Search

The central amygdala (CeA) consists of numerous genetically defined inhibitory neurons that control defensive and appetitive behaviors including feeding. Transcriptomic signatures of cell types and their links to function remain poorly understood. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we describe nine CeA cell clusters, of which four are mostly associated with appetitive and two with aversive behaviors. To analyze the activation mechanism of appetitive CeA neurons, we characterized serotonin receptor 2a (Htr2a)–expressing neurons (CeA Htr2a ) that comprise three appetitive clusters and were previously shown to promote feeding. In vivo calcium imaging revealed that CeA Htr2a neurons are activated by fasting, the hormone ghrelin, and the presence of food. Moreover, these neurons are required for the orexigenic effects of ghrelin. Appetitive CeA neurons responsive to fasting and ghrelin project to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) causing inhibition of target PBN neurons. These results illustrate how the transcriptomic diversification of CeA neurons relates to fasting and hormone-regulated feeding behavior.

The micro-defects on KH2PO4 (KDP) optic surfaces are mainly repaired by the micro-milling technique, while it is very easy to introduce brittle cracks on repaired surfaces, as KDP is soft and brittle. To estimate machined surface morphologies, the conventional method is surface roughness, but it fails to distinguish ductile-regime machining from brittle-regime machining directly. To achieve this objective, it is of great significance to explore new evaluation methods to further characterize machined surface morphologies. In this study, the fractal dimension (FD) was introduced to characterize the surface morphologies of soft-brittle KDP crystals machined by micro bell-end milling. The 3D and 2D fractal dimensions of the machined surfaces and their typical cross-sectional contours have been calculated, respectively, based on Box-counting methods, and were further discussed comprehensively by combining the analysis of surface quality and textures. The 3D FD is identified to have a negative correlation with surface roughness (Sa and Sq), meaning the worse the surface quality the smaller the FD. The circumferential 2D FD could quantitively characterize the anisotropy of micro-milled surfaces, which could not be analyzed by surface roughness. Normally, there is obvious symmetry of 2D FD and anisotropy on the micro ball-end milled surfaces generated by ductile-regime machining. However, once the 2D FD is distributed asymmetrically and the anisotropy becomes weaker, the assessed surface contours would be occupied by brittle cracks and fractures, and corresponding machining processes will be in a brittle regime. This fractal analysis would facilitate the accurate and efficient evaluation of the repaired KDP optics by micro-milling.

When serving in extremely high-power laser conditions, KH2PO4 (KDP) surfaces are susceptible to incur laser damage points (also known as defects). Using micro-ball end milling cutters to repair and remove the pre-existing damage points on the flawed KDP crystal surface is the most effective method to control the growth of laser damage points on KDP crystal surfaces and prolong their service life. However, there are various forms of micro-defects (such as pits, scratches and brittle fractures) around the laser damage points on KDP crystal surfaces which possess remarkable effects on the micro-milling repair process and consequently deteriorate the repair quality. In this work, combined with nano-indentation experiments, elastic–plastic mechanics and fracture mechanics theory, a constitutive model considering the anisotropic property of KDP crystals and a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) were established to simulate the cutting force and surface topography involved in the ball-end milling repairing of flawed KDP crystal surfaces. Besides, the micro-milling experiments were conducted to evaluate the change of cutting force and machined surface quality in the presence of micro-defects with various feed rates. The results show that micro-defects would induce the fluctuation of cutting force and a change of the undeformed cutting thickness (UCT) in the process of repairing the damage points on the crystal surface, which would lead to the brittle–ductile transition (BDT) and affect the machined surface quality. The machined surface quality was found to be deteriorated by the pre-existing micro-defects when the UCT was small (the UCT was less than 375 nm). On the contrary, brittle mode cutting in the local area can be transformed into ductile mode cutting, resulting in an improvement of repaired surface quality that is exhibited by the cutting force and microtopography. This work has great theoretical significance and engineering practical value for the promotion and application of micro-milling repairing technology in the practical manufacturing and operation of KDP optics applied to high-power laser systems.

1,2-Rhamnosyltransferase (1,2RhaT) catalyzes the final step of production of flavanone neohesperidoside (FNH) that is responsible for the primary bitter taste of citrus fruits. In this study, species-specific flavonoid profiles were determined in 87 Citrus accessions by identifying eight main flavanone glycosides (FGs). Accumulation of FNHs was completely correlated to the presence of the 1,2RhaT gene in 87 citrus accessions analyzed using a novel 1,2RhaT-specific DNA marker. Pummelo (Citrus grandis) was identified as the genetic origin for a function allele of 1,2RhaT that underpinned FNH-bitterness in modern citrus cultivars. In addition, genes encoding six MYB and five bHLH transcription factors were shown to coexpress with 1,2RhaT and other flavonoid pathway genes related to FNH accumulation, indicating that these transcription factors may affect the fruit taste of citrus. This study provides a better understanding of bitterness formation in Citrus varieties and a genetic marker for the early selection of nonbitterness lines in citrus breeding programs.

Intrinsic defects introduced by manufacturing-induced lateral cracks have a great influence on the laser damage of KDP crystals. VO defects reduce the laser-induced damage threshold and VH defects exacerbate the damage growth under laser irradiation.

The residual crack defects on the surface of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals are the bottleneck that limits the improvement of laser damage resistance in the application of high-power laser devices. The multiple stress waves introduced by these residual surface lateral cracks on crystals under laser irradiation are the main inducement for damage extension and reduction of laser damage resistance. However, the coupling of these stress waves complicates their propagation in the crystal, and the interaction mechanism between each stress wave and laser damage has not been quantitatively characterized. Herein, a laser damage dynamic model for surface lateral cracks is constructed to reproduce the dynamic behaviors of the evolution of micro-defects to sub-millimeter damage pits under laser irradiation. Combined with the time-resolved pump and probe technique, the distribution of stress waves induced by lateral cracks was detected in situ to determine the type of stress waves. Then, the initiation and extension of laser damage were analyzed quantitatively to establish the correlations between different stress waves and damage extension. It is found that the longitudinal, shear, and Rayleigh waves induced by lateral cracks lead to large crush zones on the surface of KDP crystals, as well as butterfly-like damage sites accompanied by a large number of cracks at the bottom in the longitudinal section. The scale of the damage site can reach up to approximately 150 µm for lateral crack defects with large surface widths. This study ultimately reveals the physical mechanism of damage evolution induced by lateral cracks, providing effective guidance for developing control standards of surface crack defects during optical ultra-precision machining processes. This is of great significance for the improvement of laser damage resistance of KDP crystals in high-power laser systems.

Cenpj is a centrosomal protein located at the centrosomes and the base of cilia, it plays essential roles in regulating neurogenesis and cerebral cortex development. Although centrosomal and cilium dysfunction are one of the causes of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, the role that Cenpj plays in the regulation of body weight remains unclear. Here, we deleted Cenpj by crossing Cenpjflox/flox mice with Nkx2.1-Cre mice. Loss of the centrosomal protein Cenpj in Nkx2.1-expressing cells causes morbid obesity in mice at approximately 4 months of age with expended brain ventricles but no change of brain size. We found that hypothalamic cells exhibited reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis upon Cenpj depletion at the embryonic stages, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the number of Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and electrophysiological dysfunction of NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in adults. Furthermore, depletion of Cenpj also reduced the neuronal projection from the ARC to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), with decreased melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) expression in PVN neurons. The study defines the roles that Cenpj plays in regulating hypothalamus development and body weight, providing a foundation for further understanding of the pathological mechanisms of related diseases.

The neuroendocrine hypothalamus is the central regulator of vital physiological homeostasis and behavior. However, the cellular and molecular properties of hypothalamic neural progenitors remain unexplored. Here, hypothalamic radial glial (hRG) and hypothalamic mantle zone radial glial (hmRG) cells are found to be neural progenitors in the developing mammalian hypothalamus. The hmRG cells originate from hRG cells and produce neurons. During the early development of hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in radial columns and is initiated from hRG cells. The radial glial fibers are oriented toward the locations of hypothalamic subregions which act as a scaffold for neuronal migration. Furthermore, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal progenitor subtypes in human developing hypothalamus and characterize specific progenitor genes, such as TTYH1, HMGA2, and FAM107A. We also demonstrate that HMGA2 is involved in E2F1 pathway, regulating the proliferation of progenitor cells by targeting on the downstream MYBL2. Different neuronal subtypes start to differentiate and express specific genes of hypothalamic nucleus at gestational week 10. Finally, we reveal the developmental conservation of nuclear structures and marker genes in mouse and human hypothalamus. Our identification of cellular and molecular properties of neural progenitors provides a basic understanding of neurogenesis and regional formation of the non-laminated hypothalamus., The hypothalamus performs a wide range of vital physiological functions, including growth and reproductive behaviors, and circadian rhythms. The authors identify and characterize hypothalamic radial glial and hypothalamic mantle zone radial glial cells as the neural progenitors in the hypothalamus.

Natural organic matter-iron (NOM-Fe) colloids are ubiquitous at anoxic-oxic interfaces of subsurface environments. Fe(II) or NOM can chemically reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and the formation of Cr(III)-NOM-Fe colloids can control the fate and transport of Cr. We explored the formation and transport of Cr(III)-humic acid (HA)-Fe colloids upon reaction of Cr(VI) with HA-Fe(II) colloids over a range of environmentally relevant conditions. Cr(VI) was completely reduced by HA-Fe(II) complexes under anoxic conditions, and the formation of Cr(III)-HA-Fe colloids depended on HA concentration (or molar C/Fe ratio) and redox conditions. No colloids formed at HA concentrations below 3.5 mg C/L (C/Fe ratio below 1.6), but Cr(III)-HA-Fe colloids formed at higher HA concentrations. In column experiments, Cr(III)-HA-Fe(III) colloids formed under oxic conditions were readily transported through sand-packed porous media. Colloidal stability measurements further suggest that Cr(III)-HA-Fe colloids are highly stable and persist for at least 20 days without substantial change in particle size. This stability is attributed to the enrichment of free HA adsorbed on the Cr(III)-HA-Fe colloid surfaces, intensifying the electrostatic and/or steric repulsion interactions between particles. The new insights provided here are important for evaluating the long-term fate and transport of Cr in organic-rich redox transition zones.

Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are closely associated with the chemoresistance of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Previous studies indicated that HOXA11-AS could function as a vital regulator in human cancers. However, the regulatory mechanisms of HOXA11-AS in the chemoresistance of LSCC remain unclear. In this study, it was found that HOXA11-AS expression was upregulated in cisplatin (CDDP)-resistant LSCC tissues and cells. Loss-of-function assays revealed that HOXA11-AS knockdown inhibited the viability, migration, and invasion, but promoted the apoptosis of CDDP-resistant LSCC cells. Meanwhile, we identified miR-518a as a downstream gene of HOXA11-AS in LSCC, and miR-518a silencing reversed the promotive effect of HOXA11-AS knockdown on CDDP sensitivity of LSCC cells. In addition, miR-518a could inhibit spermatogenesis-associated serine-rich 2-like (SPATS2L) expression by direct interaction, and upregulation of SPATS2L abrogated the inhibitory effect of HOXA11-AS silencing or miR-518a overexpression on CDDP resistance of CDDP-resistant LSCC cells. In sum, our results demonstrated that HOXA11-AS enhanced CDDP resistance of LSCC via miR-518a/SPATS2L axis, which might offer novel therapeutic strategies for CDDP-resistant LSCC.

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal has been regarded as the solely irreplaceable component in laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facilities. Nevertheless, the laser-induced damage on KDP crystal surfaces under highenergy laser irradiation considerably restricts the output power of ICF facilities. The laser damage event on KDP surface is an extremely complex process, among which the non-heat initial energy deposition is regarded as the major absorbed energy source, determining the subsequent thermal damage process and final damage morphology. The initial energy deposition process is a non-heat stage, where the plasmas are generated from ionization processes under intense laser irradiation. However, there is still no available model that can well reproduce the dynamic interaction behaviors between the high-energy laser and plasmas in the initial energy deposition process, resulting in the laser-induced damage mechanisms on KDP crystal surface still not fully revealed. In this work, a Particle-In-Cell (PIC) model is established to investigate the initial dynamic damage behaviors of KDP crystals under intense laser irradiation. On basis of this model, the crater formation process and the particle ejection dynamics involved in the laser damage event are reproduced. The reproduced characteristic parameters of laser damage craters on KDP input and output surfaces, and the obtained particle ejection angles are consistent with the previously reported laser damage morphology, which verifies the effectiveness of the established PIC model. This work could provide theoretical means for investigating the initial energy deposition process and also offer further insights in understanding the laser-induced damage mechanisms of KDP crystal components.

1,2-Rhamnosyltransferase (1,2RhaT) catalyzes the final step of production of flavanone neohesperidoside (FNH) that is responsible for the primary bitter taste of citrus fruits. In this study, species-specific flavonoid profiles were determined in 87

Background Sensitive skin is the result of a complex process that is closely linked to the damage of the skin barrier. There are no recognized methods for evaluating the efficacy of anti-allergy products. Methods In this study, a model of skin barrier damage was created by treating HaCaT cells with 60 μg/ml of sodium dodecyl sulfate for 48 h. The protective effects of nine cosmetic ingredients, including oat extract (S1), on the skin barrier were investigated based on the gene expression levels of aquaporin3 (AQP3), filaggrin (FLG), caspase-14 (CASP14), and human tissue kallikrein7 (KLK7), as well as those of various interleukins (IL) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Results Among the nine ingredients, S1 had a good protective effect on the function of the skin barrier. It promoted the expression of AQP3, FLG, and CASP14, while inhibiting the expression of KLK7 in HaCaT cells, at a concentration of 0.06%. It also maintained IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF at appropriate levels while promoting the proliferation and differentiation of HaCaT cells. Conclusions The above indicators allow for the preliminary establishment of a method to evaluate the efficacy of the barrier protection ability of sensitive skin.

Primary cilia are microtubule-based protuberances that project from the eukaryotic cell body to sense the extracellular environment. Ciliogenesis is closely correlated to the cell cycle and defects of cilia are related to human systemic diseases such as primary ciliary dyskinesia. However, the role of ciliogenesis in cortical development remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Cenpj, a protein that is required for centriole biogenesis, plays a role in regulating cilium disassemblyin vivo. Depletion of Cenpj in neural progenitor cells results in long cilia and abnormal cilia disassembly. Radial glial cells Cenpj depletion exhibit uncompleted cell division, reduced cell proliferation, and increased cell apoptosis in the developing mouse cerebrum cortex, leading to microcephaly. In addition, Cenpj depletion causes long and thin primary cilia and motile cilia in adult neural stem cells and reduced cell proliferation in the subventricular zone. Furthermore, we show that Cenpj regulates cilia disassembly and neurogenesis through Kif2a, a plus-end-directed motor protein. These data collected from mice of both sexes provide insights into how ciliogenesis plays roles in cortical development and how primary microcephaly is induced byCenpjmutations in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAutosomal recessive primary microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder with the major symptoms of reduction of circumference of the head, brain volume, and cortex thickness with normal brain architecture in birth. We used conditional Cenpj deletion mice and found that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) exhibited long primary cilia and abnormal cilium appendages. The defective cilium disassembly caused by Cenpj depletion might correlate to reduced cell proliferation, uncompleted cell division, cell apoptosis, and microcephaly in mice. Cenpj also regulates the cilium structure of adult neural stem cells and adult neurogenesis in mice. Additionally, our results illustrate that Cenpj regulates cilia disassembly and neurogenesis through Kif2a, indicating that primary cilia dynamics play a crucial role in NPC mitosis and adult neurogenesis.

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the sebaceous glands of the hair follicles, caused by a variety of factors and tends to recur, causing skin damage and psychological stress to patients. Blue light (415nm) is a popular physical therapy for acne, however, studies on the effects of blue light on skin surface lipids (SSL) have not been exhaustively reported. So, we want to investigate the difference in SSL before and after acne treatment with blue light and to reveal the potential mechanism of acne treatment with blue light from the lipid level. SSL samples were collected and physiological indicators (moisture content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum content and pH) were measured. By using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) with multivariate data analysis methods to obtain specific information on the lipid composition. Analysis of the physiological index data showed a significant increase in moisture content (p = 0.042), pH (p = 0.000) and a significant decrease in sebum content(p = 0.008) in the after treatment area (AT group), while there was no significant change in TEWL values. A total of 2398 lipids were detected by lipidomics analysis and 25 differential lipids were screened. Triradylglycerols (TGs), isoprenoids and hopanoids being the potential differential lipids. Among the lipids associated with the skin barrier, only monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p = 0.045) were significantly increased. This study revealed significant changes in SSL after blue light treatment for acne, suggesting that blue light exposure may cause changes in the relative lipid content and redistribution of lipid components, and that whether it damages the skin barrier requires further study.

In order to in-depth study the surface morphology formation mechanism and surface quality control methods of fused silica repaired sites, numerical simulation and experimental method were firstly used to analyze the process of CO2 laser rapid ablation mitigation, as well as the relationships between processing parameters, repaired angle and surface quality. Then the physical problems of the heat-affected zone, fictive temperature and structure relaxation under the irradiation of pulsed laser were studied through the mathematical model and Raman spectroscopy system. The studies found that the fixed depth morphology was formed starting from the third track’s laser scanning during the processing of fused silica by the pulsed laser that moved according to the arc trajectory. The bottom of the processed morphology presented uneven concave-convex features, which was different from the uniform topography formed by the laser linear scanning processing. The processing angle decreased as the trajectory indentation increased, while there was no clear variation law between the processed surface quality and the indentation. The thickness of the heat-affected zone characterized by the fictive temperature was consistent with the experiment, and it was proportional to the laser pulse width. The negative factors caused by the thermal effect in the laser repair process could be suppressed by reducing the laser pulse width. These studies can provide guidance for the optimization of the CO2 laser repair process and the improvement of the repaired surface quality.

SUMMARYDysfunctional immune response in the COVID-19 patients is a recurrent theme impacting symptoms and mortality, yet the detailed understanding of pertinent immune cells is not complete. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to 284 samples from 205 COVID-19 patients and controls to create a comprehensive immune landscape. Lymphopenia and active T and B cell responses were found to coexist and associated with age, sex and their interactions with COVID-19. Diverse epithelial and immune cell types were observed to be virus-positive and showed dramatic transcriptomic changes. Elevation of ANXA1 and S100A9 in virus-positive squamous epithelial cells may enable the initiation of neutrophil and macrophage responses via the ANXA1-FPR1 and S100A8/9-TLR4 axes. Systemic upregulation of S100A8/A9, mainly by megakaryocytes and monocytes in the peripheral blood, may contribute to the cytokine storms frequently observed in severe patients. Our data provide a rich resource for understanding the pathogenesis and designing effective therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.HIGHLIGHTSLarge-scale scRNA-seq analysis depicts the immune landscape of COVID-19Lymphopenia and active T and B cell responses coexist and are shaped by age and sexSARS-CoV-2 infects diverse epithelial and immune cells, inducing distinct responsesCytokine storms with systemic S100A8/A9 are associated with COVID-19 severity

Genetic susceptibility plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Recent studies have suggested that chemerin (encoded by the RARRES2 gene) is a risk factor for the development of DKD. We investigate the relationship between RARRES2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and DKD and their correlation with serum chemerin levels in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A total of 256 individuals with T2D were enrolled in this case-control study and classified into normo-, micro- and macroalbuminuria groups according to their urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR). All exons of the RARRES2 gene were sequenced by polymerase chain reaction-direct sequencing, and 7 SNPs were genotyped. We found that the minor alleles of rs1047207, rs1047575 and rs1047586 were significantly associated with macroalbuminuria. Carriers of the minor allele of rs1047575 and rs1047586 also had higher urinary albumin (U-Alb) and UACR levels under both homo- and heterozygotic conditions than carriers of the major allele under the homozygotic condition. The minor alleles of rs1047207, rs1047575 and rs1047586 were significantly associated with increased serum chemerin levels under the homozygotic condition. These SNPs in the RARRES2 gene probably affect chemerin expression and likely confer susceptibility to albuminuria in individuals with T2D.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused over 220,000 deaths so far and is still an ongoing global health problem. However, the immunopathological changes of key types of immune cells during and after virus infection remain unclear. Here, we enriched CD3+ and CD19+ lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of COVID-19 patients (severe patients and recovered patients at early or late stages) and healthy people (SARS-CoV-2 negative) and revealed transcriptional profiles and changes in these lymphocytes by comprehensive single-cell transcriptome and V(D)J recombination analyses. We found that although the T lymphocytes were decreased in the blood of patients with virus infection, the remaining T cells still highly expressed inflammatory genes and persisted for a while after recovery in patients. We also observed the potential transition from effector CD8 T cells to central memory T cells in recovered patients at the late stage. Among B lymphocytes, we analyzed the expansion trajectory of a subtype of plasma cells in severe COVID-19 patients and traced the source as atypical memory B cells (AMBCs). Additional BCR and TCR analyses revealed a high level of clonal expansion in patients with severe COVID-19, especially of B lymphocytes, and the clonally expanded B cells highly expressed genes related to inflammatory responses and lymphocyte activation. V-J gene usage and clonal types of higher frequency in COVID-19 patients were also summarized. Taken together, our results provide crucial insights into the immune response against patients with severe COVID-19 and recovered patients and valuable information for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies.

Dysfunctional immune response in the COVID-19 patients is a recurrent theme impacting symptoms and mortality, yet the detailed understanding of pertinent immune cells is not complete. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to 284 samples from 196 COVID-19 patients and controls and created a comprehensive immune landscape with 1.46 million cells. The large dataset enabled us to identify that different peripheral immune subtype changes were associated with distinct clinical features including age, sex, severity, and disease stages of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 RNAs were found in diverse epithelial and immune cell types, accompanied by dramatic transcriptomic changes within viral positive cells. Systemic up-regulation of S100A8/A9, mainly by megakaryocytes and monocytes in the peripheral blood, may contribute to the cytokine storms frequently observed in severe patients. Our data provide a rich resource for understanding the pathogenesis and developing effective therapeutic strategies for COVID-19., Highlights Detailed COVID-19 immune landscape depicted by integrated 1.46 million single cells Peripheral immune subtypes differentially associated with distinct clinical features SARS-CoV-2 RNAs are present in diverse epithelial and immune cells Megakaryocytes and monocyte subsets may contribute to cytokine storms, Analysis of immune landscape in the lung and peripheral blood of COVID patients across different regions in China at the single cell level documents the presence of viral RNAs in diverse cell types and highlights the potential contribution of megakaryocytes and monocyte subsets to cytokine storms.

The theoretical prediction models of contact angle were constructed by considering the interface free energy. Then, the square column structure on monocrystalline silicon was fabricated using micro-milling. The rationality of prediction models was validated by regulating the parameters of the square column. It should be mentioned that the whole construction process was facile and efficient. After processing, the hydrophobicity of monocrystalline silicon with the square column structure was improved. The static contact angle of the processed monocrystalline silicon reached 165.8&deg, when the side length of the square column was 60 &mu, m. In addition, the correctness of the prediction models was verified from the perspective of molecular dynamics. The prediction models of contact angle were of great value for the practical application.

Gibbs free energy is affected by the contact area of each interface. Micro-milling can regulate the structural parameters of the hydrophobic surface, which is conductive to exploring the optimal structural parameters. The contact angle model established in this paper has a guiding effect on the construction of hydrophobic surface. In this study, the complete infiltration model and air column model were deduced and constructed based on Gibbs free energy. The hydrophobic property caused by the dimensions of grating structure was analyzed in detail. The 100 surfaces of single-crystal silicon were processed by micro-milling to get the stable structures. The contact angles under different structural dimensions were tested. Through analysis of the hydrophobic, it can be concluded that a smaller width of convex platform will result in a better hydrophobic performance in the practical applications. The experimental data were in good agreement with the theoretical data, which verify feasibility and reasonability of the established model. This study provides theoretical basis for the construction of the hydrophobic structure of micro-milling.

The hippocampus is an important part of the limbic system in the human brain that has essential roles in spatial navigation and the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory1,2. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) analysis to illustrate the cell types, cell linage, molecular features and transcriptional regulation of the developing human hippocampus. Using the transcriptomes of 30,416 cells from the human hippocampus at gestational weeks 16-27, we identify 47 cell subtypes and their developmental trajectories. We also identify the migrating paths and cell lineages of PAX6+ and HOPX+ hippocampal progenitors, and regional markers of CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus neurons. Multiomic data have uncovered transcriptional regulatory networks of the dentate gyrus marker PROX1. We also illustrate spatially specific gene expression in the developing human prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The molecular features of the human hippocampus at gestational weeks 16-20 are similar to those of the mouse at postnatal days 0-5 and reveal gene expression differences between the two species. Transient expression of the primate-specific gene NBPF1 leads to a marked increase in PROX1+ cells in the mouse hippocampus. These data provides a blueprint for understanding human hippocampal development and a tool for investigating related diseases.

In this paper, micromilling was used to process the surface of single crystal silicon, and six different structural parameters of the grating structure were tested to get the contact angle in a different wettability. The contact angle obtained by the experiment was compared with the theoretical values of the Wenzel and Cassie model optimized based on the characteristics of micromilling. The relationship between structural parameters and wettability was verified. First, the contact angle of the parallel grating structure was greater than the vertical direction, which was influenced by the solid-liquid interface tension. Second, the hydrophobicity of the specimen was in good agreement with the predicted trend of the optimized prediction model C when the width of the convex is reduced. The support of the theoretical model to the experimental results is instructive to the construction of the structure. In addition, the molecular dynamics were used to verify the hydrophobicity of grating structures from a molecular point of view.

Si-based materials have been intensively investigated as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. However, the structural evolution of the materials during the lithiation reaction is still unrevealed. In this paper, the structural parameters and mechanical properties of Si, SiO x (0 x 2 during the lithiation reaction are studied by first-principle calculation based on density functional theory. The relationship between the Li number and expansion coefficient, elastic constant, modulus, and Poisson’s ratio is systematically calculated.

Background: Spontaneous ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) is a common phenomenon in biological systems and has been linked to pathological states. Researchers have always considered ultra-weak photon emission a potential non-invasive diagnostic tool, but its application in the medical field is stagnant due to the lack of relevant data for pathological states. Methods: Ultra-weak photon signals from five body sites (forehead, neck, heart, stomach, and navel) in fifty patients with type 2 diabetes and sixty age-matched healthy subjects were measured using a moveable whole-body biophoton detection system. Photon signal is measured for 10 min and detected in bins of 50 ms by a photomultiplier with a range of 290–630 nm. Each signal is a time series of 12 000 elements. Various parameters including photon intensity, Q value, squeezed state parameters (|α|, θ, o, r) and SSI were analyzed. Results and conclusion: we found significant differences in the abovementioned parameters between groups, and all subjects could be clustered into two groups according to the results obtained by principal component analysis. Methods and results from this study could be useful for constructing a UPE database for a range of diseases, which would promote the application of UPE in clinical diagnosis in the future.