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Casing soil is a key step in the production of Oudemansiella raphanipes. Bacterial community in casing soil plays key roles in the growth and development of edible fungi. However, a knowledge gap remains regarding the bacterial community shifts in casing soil before and after the cultivation of O. raphanipes (CSBACO). Casing soil samples before and after the cultivation of O. raphanipes (CSBC and CSAC) were collected and examined by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria were dominant phyla in casing soil of O. raphanipes, which accounted for 77.32% of the total abundance. After the cultivation of O. raphanipes, the alpha diversity of bacterial community and the relative abundance of some beneficial genera such as Marmoricola, Nocardioides, Sphingomonas, and Streptomyces decreased, while that of bacteria belonging to the candidate class MB-A2-108 tolerant to adverse environment significantly increased. Meanwhile, physicochemical properties of casing soil changed significantly in CSBACO. Soil ammonium nitrogen and organic matter greatly decreased in CSAC and they mainly influenced bacterial community before the cultivation of O. raphanipes. In contrast, available potassium and pH significantly increased in CSAC and mainly affected bacterial community after the cultivation of O. raphanipes. Furthermore, the relative abundance of bacteria with the function of amino acid and lipid metabolism decreased, while that of bacteria functions related to parasites and pathogens increased, which further revealed the significance of bacterial community in casing soil. Diversity, composition, and the potential function of bacterial community shifted dramatically in CSBACO. The results deepen the understanding of the bacterial community and its microecological mechanism in casing soil of O. raphanipes.

The demand for emerging applications at the terahertz frequencies motivates the development of novel and multifunctional devices for the generation and manipulation of terahertz waves. In this work, we report the realization of multifunctional spintronic-metasurface emitters, which allow simultaneous beam-steering and full polarization control over a broadband terahertz beam. This is achieved through engineering individual meta-atoms with nanoscale magnetic heterostructures and, thus, implementing microscopical control over the laser-induced spin and charge dynamics. By arranging the spintronic meta-atoms in the metagrating geometry, the generated terahertz beam can be flexibly steered in space between different orders of diffraction. Furthermore, we demonstrate a simultaneous control over the terahertz polarization states at different emission angles and show that the two control capabilities are mutually independent of each other. The nanoengineered multifunctional terahertz emitter demonstrated in this work can provide a solution to the challenge associated with a growing variety of applications of terahertz technology.

Platanus acerifolia Willd. is widely planted in cities in China due to its strong adaptability to different environmental conditions. In August 2021, light brown, oval to circular, sunken spots were observed on leaves of P. acerifolia trees with 8-35% incidence, leading to severe necrosis and abscission of leaves on a street in Haidian district of Beijing (116°29′84′′E, 39°95′93′′N). Small pieces (5 mm×5 mm) were taken from the margin of diseased tissues, disinfected with 0.3% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min and 70% ethanol for 40 s, rinsed with sterile water, then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28°C. After 4 days, representative isolates were transferred to new PDA plates. Four isolates with similar morphological characteristics were obtained and deposited in the culture collection (ID: DAA3, DAA5, DAA6 and DAA7) of our laboratory. Colonies on PDA were dense, fluffy, and light to dark gray, with a prominent white margin. Conidia formed in chains on the branched conidiophores, and were obpyriform to ellipsoid, 19.5-32.3×5.5-10.2 μm (average=26.4×7.1 µm, n=30) in size, with 3 to 5 transversal and 1 to 3 longitudinal septa. These morphological characteristics matched those of Alternaria spp. (Simmons 2007). Genomic DNA was extracted with modified CTAB method and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB2), glyceraldehyde 3 - dehydrogenase (GPD), endopolygalacturonase (EndoPG), as well as Alternaria major allergen (Alt a1) genes were amplified with primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), RPB2-5F/RPB2-7cR (Liu et al. 1999), gpd1/gpd2 (Berbee et al. 1999), PG3/PG2b (Andrew et al. 2009), and Alt-for/Alt-rev (Hong et al. 2005), respectively. The obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: OM228653-OM228656, OM221523-OM221542). In a BLAST search, the sequences were 100% identical with corresponding sequences of A. alternata. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined sequences using maximum parsimony method showed that the four isolates clustered together with the type strain CBS 916.96 of A. alternata. For pathogenicity test, three healthy leaves of three one-year-old P. acerifolia plants were wounded with a sterile needle and inoculated with 20 µl of spore suspension (106 conidia/ml). Plants inoculated with sterile water were treated as control. The pathogenicity test was also conducted on the unwounded leaves. After 8 days of inoculation at 25°C and 90% RH with a 12-h photoperiod, the symptoms on spore suspension-inoculated leaves were similar to those observed on trees in the street, whereas the control leaves remained symptomless. Lesions on wounded leaves were larger than those on unwounded leaves. The assay was repeated twice with consistent results. The pathogen was re-isolated from symptomatic leaf tissues and identified based on morphological and rDNA-ITS sequencing, thus, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Examples of other tree species where Alternaria alternata has been reported to cause leaf blight were Ophiopogon japonicas in China (Wang et al. 2021) and Pistacia terebinthus in Spain (López-Moral et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf blight on P. acerifolia in China. The identification could provide information for developing effective disease management strategies.

Copper ball bonding is the most widely used interconnection method in microelectronic packages. It has enabled many modern technologies, but the bond can fail due to corrosion. This paper concerns quantitative analyses of corrosion products of passing and failing copper ball bonds, and correlation with the corrosion thermodynamics. The role each element in the aluminum-copper intermetallic compound plays during crevice corrosion is described, and relative abundances of the oxidized elements are estimated. New insights regarding mechanisms of the highest vulnerability to corrosion attack in the thin film-stack across the bond are presented. Limited data indicate the same corrosion mechanisms for Au ball bonds.

Background Although carcinogenesis, cancer metastasis, and immunology are all closely related to necroptosis, research is still insufficient to pinpoint the precise function of necroptosis-related genes (NPRGs) in melanoma. Methods The training cohort included melanoma patient samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the validation cohort included melanoma patient samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE65904). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used in the training cohort to construct prognostic signatures based on six NPRGs. Patients were split into groups with high and low risk. The Kaplan-Meier method compared the various risk groups' overall survival (OS). Utilizing Cox regression, the effect of their clinicopathological characteristics and risk scores on survival was assessed. The CIBERSORT method was used to evaluate the immunological microenvironment. The relationship between clinical features, levels of checkpoint gene expression, and risk scores were examined using correlation analysis. The GEPIA2 database and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm the gene expression of six NPRGs (IHC). Results The prognostic signature of the NPRGs predicted a worse OS in the high-risk group, and the test cohort corroborated this prediction. In patients with melanoma, risk scores also independently predicted survival outcomes. Significant differences existed between the various risk groups in the immune microenvironment and the expression of checkpoint genes. Necroptosis score revealed a substantial positive link with natural killer cells and M2 macrophages and a significant negative correlation with T-cell and B-cell infiltration. In the high-risk group, several immune checkpoint genes displayed low levels of expression. The results of the IHC investigation were in agreement with the expression of NPRGs from GEPIA2. Conclusion In melanoma patients, the prognostic signature linked to NPRGs can be employed as novel prognostic predictors of prognosis and the immune microenvironment.

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Animal manure is an important raw material for Agaricus bisporus production; however, it is also a reservoir for antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Little is known about the influence of the commercial cultivation of A. bisporus on the dynamics of ARGs and the underlying mechanisms that cause their variations. In this study, we investigated the fate of 285 ARGs, 10 mobile genetic elements, and seven major categories of antibiotic residues in substrate and mushroom samples at different production phases. The results showed that commercial substrate preparation, particularly the pasteurization phase, was highly efficient in removing ARGs from the substrate. We further found that mycelium proliferation of A. bisporus contributed significantly to the removal of ARGs from the substrate and casing soil. The bacterial community is the key driver of changes in ARGs during the commercial cultivation of A. bisporus, which explained 46.67% of the variation in ARGs. Our results indicate that, despite the addition of animal manure, the risk of ARG dissemination to fruiting bodies and the environment is low. We propose that bioremediation by specific edible fungi might be a novel and promising method for scavenging antimicrobial resistance contamination from soil environment.

Background. Atherosclerotic plaque instability is a common cause of stroke and ischemic infarction, and identification of monocyte-associated genes has become a prominent feature in cardiovascular research as a contributing/predictive marker. Methods. Whole genome sequencing data were downloaded from GSE159677, GSE41571, GSE120521, and GSE118481. Single-cell sequencing data analysis was conducted to cluster molecular subtypes of atherosclerotic plaques and identify specific genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal subjects and patients with unstable atheromatous plaques were screened. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to find key module genes. In addition, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses explored potential biological signaling pathways to generate protein interaction (PPI) networks. GSEA and GSVA demonstrated activations in plaque instability subtypes. Results. 239 monocyte-associated genes were identified based on bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing, followed by the recognition of 1221 atherosclerotic plaque-associated DEGs from the pooled matrix. GO and KEGG analyses suggested that DEGs might be related to inflammation response and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Eight no-grey modules were obtained through WGCNA analysis, and the turquoise module has the highest correlation with unstable plaque ( R 2 = 0.40 ), which contained 1323 module genes. After fetching the intersecting genes, CXCL3, FPR1, GK, and LST1 were obtained that were significantly associated with plaque instability, which had an intense specific interaction. Monocyte-associated genes associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability have certain diagnostic significance and are generally overexpressed in this patient population. In addition, 11 overlapping coexpressed genes (CEG) might also activated multiple pathways regulating inflammatory responses, platelet activation, and hypoxia-inducible factors. GSVA showed that the corresponding pathways were significantly activated in high expression samples. Conclusions. Overexpression of CXCL3, GK, FPR1, and LST1 was advanced recognition and intervention factors for unstable plaques, which might become targets for atherosclerosis rupture prevention. We also analyzed the potential mechanisms of CEG from inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.

Background. Osteosarcoma (OS) is a bone malignancy frequently seen in pediatrics and has high mortality and incidence. Ferroptosis is an important cell death process in regulating the apoptosis and invasion of tumor cells, so constructing the risk-scoring model based on OS ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) will benefit the evaluation of both treatment and prognosis. Methods. The OS dataset was screened from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) database, and OS-related FRGs were found through the Ferroptosis Database (FerrDb) using a multivariate Cox regression model, followed by the generation of the risk scores and a risk-scoring prediction model. Further systematical exploration for immune cell infiltration and assessing the prediction of response to targeted drugs was conducted. Results. Based on OS-related FRGs, a risk-scoring model of FRGs in OS was constructed. The six FRGs played a role in the carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathways. Results from targeted drug sensitivity analyses were concordant to pathway analyses. The response to targeted drugs statistically differed between the two groups with different risks, and the high-risk group presented a high sensitivity to targeted drugs. Conclusions. We identified a 6-ferroptosis-gene-based prognostic signature in OS and created and verified a risk-scoring model to predict the prognosis of OS at 1, 3, and 5 years for OS patients independently.

Background. Despite tremendous advances in treating osteosarcoma (OS), the survival rates of patients have failed to improve dramatically over the past decades. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered iron-dependent type of regulated cell death, is implicated in tumors, and its features in OS remain unascertained. We designed to determine the involvement of ferroptosis subcluster-related modular genes in OS progression and prognosis. Methods. The OS-related datasets retrieved from GEO and TARGET database were clustered for identifying molecular subclusters with different ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) expression patterns. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to identify modular genes from FRG subclusters. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm and multivariable Cox regression analysis were adopted to develop the prognostic model. Potential mechanisms of development and prognosis in OS were explored by gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Then, a comprehensive analysis was conducted for immune checkpoint markers and assessment of predictive power to drug response. The protein expression levels of the three ferroptosis subcluster-related modular genes were verified by immunohistochemistry. Results. Two independent subclusters presenting diverse expression profiles of FRGs were obtained, with significantly different survival states. Ferroptosis subcluster-related modular genes were screened with WGCNA, and the GESA results showed that ferroptosis subcluster-related modular genes could affect the cellular energy metabolism, thus influencing the development and prognosis of osteosarcoma. A prognostic model was established by incorporating three ferroptosis subcluster-related modular genes (LRRC1, ACO2, and CTNNBIP1) and a nomogram by integrating clinical features, and they were evaluated for the predictive power on OS prognosis. The 20 immune checkpoint-related genes confirmed the insensitivity to tumor immunotherapy in high-risk patients. IC50s of Axitinib and Cytarabine suggested a higher sensitivity to the targeted drug. Finally, the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were consistent with bioinformatics analysis. Conclusion. Ferroptosis are closely associated with the OS prognosis. The risk-scoring model incorporating three ferroptosis subcluster-related modular genes has shown outstanding advantages in predicting patient prognosis.

We propose and validate a deep learning based algorithm for recovering images from their photon-limited samples. The method can be applied to complicated images and is able to retain most of the details.

Platanus acerifolia Willd. is one of the world famous urban greening trees, known as "the king of street trees" (Loretta et al. 2020). In August 2021, severe leaf spot disease was observed on P. acerifolia with 15% incidence on a street of Haidian district (116°29'E, 39°95'N), Beijing municipality, China. Typical symptoms were small and irregular brown spots with or without yellow haloes, which gradually expanded, coalesced and became necrotic lesions. For pathogen isolation, the leaf lesions were cut into small tissue pieces, disinfected by 0.3% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min and 70% ethanol for 40 s, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and then incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. After incubation at 28°C for 4 days, three fungal isolates (FTDX2, FTDX3, and FTDX6) with similar colony characteristics were obtained after single spore isolation. Colonies were white with fluffy aerial mycelia, abundant pycnidia with black stomata appeared and cream-white liquid oozed after 20 days. Alpha conidia were 7.9 ± 0.6 × 2.5 ± 0.3 μm (n = 30), aseptate, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal, and often biguttulate, while beta conidia were 22.7 ± 1.3 × 1.1 ± 0.1 μm (n = 30), aseptate, hyaline, linear, curved or hamate. The morphological characteristics were consistent with those of Diaporthe sp. (Udayanga et al. 2014). For further identification, total DNA was extracted from the three isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), beta-tubulin (TUB), calmodulin (CAL) and histone (HIS) genes were amplified and sequenced with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), BT2a/BT2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), CL1/CL2A (O'Donnell et al. 2000) and CYLH3F/H3-1b (Crous et al. 2014), respectively. The sequences were all deposited in GenBank (accession nos. OL870615 - OL870617 for ITS, OL870618 - OL870620 for EF1-α, OL870621 - OL870623 for TUB, OL870624 - OL870626 for CAL, and OL870627 - OL870629 for HIS) and aligned using BLASTn, obtaining 99-100% homology with the corresponding sequences of known Diaporthe eres strains in NCBI. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined sequences attributed the three isolates to the Diaporthe eres clade. Pathogenicity tests were performed on three healthy one-year-old P. acerifolia plants using the randomly selected isolate FTDX2. The leaves were inoculated with 20 µl of spore suspension (106 conidia/ml), with or without wound pretreatment, sterilized water inoculation under the same condition was used as control. All the treated plants were incubated in the greenhouse at 25°C and 90% RH with a 12-h photoperiod. After 8 days, the inoculated plants showed spot symptoms on leaves similar to those previously observed, whereas the control leaves remained symptomless. Lesions on the wounded leaves were much larger in size compared with those unwounded. The same pathogen was re-isolated and identified based on morphological characteristics and gene sequencing data, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Diaporthe eres has been reported to cause leaf spot on many horticultural plants, such as Photinia fraseri (Song et al. 2019) and Podocarpus macrophyllus (Zheng et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. eres causing leaf spot on Platanus acerifolia in China. This finding is a valuable contribution to the knowledge on leaf spot disease development in horticultural plants.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common pediatric malignancy with high mortality and disability rates. Autophagy is an essential process in regulating the apoptosis and invasion of tumor cells, so constructing a risk score model of OS autophagy-related genes (ARGs) will bring benefit to the evaluation of both treatment and prognosis. METHODS: We downloaded a dataset of OS from the Therapeutically Applicable Research To Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) database, and found OS-related ARGs through the Human Autophagy Database (HADb). Five hub ARGs (CCL2, AMBRA1, VEGFA, MYC and EGFR) were obtained using a multivariate Cox regression model. We then generated the risk scores and constructed a prediction model. Another dataset obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was used to test accuracy and validity. The role of immune cell infiltration was systematically explored, and prediction of response to targeted drugs was assessed. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to verify the expression of the key ARGs. RESULTS: Based on the five hub ARGs, we established a risk score model related to OS. High accuracy and validity were demonstrated by datasets downloaded from the GEO. The five ARGs played a role in the PI3K and MAPK pathways. Results from targeted drug sensitivity analyses were consistent with pathway analyses. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expression differences of the five ARGs were significant between the OS group and the paracancerous group. CONCLUSIONS: We constructed a risk score model related to autophagy of OS, explored the diagnostic value of ARGs, and present possible therapeutic targets.

Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy in children and adolescents, with a high mortality and disability rate. Autophagy plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Hence, construction of a risk score model of autophagy related genes (ARGs) of OS would benefit the treatment and prognosis evaluation. Methods We downloaded a dataset of OS from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and found the OS-related ARGs through Human Autophagy Database (HADb). Five hub ARGs (CCL2, AMBRA1, VEGFA, MYC and EGFR) were obtained by using multivariate Cox regression model. Then we calculated the risk scores and constructed a prediction model. Another two datasets downloaded from GEO were combined to verify the accuracy and validity of the model. The role of immune cell infiltration was systematically explored, and prediction of response to targeted drugs was assessed. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to verify the expression of the key ARGs. Results Based on these five hub ARGs, we constructed a risk score model related to OS. High accuracy and validity were demonstrated by datasets downloaded from GEO. These five ARGs played a role in cancer-related biological processes, such as MAPK pathway and PI3K pathway. The results of targeted drug sensitivity analyses coincided with the pathway analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of 5 ARGs in OS group was more obvious than that in paracancerous group. Conclusion This study constructs a risk score model related to autophagy of OS, explores the prognostic value of autophagy related genes, and finds possible therapeutic targets.

Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary solid malignant bone tumor, and its metastasis is a prominent cause of high mortality in patients.Methods: A risk signature was constructed based on re-annotating the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) data matrix, of the lncRNAs related to OS prognosis and immunity. From the OS transcription data, which is downloaded from the TARGET, the 1126 lncRNAs those harbour co-expressions with immunity genes were selected by Pearson correlation test and later divided into the training set (n=44) and validation set (n=41) with the caret package of R. With the training set we build the model related to Osteosarcoma prognosis by the univariate and multivariate Cox, and the Lasso regression analysis, and in combination with the clinical factors we conducted the multivariate Cox regression analysis to build the 1-year, 3-year and 5-year survival rate nomograms. Afterwards, we validated the ROC and the calibration curve of the subjects with the validation set and the whole dataset. Lastly, we performed functional enrichment analysis with the GSEA, GO and KEGG to figure out the biological functions of the prognosis genes.Results: The training set was performed in univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, identifying 25 lncRNAs correlated with prognosis. Eleven lncRNAs were selected by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression for multivariate cox analysis and Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis. Finally, lncRNAs (RP11-69E11.4, SNHG6, MIR210HG, RP11-750H9.5 and CTD-2341M24.1) risk signature was constructed, and the validation set and the whole dataset were used to evaluate the prediction stability and accuracy of the signature. The survival times of high- and low-risk groups were significantly different in the training set, validation set and the whole dataset. Further, function enrichment and gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the lncRNAs in the signature may affect the proliferation, migration, chemotaxis and combination of Osteosarcoma-related immune cells, and involve in every pathways of OS metabolism. Conclusion: The five lncRNAs survival risk signature could potentially predict the prognosis of OS patients, additionally, may provide novel insights for future clinical diagnosis and treatment of OS.

Background Obesity leads to the chronic inflammation in the whole body and triggers the macrophage polarization to the pro-inflammatory phenotype. Targeting macrophage polarization provides a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity-related metabolic disorders and inflammation. Here, we show that SO1989, a derivative of natural occurring compound oleanolic acid, restores the balance between M1-polarized and M2-polarized macrophages in high fat diets (HFD)-induced obese mice resulting in the improvement of adipose inflammation and the metabolic dysfunctions. Methods Histological analysis, magnetic cell sorting and FACS, in vitro cell model of adipose inflammation, Western blotting, HFD mice model. Findings SO1989 exhibits similar or even stronger activity in inhibiting inflammation and M1 polarization of macrophages both in vitro and in vivo compared to its analogue CDDO-Me, previously known as a powerful anti-inflammation chemical small molecule. In addition, SO1989 can significantly increase the level of fatty acid oxidation in macrophages which can efficiently facilitate M2 polarization of macrophages. Unlike CDDO-Me, SO1989 shows less adverse effects on obese mice. Interpretation Taken all together, our findings identify SO1989 as a modulator in macrophage polarization and a safer potential leading compound for pro-resolution of inflammation treatment in metabolic disorders. Fund Supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Plan (2017YFA0506000, 2017YFA0205400) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (81673439) and Natural Science Fund project in Jiangsu Province (BK20161408).

NUMB is an evolutionarily conserved protein that plays an important role in cell adhesion, migration, polarity, and cell fate determination. It has also been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of certain cancers, although it remains controversial whether NUMB functions as an oncoprotein or tumor suppressor. Here, we show that NUMB binds to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a receptor tyrosine kinase aberrantly activated in several forms of cancer, and this interaction regulates the endocytosis and activity of ALK. Intriguingly, the function of the NUMB–ALK interaction is isoform-dependent. While both p66-NUMB and p72-NUMB isoforms are capable of mediating the endocytosis of ALK, the former directs ALK to the lysosomal degradation pathway, thus decreasing the overall ALK level and the downstream MAP kinase signal. In contrast, the p72-NUMB isoform promotes ALK recycling back to the plasma membrane, thereby maintaining the kinase in its active state. Our work sheds light on the controversial role of different isoforms of NUMB in tumorigenesis and provides mechanistic insight into ALK regulation.

Oudemansiella raphanipes is an edible mushroom with medicinal properties,which has been recently cultivated throughout China (Hao et al. 2016). In October 2019, a disease with symptoms similar to that of cobweb disease (Carrasco et al. 2017) was observed in O. raphanipes in the Tongzhou District, Beijing, China, infecting 25% of the fruiting bodies (Fig. 1A, B). White cotton-like net of hyphae were present typically on the casing soil or on the stipe of the fruiting bodies; they gradually spread to the pileus, covering the fruiting body, which eventually wilted and died (Fig. 1C, D), resulting in yield reduction and economic loss. Cultures were obtained by aseptically transferring the diseased fruiting bodies onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25 °C; they were deposited in the culture collection (ID: JZBQA1) of the Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, China. The colonies were pale white/white, with an occasional formation of yellow diffusing pigments on the reverse side (Fig. 1E-G). Conidiophores were Cladobotryum-like, phialides were solitary or commonly divergent in whorls of 2-3 (-4), lageniform to subulate, 20-63.5 (-66) × (3.8-) 4-5.3 (-9) μm (n = 40) (Fig. 1H, I); conidia were hyaline, oval to ellipsoidal, with one or two septa, (10.4-) 11.4-20 (-22) × 6.6-9.5 (-10) μm (n = 40) (Fig. 1J); chlamydospores were globose or ellipsoidal (Fig. 1K). The morphological characteristics were consistent with that of Cladobotryum varium (Back et al. 2012a, b; Sun et al. 2019). For species-level fungal identification, genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, USA). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, translation elongation factor 1 alpha exon (TEF1-α), RNA polymerase II subunit b (RPB2), and RNA polymerase I largest subunit (RPB1) genes were amplified using the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-983F/2218R (Rehner and Buckley 2005), RPB2-5F/7cR (Liu et al. 1999), and RPB1F1 (5'-GCCGATGAAGTTGGTCTA-3')/RPB1R1 (5'-TATGTTGCGGTGAGCCTT-3'), respectively. A BLAST nucleotide search showed 99.34% (449/452 bp), 99.24% (914/921 bp), 98.08% (1,022/1,042 bp), and 99.66% (588/590 bp) homology, respectively, with those of the ex-type culture of Hypomyces aurantius TFC 95-171 (FN859425.1, FN868743.1, FN868679.1, and FN868805.1). The four sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers: MW534093, MW560066, MW560064, and MW560065). Phylogenetic trees based on the assessed gene loci revealed that the JZBQA1 strain was closely related to C. varium (Fig. 2). A in vivo pathogenicity test was performed using the fruiting bodies (Fig. 1L, O). Spore suspension (108 spores/mL) of the JZBQA1 strain or sterile distilled water was sprayed on six healthy fruiting bodies, maintained in an artificial climate chamber at 24-26°C. Cobweb-like features were observed on the fruiting bodies treated with the spore suspension 2-3 days post-inoculation; while those treated with water did not exhibit such features (Fig. 1L, O). The same pathogen was re-isolated and confirmed from the infected fruiting bodies by integrated analysis of morphological characteristics and gene sequencing data. Cladobotryum spp. infects different varieties of cultivated edible mushrooms, resulting in the development of cobweb diseases (Cao et al. 2020; Carrasco et al. 2017). Cladobotryum varium is the causal agent of cobweb disease in Flammulina velutipes and Hypsizygus marmoreus (Back et al. 2012a, b). To our knowledge, this is the first report of cobweb disease caused by C. varium in O. raphanipes. This finding is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of cobweb disease development in edible fungi.

Humans are prone to making typos in writing, which, though, doesn’t affect understanding the whole sentence. However, neural models in natural language processing(NLP) would collapse when confronted with such tiny mistakes. This problem results from that neural models incline to entangle information, i.e., replacing a single aspect of the input text leads to significant changes in all components of the representation. Therefore, a trivial noise in a sentence can bring about a dramatic performance drop of the model. In this paper, we propose a novel and general framework to enhance the robustness of a model. The whole framework is trained in an adversarial style, which enables the model to encode the original sentence and the sentence refined by a lexical distiller to a similar sentence representation. We verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework in auto-encoder task. Experimental results show that our framework enhances the robustness of the model in different aspects.

Low-K dielectric adhesion problems were observed at M1 and M2 levels during thermal cycling of a flip chip product. Nano-indentation of simple BEOL test structures was used to determine the relative strength of the various interfaces in the BEOL stack. It is observed that the weakest adhesion is associated with the initial stages of the SiCOH low-K dielectric deposition. Adhesion loss related to the SiCN etch stop deposition is not observed.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) with thermal hydrolysis pretreatment has been attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its high efficiency. However, few studies focus on systematical comparison of the downstream AD processes for thermal hydrolyzed sludge and their corresponding microbial community compositions, especially on those at pilot scale and above. Thus, this study systematically compared the long-term performance and microbial communities of two pilot-scale anaerobic reactors for thermal hydrolyzed sludge digestion under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The results presented that mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD) showed a better performance of methane production than thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD). The hydraulic retention time (HRT) needed to be longer than 12 days in MAD while 20 days in TAD to achieve the relatively high methane production, which could be explained by that the ammonia nitrogen accumulation especially the free ammonia determined in TAD was higher than that in MAD at all HRTs, emerging an inhibition of methane yield in TAD. High-throughput Illumina sequencing results demonstrated a more diverse microbial community in MAD than that in TAD. TAD was mediated by a suite of thermophiles, such as Coprothermobacter and Methanothermobacter, while taxa harbored in MAD mostly belonged to Bacteroidetes and relatively broad types of methanogens. In addition, hydrogenotrophic methanogens were the predominant of archaea communities in both digesters probably due to the relatively high concentration of ammonia nitrogen.

Ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury (IR-induced AKI) is a life-threatening disease with many complications. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) ubiquitination is related to AKI. But the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to probe the mechanism of Mfn2 ubiquitination in IR-induced AKI development. In IR-induced AKI mouse models, orbital blood and urine were collected for assessing kidney function. The kidney injury, ultrastructure of mitochondria, and histopathology in mice were evaluated after injection of G5, an ubiquitination inhibitor. Oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) models were established in HK-2 cells, and the mitochondria were extracted. Cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP production were measured. Mfn2 ubiquitination in mouse and cell models was evaluated. si-SIRT3 and pcDNA3.1-SIRT3 were transfected into cell models. Consequently, kidney function in mice was impaired by IR-induced AKI. Mfn2 ubiquitination and degradation promoted IR-induced AKI. OGD/R induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury and disrupted mitochondrial dynamics and functions through promoting Mfn2 ubiquitination. SIRT3 knockdown led to Mfn2 ubiquitination by binding to UBC; while its overexpression alleviated tubular epithelial cell injury. Briefly, SIRT3 mediates Mfn2 ubiquitination to relieve IR-induced AKI. This investigation may offer new insights for the treatment of IR-induced AKI injury.

Modern technologies and devices ranging from smartphones, computers, cloud computing, industrial automation, automobiles, to the Internet of Things are enabled by integrated circuits (ICs) and their associated packages. The ICs have evolved from the early small-scale integration (SSI) to the later more complex very-large-scale integration (VLSI) and the subsequent ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI), in a continuous quest for improved functionality, higher performance, smaller form factors, and lower cost. The rate has generally followed Moore’s law.

Modern technologies and devices ranging from smartphones, computers, cloud computing, industrial automation, and automobiles to the Internet of Things are enabled by integrated circuits (ICs) and their associated packages. The ICs have evolved from the early small-scale integration (SSI) to the later more complex very-large-scale integration (VLSI) and the subsequent ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI), in a continuous quest for improved functionality, higher performance, smaller form factors, and lower cost. The rate at which metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) counts on a chip have increased has generally followed Moore’s law, which states that the transistor count per chip doubles approximately every two years.