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The excavation of deep foundation pits can cause variations in the displacement and stress fields of surrounding soils, which hence induces adverse effects on adjacent structures. This study presents a two-stage method to quantify the impact of the excavation of a deep foundation pit on the adjacent double-curved arch bridge in the historical city of Nanjing, Southeastern China. The entire process of the foundation pit excavation was simulated and the induced deformation of the arch foot was obtained in the first stage by hardening soil model with small-strain stiffness. Then, the obtained deformation of the arch foot was applied to the bridge structure as a displacement boundary in the second stage to calculate the internal forces and deformations of the double-curved arch bridge structure. The tensile strength of concrete is taken as the limit value of the tensile stress of the double-curved arch bridge. The limit values of arch foot displacement under four evaluation conditions are obtained by step loading calculation. The present results provide construction guidance and safety warning for the process of foundation pit excavation adjacent to double-curved arch bridges for historical preservation.

Abstract The olfactory sensory system of Drosophila has several advantages, including low power consumption, high rapidity and high accuracy. Here, we present a biomimetic intelligent olfactory sensing system based on the integration of an 18-channel microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensor array (16 gas sensors, 1 humidity sensor and 1 temperature sensor), a complementary metal‒oxide‒semiconductor (CMOS) circuit and an olfactory lightweight machine-learning algorithm inspired by Drosophila. This system is an artificial version of the biological olfactory perception system with the capabilities of environmental sensing, multi-signal processing, and odor recognition. The olfactory data are processed and reconstructed by the combination of a shallow neural network and a residual neural network, with the aim to determine the noxious gas information in challenging environments such as high humidity scenarios and partially damaged sensor units. As a result, our electronic olfactory sensing system is capable of achieving comprehensive gas recognition by qualitatively identifying 7 types of gases with an accuracy of 98.5%, reducing the number of parameters and the difficulty of calculation, and quantitatively predicting each gas of 3–5 concentration gradients with an accuracy of 93.2%; thus, these results show superiority of our system in supporting alarm systems in emergency rescue scenarios.

ABSTRACT Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a common zoonotic foodborne pathogen, whose rising antimicrobial resistance has been an urgent threat to global public health. Here, we reported two carbapenem-resistant Salmonella enterica (CRSE) strains (NBFE-049 and NBFE-164) carrying the blaNDM genes, which were recovered from two Chinese children, belonged to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) monophasic variant (S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-) ST34 (a sequence type) and S. Typhimurium ST19, respectively. Genes blaNDM-5 and blaNDM-13 were detected in NBFE-049 and NBFE-164, respectively. The blaNDM-5 in NBFE-049 was located in an IncHI2-type plasmid, named pNBFE-049. In NBFE-164, the blaNDM-13 was located in an IncI1-type plasmid, named pNBFE-164. The plasmid pNBFE-164 successfully transferred its resistance phenotype into the recipient strain Escherichia coli J53 with a high efficiency of 1.1 × 10−2, while no transconjugants were obtained in pNBFE-049 conjugation assays. We further elucidated the genetic relationships of globally occurring New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-positive strains and locally distributed clinical strains within the same serovar. The closest relative of NBFE-049 was clinical Salmonella strain 1722, which was recovered in 2020 and differed by only three Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). No NDM-positive ST19 could be found in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, and NBFE-164 showed a close genetic relationship with the other ST19 in this area. To sum up, we suggested the potential contributions of clonal spread and plasmid-mediated blaNDM transfer in CRSE dissemination. This study reported the complete genome of two blaNDM-carrying S. Typhimurium isolates, shedding new insights into the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and dissemination patterns of the emerging CRSE.IMPORTANCENTS is one of the most common zoonotic pathogens that causes foodborne illnesses, while S. Typhimurium is one of the most common serovars. With the rising prevalence of multi-resistant Salmonella worldwide, carbapenems have emerged as the last-line antibiotics for treating severe bacterial infections. In this study, we reported the genomic characteristics of two carbapenem-resistant S. Typhimurium strains, which were recovered from two pediatric patients, carrying blaNDM-5 and blaNDM-13, providing new insights into the antimicrobial resistance deteriminants and transmission risk of blaNDM-positive NTS in China. We suggested the potential contributions of clonal spread and plasmid-mediated blaNDM transfer in CRSE dissemination. Future enhanced surveillance policy should mitigate CRSE spreading, and more importantly, clinical antimicrobial therapeutic regimens should be adjusted accordingly.

Background Relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R ALL) continues to be a major cause of mortality in children worldwide, with around 15% of ALL patients experiencing relapse and approximately 10% eventually dying from the disease. Early identification of R/R ALL in children has posed a longstanding clinical challenge.Method Genetic analysis of survival outcomes in pediatric patients with ALL from the TARGET-ALL dataset revealed five risk score factors identified through the intersection of differential genes (relapse/non-relapse) from the GSE17703 and GSE6092 databases. A risk score equation was formulated using these factors and validated against prognostic data from 46 ALL cases at our institution. Patients from multiple datasets were stratified into high and low-score groups based on this equation. Protein–protein interaction networks (PPI) were then constructed using the intersecting differential genes from all three datasets to identify hub nodes and predict interacting transcription factors. Additionally, genes related to cell pyroptosis with varying expression across these datasets were screened, and a multifactorial ROC curve (incorporating risk score and differential expression of pyroptosis-related genes) was generated. Furthermore, relationships among variables in the predictive model were depicted using a nomogram, and model efficacy was assessed through decision curve analysis (DCA).Results By analyzing the TARGET-ALL, GSE17703, and GSE6092 databases, we developed a prognostic risk assessment model for pediatric ALL incorporating BAG2, EPHA4, FBXO9, SNX10, and WNK1. Validation of this model was conducted using data from 46 pediatric ALL cases obtained from our institution. Following the identification of 27 differentially expressed genes, we constructed a PPI and identified the top 10 hub genes (PTPRC, BTK, LCK, PRKCQ, CD3D, CD27, CD3G, BLNK, RASGRP1, VPREB1). Using this network, we predicted the top 5 transcription factors (HOXB4, MYC, SOX2, E2F1, NANOG). ROC and DCA were conducted on pyroptosis-related genes exhibiting differential expression and risk scores. Subsequently, a nomogram was generated, demonstrating the effectiveness of the risk score in predicting prognosis for pediatric ALL patients.Conclusions We have developed a risk prediction model for pediatric R/R ALL utilizing the genes BAG2, EPHA4, FBXO9, SNX10, and WNK1. This model provides a scientific foundation for early identification of R/R ALL in children.

BackgroundSuicidal behavior including suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA) is a common clinical feature of adolescent patients with major depressive disorders (MDD). We hypothesized that differences in functional connectivity density (FCD) exist between adolescent patients with SA and SI, and aimed to investigate the different suicidal behaviors in adolescents patients with MDD17.Methods37 MDD adolescents with SA, 34 MDD adolescents with SI, 20 MDD adolescents without SA and SI (non-suicidal group), and 20 adolescents healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. All participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluated the FCD. Between-group differences of all variables were analyzed. The relationships between FCD values and clinical scale scores were also analyzed.ResultsThe FCD of the left inferior occipital gyrus in the SI group was higher than those in the other groups. The FCD in the SA group was higher than that in the control group. The FCD of the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus in the SI group was lower than that in the other three groups. The FCD values of the left precentral gyrus in the SI group were higher than those in the other three groups. The left inferior occipital gyrus FCD positively correlated with the suicide factor score of Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), and the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus negatively correlated with the HAMD suicide factor score but not with the HAMD total score.ConclusionChanges in FCD in adolescent patients with depression and SI can reflect changes in functional connections in the brain.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) play crucial roles in sperm motility and fertilization. The copine (CPNE) family comprises several Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. Of these, CPNE1 is extensively expressed in mammalian tissues; however, its precise role in testicular development and spermatogenesis is yet to be fully characterized. In this study, we used proteomics to analyze testicular biopsies and found that levels of CPNE1 were significantly reduced in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (defective spermatogenesis) compared to those in patients with obstructive azoospermia (physiological spermatogenesis). In mice, CPNE1 is expressed at various stages of germ cell development and is associated with the Golgi apparatus. Ultimately, CPNE1 is expressed in the flagella of mature sperms. To further examine the role of CPNE1, we developed a Cpne1 knockout mouse model. Analysis showed that the loss of Cpne1 did not impair testicular development, spermatogenesis, or sperm morphology and motility in physiological conditions. When treated with gadolinium (III) chloride or 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, known inhibitors of store-operated Ca2+ entry, Ca2+ signals and sperm motility were significantly compromised in wild-type mice; however, both mechanisms were conserved in KO mice. These results suggested that CPNE1 is dispensable for testicular development, spermatogenesis or sperm motility in physiological conditions. In addition, CPNE1 may represent a target of Ca2+ channel inhibitors and may therefore be implicated in the regulation of Ca2+ signaling and sperm motility.

Abstract This study aimed to develop a physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) parent‐metabolite model of edoxaban, an oral anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index, and to predict pharmacokinetic (PK)/PD profiles and potential drug–drug‐disease interactions (DDDIs) in patients with renal impairment. A whole‐body PBPK model with a linear additive PD model of edoxaban and its active metabolite M4 was developed and validated in SimCYP for healthy adults with or without interacting drugs. The model was extrapolated to situations including renal impairment and drug‐drug interactions (DDIs). Observed PK and PD data in adults were compared with predicted data. The effect of several model parameters on the PK/PD response of edoxaban and M4 was investigated in sensitivity analysis. The PBPK/PD model successfully predicted PK profiles of edoxaban and M4 as well as anticoagulation PD responses with or without the influence of interacting drugs. For patients with renal impairment, the PBPK model successfully predicted the fold change in each impairment group. Inhibitory DDI and renal impairment had a synergistic effect on the increased exposure of edoxaban and M4, and their downstream anticoagulation PD effect. Sensitivity analysis and DDDI simulation show that renal clearance, intestinal P‐glycoprotein activity, and hepatic OATP1B1 activity are the major factors affecting edoxaban‐M4 PK profiles and PD responses. Anticoagulation effect induced by M4 cannot be ignored when OATP1B1 is inhibited or downregulated. Our study provides a reasonable approach to adjust the dose of edoxaban in several complicated scenarios especially when M4 cannot be ignored due to decreased OATP1B1 activity.

Abstract Introduction Mycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterium commonly identified in adults with underlying pulmonary diseases but is rarely observed in children. A better understanding of this pathogen in children is essential. Case presentation We report the case of a 49-month-old female child without previous underlying pulmonary diseases but with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The patient was complicated with pneumonia during chemotherapy, which was primarily characterized by spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema on chest computed tomography (CT). M. abscessus sequences were detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. With mechanical ventilation, closed thoracic drainage, and anti-infective therapy for 6 months, the patient’s infection was controlled. The patient completed 2.5 years of treatment for ALL, and the drugs were discontinued. The patient currently remains in complete hematologic remission. Discussion We reviewed the literature on 33 children with M. abscessus pulmonary disease. These children mostly had underlying immunodeficiency. Chest CT most often showed nodular shadows, consolidation, and bronchiectasis. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema were not reported as major manifestations. Conclusion Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema were our patient's main characteristics on chest CT, and this study enriches the knowledge regarding possible imaging changes in M. abscessus pulmonary disease in children. This case report reflects good clinical experience in maintaining the balance between chemotherapy and anti-infective therapy in childhood ALL.

BackgroundNo consistent conclusion has been reached regarding the attentional bias characteristics of adolescents with major depressive disorders (MDD), and unexamined co-occurring anxiety distress may contribute to this inconsistency.MethodsWe enrolled 50 MDD adolescents with anxiety distress, 47 MDD adolescents without anxiety distress and 48 healthy adolescents. We measured attentional bias using a point-probe paradigm during a negative-neutral emotional face task. Reaction time, correct response rate and attentional bias value were measured.ResultsMDD adolescents did not show a negative attentional bias; MDD adolescents with anxiety distress exhibited longer reaction time for negative and neutral stimuli, lower correct response rate for negative stimuli. Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores were positively correlated with reaction time, negatively correlated with correct response rate, and not significantly correlated with attentional bias value.LimitationsThe cross-sectional design hinders causal attribution, and positive emotional faces were not included in our paradigm.ConclusionNegative attentional bias is not a stable cognitive trait in adolescents with MDD, and avoidance or difficulty in disengaging attention from negative emotional stimuli may be the attentional bias characteristic of MDD adolescents with anxiety distress.

IntroductionMales with acute spinal cord injury (SCI) frequently exhibit testosterone deficiency and reproductive dysfunction. While such incidence rates are high in chronic patients, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.Methods and resultsHerein, we generated a rat SCI model, which recapitulated complications in human males, including low testosterone levels and spermatogenic disorders. Proteomics analyses showed that the differentially expressed proteins were mostly enriched in lipid metabolism and steroid metabolism and biosynthesis. In SCI rats, we observed that testicular nitric oxide (NO) levels were elevated and lipid droplet-autophagosome co-localization in testicular interstitial cells was decreased. We hypothesized that NO impaired lipophagy in Leydig cells (LCs) to disrupt testosterone biosynthesis and spermatogenesis. As postulated, exogenous NO donor (S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)) treatment markedly raised NO levels and disturbed lipophagy via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway, and ultimately impaired testosterone production in mouse LCs. However, such alterations were not fully observed when cells were treated with an endogenous NO donor (L-arginine), suggesting that mouse LCs were devoid of an endogenous NO-production system. Alternatively, activated (M1) macrophages were predominant NO sources, as inducible NO synthase inhibition attenuated lipophagic defects and testosterone insufficiency in LCs in a macrophage-LC co-culture system. In scavenging NO (2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (CPTIO)) we effectively restored lipophagy and testosterone levels both in vitro and in vivo, and importantly, spermatogenesis in vivo. Autophagy activation by LYN-1604 also promoted lipid degradation and testosterone synthesis.DiscussionIn summary, we showed that NO-disrupted-lipophagy caused testosterone deficiency following SCI, and NO clearance or autophagy activation could be effective in preventing reproductive dysfunction in males with SCI.

Continuous variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI-QKD) removes all known or unknown side-channel attacks on detectors. However, it is difficult to fully implement assumptions in the security demonstration model, which leads to potential security vulnerabilities inevitably existing in the practical system. In this paper, we explore the impact of imbalanced modulation at transmitters on the security of the CV-MDI-QKD system mainly using a coherent state and squeezed state under symmetric and asymmetric distances. Assuming two different modulation topologies of senders, we propose a generalized theoretical scheme and evaluate the key parameter achievable of the protocol with the mechanism of imbalanced modulation. The presented results show that imbalanced modulation can achieve a relatively nonlinearly higher secret key rate and transmission distances than the previous protocol which is the balanced modulation variance used by transmitters. The advantage of imbalanced modulation is demonstrated for the system key parameter estimation using numerical simulation under different situations. In addition, the consequences indicate the importance of imbalanced modulation on the performance of CV-MDI-QKD protocol and provide a theoretical framework for experimental implementation as well as the optimal modulated mode.

A machine learning (ML) model, optimized by the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, was developed in this study to predict the shear slip load of adhesive/bolt-reinforced corroded steel plates. An extensive database comprising 490 experimental or numerical specimens was initially employed to train the ML models. Eight ML algorithms (RF, AdaBoost, XGBoost, GBT, SVR, kNN, LightGBM, and CatBoost) were utilized for shear slip load prediction, with their hyperparameters set to default values. Subsequently, the PSO algorithm was employed to optimize the hyperparameters of the above ML algorithms. Finally, performance metrics, error analysis, and score analysis were employed to evaluate the prediction capabilities of the optimized ML models, identifying PSO-GBT as the optimal predictive model. A user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) was also developed to facilitate engineers using the PSO-GBT model developed in this study to predict the shear slip load of adhesive/bolt-reinforced corroded steel plates.

Renal tubular epithelial cell injury is an important manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aims to explore the mechanism of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) in the treatment of UII-mediated renal tubular epithelial cell injury by integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation. BATMAN, SwissTarget-Prediction and ETCM data bases were used to screen the target proteins of AS-IV. DAVID software was then used to perform GO and KEGG enrichment analysis on these target genes, and STRING and cytoscape were used to construct a protein interaction network. Molecular docking analysis was performed on key genes. The CCK8 assay was applied to detect the cell viability. ELISA, laser confocal, RT-PCR, and Western blot methods were used to detect the expression of cell pathway indicators and inflammatory factors in each group. Network pharmacology analysis found that the cAMP signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways for AS-IV to treat CKD. Molecular docking results showed that the AS-IV can be well embedded in the active pockets of target proteins, such as ALB, VEGFA, AKT1, ROCK1, and DRD2. The cAMP content and expression of GPR-14, PKA, NF-κB, and TGF-β in the UII group and the UII+cAMP agonist group (Forskolin) were all higher than those in the control group (P

The development of mobile networks has led to the emergence of challenges such as high delays in storage, computing and traffic management. To deal with these challenges, fifth-generation networks emphasize the use of technologies such as mobile cloud computing and mobile edge computing. Mobile Edge Cloud Computing (MECC) is an emerging distributed computing model that provides access to cloud computing services at the edge of the network and near mobile users. With offloading tasks at the edge of the network instead of transferring them to a remote cloud, MECC can realize flexibility and real-time processing. During computation offloading, the requirements of Internet of Things (IoT) applications may change at different stages, which is ignored in existing works. With this motivation, we propose a task offloading method under dynamic resource requirements during the use of IoT applications, which focuses on the problem of workload fluctuations. The proposed method uses a learning automata-based offload decision-maker to offload requests to the edge layer. An auto-scaling strategy is then developed using a long short-term memory network which can estimate the expected number of future requests. Finally, an Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic algorithm as a deep reinforcement learning-based approach decides to scale down or scale up. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been confirmed through extensive experiments using the iFogSim simulator. The numerical results show that the proposed method has better scalability and performance in terms of delay and energy consumption than the existing state-of-the-art methods.

ObjectiveTo explore the molecular mechanism of Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) in alleviating renal fibrosis by inhibiting Urotensin II-induced pyroptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal tubular epithelial cells.MethodsForty SD rats were randomly divided into control group without operation: gavage with 5ml/kg/d water for injection and UUO model group: gavage with 5ml/kg/d water for injection; UUO+ AS-IV group (gavage with AS-IV 20mg/kg/d; and UUO+ losartan potassium group (gavage with losartan potassium 10.3mg/kg/d, with 10 rats in each group. After 2 weeks, Kidney pathology, serum Urotensin II, and cAMP concentration were detected, and the expressions of NLRP3, GSDMD-N, Caspase-1, and IL-1β were detected by immunohistochemistry. Rat renal tubular epithelial cells were cultured in vitro, and different concentrations of Urotensin II were used to intervene for 24h and 48h. Cell proliferation activity was detected using the CCK8 assay. Suitable concentrations of Urotensin II and intervention time were selected, and Urotensin II receptor antagonist (SB-611812), inhibitor of PKA(H-89), and AS-IV (15ug/ml) were simultaneously administered. After 24 hours, cells and cell supernatants from each group were collected. The cAMP concentration was detected using the ELISA kit, and the expression of PKA, α-SMA, FN, IL-1β, NLRP3, GSDMD-N, and Caspase-1 was detected using cell immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and RT-PCR.ResultsRenal tissue of UUO rats showed renal interstitial infiltration, tubule dilation and atrophy, renal interstitial collagen fiber hyperplasia, and serum Urotensin II and cAMP concentrations were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group (p ConclusionAS-IV can alleviate renal fibrosis by inhibiting Urotensin II-induced pyroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by regulating the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.

The extent of problems in quantum chemistry for which quantum algorithms could provide a speedup is still unclear, as well as the kind of speedup one should expect. Here, the authors look at the problem of ground state energy estimation, and gather theoretical and numerical evidence for the fact that an exponential quantum advantage is unlikely for generic problems of interest.

The antitumor immune response induced by chemotherapy has attracted considerable attention. However, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment hinders the immune activation effect of cancer chemotherapy. TGF-β plays a key role in driving tumor immunosuppression and can prevent effective antitumor immune response through multiple roles. In this study, a dual-responsive prodrug micelle (PAOL) is designed to co-deliver LY2109761 (a TGF-β receptor I/II inhibitor) and oxaliplatin (OXA, a conventional chemotherapy) to remodel tumor microenvironment and trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) to induce antitumor immunity response. Under hypoxia tumor environment, the polyethylene glycol shell of the micelle cleavages, along with the release of LY2109761 and OXA prodrug. Cytotoxic effect of OXA is then activated by glutathione-mediated reduction in tumor cells and the activated OXA significantly enhances tumor immunogenicity and promotes intratumoral accumulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Meanwhile, TGF-β blockade through LY2109761 reprograms tumor microenvironment by correcting the immunosuppressive state and regulating tumor extracellular matrix, which further maintaining OXA induced immune response. Therefore, due to the capability of boosting tumor-specific antitumor immunity, the bifunctional micelle presents markedly synergistic antitumor efficacies and provides a potent therapeutic strategy for chemoimmunotherapy of solid tumors.

This study investigated the mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic fermentation of rape straw with biochar addition. The effects of biochar on the biogas yield, degradation of lignocellulose, bacterial community, and crystallinity were explored. The results showed that the biogas yield and methane content increased as the biochar concentration was increased. The biochar concentration of 5.0% resulted in a high biogas yield in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 142.2 mL/g and 193.5 mL/g, respectively, which were 40.5% and 21.0% improvements compared with the control. The corresponding methane contents were 59.4% and 57.0%, respectively. For the lignocellulose degradation, the cellulose content in the mesophilic AD decreased from 54.0% in the pretreated rape straw to between 18.7% and 25.0%. The microbial community results showed that as the biochar concentration was increased, the relative abundance of Firmicutes initially increased before it decreased. Among the microbial community results, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroides in the biogas residue of the mesophilic anaerobic digestion were the highest in the biogas residue with the 5.0% biochar concentration sample in the mesophilic AD, at 27.06% and 39.20%, respectively. This result revealed the mechanism of biochar to improve the biogas production of rape straw in anaerobic fermentation.

For the trapped pre-cooled atoms in an optical dipole trap (ODT), the magic-wavelength ODT can eliminate the differential light shift of the transition between two atomic states, so that the transition frequency between the two states is the same as that of atoms in the free space, which is of great significance for improving the experimental repetition rate and reducing the atomic decoherence in the fields of cold atom physics, quantum optics, and precision measurement. Here we calculate the dynamic polarizabilities of cesium 6S ground state and 7P excited state by using the multi-level model for the ODT with laser wavelength from 1200 to 2000 nm. The magic wavelengths of ODT are obtained for the linearly and circularly polarized laser beams at the intersection of dynamic polarizabilities of two atomic states. Furthermore, we analyze the robustness of the magic trapping conditions and the feasibility of the experimental operation near the telecom C-band wavelength.

This paper proposes a novel knowledge-based neural network approach that, in the absence of specific device SPICE models, can utilize the measured data of actual diode devices to map the existing diode coarse model to a more accurate packaged model through neural network mapping techniques, thereby achieving precise and efficient modeling of the small-signal characteristics of diode devices. A knowledge-based neural network model for packaged diodes is proposed, which enhances modeling accuracy by learning the discrepancies between the diode coarse model and the actual device data. A training method for rapid parameter adjustment is suggested, where the neural networks within the input and output package modules automatically learn and adjust, continuously optimizing their internal parameters to enhance modeling efficiency. Modeling experiments conducted on the measurement data of the MA4AGFCP910 diode show that the proposed packaged diode model can effectively and accurately match the small-signal characteristic data of the diode device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]