischen Schiefern Bayerns. Abhandlungen der kaiserlische Akademie der Wissenchaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 9 (2): 277 - 352."]}

Family MESTURIDAE Nursall, 1996 TYPE GENUS. — Mesturus Wagner, 1862. INCLUDED GENERA. — The type genus, and Micropycnodon Hibbard & Graffham, 1945. REVISED DIAGNOSIS. — Primitive pycnodontiform fishes with the following unique combination of derived characters: maxilla ornamented and elongated; grooves and strong crenulations present on most vomerine and prearticular teeth; anal fin at 60-69% of standard length; first dorsal ridge scale larger than subsequent dorsal ridge scales., Published as part of Poyato-Ariza F. J. & Wenz S., 2002, A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes, pp. 139-248 in Geodiversitas 24 (1) on page 218, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5371649, {"references":["WAGNER A. 1862. - Monographie der fossilen Fische aus den lithographischen Schiefern Bayerns. Abhandlungen der kaiserlische Akademie der Wissenchaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 9 (2): 277 - 352.","HIBBARD C. W. & GRAFFHAM A. 1945. - Micropycnodon, a new name for Pycnomicrodon Hibbard and Graffham not Hay. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 47: 404."]}

Genus Anomoeodus Forir, 1887 TYPE SPECIES. — By monotypy: Pycnodus subclavatus Agassiz, 1833. Maastrichtian from the Netherlands (Agassiz 1833-1843: vol. II, pt. 1 p. 17, pt. 2 p. 198, pl. 72a, fig. 59). Holotype of Anomoeodus subclavatus: MNHN 1884 -247-F (fragment of dentition, currently deteriorated). OTHER SPECIES. — A. angustus (Agassiz, 1837), Cenomanian from Sussex, United Kingdom; A. willetti Woodward, 1893, same age and locality; A. nursalli Kriwet, 1999, Barremian from Uña, Cuenca, Spain; plus numerous nominal species based on isolated dentitions. See historic revision of this genus in Kriwet (1999). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Anomoeodus angustus: NHML 25780 (fragment of abdominal region and both prearticulars, well preserved). The holotype is specimen NHML P1616 (Agassiz 1833-1843: vol. II, pt. 2, p. 235, 246, pl. 66a, figs 14, 15), which was not included in the analysis because it is an isolated prearticular., Published as part of Poyato-Ariza F. J. & Wenz S., 2002, A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes, pp. 139-248 in Geodiversitas 24 (1) on pages 143-144, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5371649, {"references":["FORIR H. 1887. - Contributions a l'etude du systeme Cretace de la Belgique. 1: Sur quelques poissons et crustaces nouveaux ou mal connus. Annales de la Societe geologique de Belgique 14: 25 - 56.","WOODWARD A. S. 1893. - Some Cretaceous Pycnodont fishes. Geological Magazine decade III (10): 433 - 451."]}

Family GYRODONTIDAE Berg, 1940 TYPE GENUS. — Gyrodus Agassiz, 1833. INCLUDED GENERA. — Monotypic family. REVISED DIAGNOSIS. — Primitive pycnodontiform fishes with the following autapomorphies: central papilla in vomerine and prearticular teeth present; sagittal flanges on neural and haemal spines both anterior and posterior, with strengthened margins; more than nine anterior neural spines autogenous., Published as part of Poyato-Ariza F. J. & Wenz S., 2002, A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes, pp. 139-248 in Geodiversitas 24 (1) on page 218, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5371649, {"references":["BERG L. S. 1940. - Classification of fishes both recent and fossil. Travaux de l'Institut zoologique de l'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS 5 (2): 1 - 517 (English translation: 1947)."]}

Family COCCODONTIDAE Berg, 1940 TYPE GENUS. — Coccodus Pictet, 1850. INCLUDED GENERA. — The type genus, Ichthyoceros Gayet, 1984, and Trewavasia White & Moy-Thomas, 1941. REVISED DIAGNOSIS. — Pycnodontoid fishes with the following unique combination of primitive and derived characters: extrascapular not fused to parietal; neural and haemal corresponding arcocentra partially surrounding notochord; six to eight epichordal elements in caudal endoskeleton; hypochordal elements in caudal endoskeleton enlarged; less than 29 dorsal axonosts; if present, first dorsal ridge scale larger than subsequent dorsal ridge scales; two or less dorsal ridge scales; three or less ventral keel scales; at most one post-cloacal ventral keel scale., Published as part of Poyato-Ariza F. J. & Wenz S., 2002, A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes, pp. 139-248 in Geodiversitas 24 (1) on page 220, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5371649, {"references":["BERG L. S. 1940. - Classification of fishes both recent and fossil. Travaux de l'Institut zoologique de l'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS 5 (2): 1 - 517 (English translation: 1947).","PICTET F. - J. 1850. - Descriptions de quelques poissons fossiles du Mont Liban. J. - G. Fick, Geneve, 59 p.","GAYET M. (1984). - Ichthyoceros spinosus nov. gen., nov. sp., du Cenomanien inferieur de Hakel (Liban) et ses affinites avec le genre Trewavasia (Pisces, Pycnodontiformes, Coccodontidae). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle Paris, 4 e ser., 6 (C): 287 - 307."]}

Genus Proscinetes Gistl, 1848 TYPE SPECIES. — Microdon elegans Agassiz, 1833. INCLUDED SPECIES. — The type species,? P. bassanii (D’Erasmo, 1914), P. bernardi (Thiollière, 1852), P. egertoni (Thiollière, 1852),? P. itieri (Saint-Seine, 1949), P. ? radiatus (Agassiz 1836), P. sauvanasi ? (Thiollière, 1852), P. thiollieri ? (Saint-Seine, 1949), P. ? wagneri (Thiollière, 1852). REVISED DIAGNOSIS. — Proscinetine fish with the following unique combination of reverted primitive and derived characters: two large branchiostegal rays in contact; neural and haemal corresponding arcocentra not surrounding notochord, except individual exceptions in a few caudal vertebrae; pelvic fins at more than 55% of standard length; falcate to acuminate dorsal and anal fins; free dorsal axonost present; 40 to 49 anal axonosts; two urodermals; 15 to 17 dorsal ridge scales; and two anterior plus three posterior modified cloacal scales., Published as part of Poyato-Ariza F. J. & Wenz S., 2002, A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes, pp. 139-248 in Geodiversitas 24 (1) on page 221, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5371649, {"references":["GISTL J. 1848. - Natur geschichte des Thiereichs, X. Pisces. J. J. Weber, Leipzig.","D'ERASMO G. 1914. - La fauna e l'eta dei calcari a ittioliti di Pietraroia. Palaeontographica italica 20: 29 - 86.","THIOLLIERE V. 1852. - Troisieme notice sur les gisements a poissons fossiles situes dans le Jura du departement de l'Ain. Annales des Sciences physiques et naturelles, Lyon, 2 e serie, 4: 354 - 446."]}

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Genus Coelodus Heckel, 1854 sensu stricto TYPE SPECIES. — Coelodus saturnus Heckel, 1854. INCLUDED SPECIES. — Monotypic genus. REVISED DIAGNOSIS. — Derived pycnodontid fish with the following autapomorphies: prearticular teeth extremely elongated, up to five times longer perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the bone; diastema in caudal endoskeleton present, separating hypochordal elements 7 and 8. Unique combination of reverted primitive and derived characters: mouth gape subhorizontal; body ovoid in contour, maximum body height about 60% of standard length; caudal pedicle long, well differentiated; 11 teeth on main prearticular tooth row; grooves on vomerine and prearticular teeth present; about 31 vertebrae; 10 or 11 hypochordal elements in caudal endoskeleton, some of them hypertrophied; caudal fin double emarginated in distal contour; dorsal ridge scales separated from each other; no spines on dorsal ridge scales., Published as part of Poyato-Ariza F. J. & Wenz S., 2002, A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes, pp. 139-248 in Geodiversitas 24 (1) on page 222, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5371649, {"references":["HECKEL J. 1854. - Uber den Bau und die Eintheilung der Pycnodonten, nebst kurzer Beschreibung einiger neuen Arten derselben. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschafliche Klasse 12 (3): 433 - 464."]}

Genus Ichthyoceros Gayet, 1984 TYPE SPECIES. — By original designation: Ichthyoceros spinosus Gayet, 1984. Cenomanian from Hakel, Lebanon. Holotype of Ichthyoceros spinosus by original designation: MNHN HAK-106. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype ** (complete specimen, excellent preservation). Other specimens: MNHN HAK-298, MCSNM 3045 A-B (specimen showing dentition); NHML 62376 (all complete specimens)., Published as part of Poyato-Ariza F. J. & Wenz S., 2002, A new insight into pycnodontiform fishes, pp. 139-248 in Geodiversitas 24 (1) on pages 147-148, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5371649, {"references":["GAYET M. (1984). - Ichthyoceros spinosus nov. gen., nov. sp., du Cenomanien inferieur de Hakel (Liban) et ses affinites avec le genre Trewavasia (Pisces, Pycnodontiformes, Coccodontidae). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle Paris, 4 e ser., 6 (C): 287 - 307."]}

The revision of Coelodus subdiscus Wenz 1989 (Early Cretaceous of Montsec, north-eastern Spain) has yielded new information on its anatomy, notably on cranial and caudal skeletons and cloaca. The parietal bone has a brush-like extension, the parietal process, and seems to consist of two different fused portions, parietal and supratemporal. The identification of the bone in the postero-dorsal margin of the orbit is discussed. It was described as dermopterotic, but seems to be a complex bone consisting of dermopterotic plus dermosphenotic. This is evident by the junction of the infraorbital and supraorbital sensory canals in this bone. The prearticular and vomerine dentitions are figured, and the presence of large, hook-shaped branchial teeth is indicated. The caudal skeleton, ridge scales, and cloaca are described in detail for the first time. To avoid forcing homologies that are not established yet with teleosts, the terms 'epi- and hypochordal elements' are used for the caudal endoskeleton. There are 4 epi- and at least 12 hypochordal elements, and two large, tightly articulated urodermals. Fringing fulcra are absent. The cloaca is formed by one anterior and two posterior differentiated scales. A taxonomical review and a new diagnosis of Coelodus subdiscus are presented. Key words: Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes, Coelodus subdiscus, Early Cretaceous, Montsec, Spain., La revisión de Coelodus subdiscus Wenz 1989 (Cretácico inferior del Montsec, Lleida) proporciona nueva información sobre su anatomía, especialmente sobre los esqueletos craneal y caudal y sobre la cloaca. El hueso parietal presenta una extensión digitada, el proceso parietal, y parece constar de dos partes fusionadas, parietal y supratemporal. Se discute la identificación del hueso en el margen posterodorsal de la órbita. Descrito como dermopterótico, parece consistir en un complejo de dermopterótico más dermosfenótico. Ello se evidencia por la unión en este hueso de los canales sensoriales infraorbitario y supraorbitario. Se figuran las denticiones prearticular y vomeriana, y se indica la presencia de grandes dientes branquiales con forma de gancho. Se describen en detalle, por primera vez, el esqueleto caudal, las escamas del borde del cuerpo y las que forman la cloaca. Para evitar forzar homologías, aún por establecer, con los teleósteos, se utilizan para el endoesqueleto caudal los términos 'elementos epi- e hipocordales'. Hay 4 epi- y al menos 12 elementos hipocordales, y dos grandes urodermales, estrechamente articulados. Las fulcras están ausentes. La cloaca está formada por una escama diferenciada anterior y dos posteriores. Se presenta una revisión taxonómica y una nueva diagnosis de Coelodus subdiscus. Palabras clave: Actinopterigios, Pycnodontiformes, Coelodus subdiscus, Cretácico inferior, Montsec, España.

The new find of juvenile specimens coming from the Lower Cretaceous continental deposits of Montsec and Las Hoyas (Spain), which are identified as Vidalamia catalunica according to the pattern of the caudal endoskeleton, the vertebral formula, the characters of the dorsal (i.e. long-based dorsal fin and high number of dorsal finrays), allows us to establish the synonymy between Urocles sauvagei and Vidalamia catalunica, species respectively based on juvenile and adult individuals of the same genus. Key words: Amiidae, Lower Cretaceous, Spain, Montsech, synonymy.