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The surrounding rock of the impact hazard roadway is often disturbed by external dynamic loads, which often leads to the occurrence of impact ground pressure. In order to explore the anti impact and pressure relief effects of large-diameter pre relief boreholes in coal seams under dynamic load disturbance conditions, a comprehensive method including theoretical analysis, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations was used to study the dynamic load response law and limit of coal seam anti impact and pressure relief boreholes. The results indicate that the coal body in the pressure relief zone of large-diameter drilling forms a weak structure, increases the ability to attenuate dynamic loads, and reduces the possibility of impact. Under low dynamic load disturbance, the expansion of pores and cracks, and the cumulative acoustic emission events show an upward trend with the increase of disturbance period; Under higher dynamic load disturbances, the degree of damage and rupture of coal samples in boreholes intensifies, and acoustic emission events are mainly high-energy. As the dynamic load level and disturbance period increase, the distance between the stress concentration zone, elastic high-energy zone and the borehole shortens, the influence range increases, the rock movement trend strengthens, and the degree of elastic energy accumulation increases. Under low dynamic load level disturbances, drilling plays a role in energy dissipation, pressure relief, and anti-collision, which can maintain the stability of the surrounding rock. However, under high-energy dynamic load disturbances, the anti-collision of large-diameter drilling fails, and the drilling wall is prone to dynamic instability and damage, causing instability of the surrounding rock. Overall, large-diameter pressure relief boreholes have weakened structures that can dissipate energy, reduce impact, and lower the degree of dynamic load disturbance. However, under high-energy and high-frequency dynamic load disturbances, the movement trend of the surrounding rock of the pressure relief borehole increases, the degree of fracture response is severe, and the anti impact effectiveness is limited.

Objective: To explore the optimal reconstruction algorithm for volume rendering imaging (VR), improving the diagnostic efficacy of linear fractures of nasal bone area. Methods: Adult CT images of the nasal bone from August 2022 to August 2023 were retrospectively included, and 100 patients with linear fracture and 35 patients without fracture in the nasal region were randomly selected and underwent post-processing of VR with Smooth, Standard, Sharp, and Bone algorithms, respectively. Two radiologists scored the VR with and without fracture, the display of the nasal foramen, and the image quality in a double-blind method. The CT phantom was used for measuring the noise power spectrum (NPS), task transfer function (TTF) and detectability index \begin{document}$(d') $\end{document} of the CT images of different reconstruction algorithms using the same scanning protocol. Results: The diagnostic efficacy for linear nasal fractures varied between VR_Standard, VR_Sharp, and VR_Bone, with higher scores for the display of the nasal foramen in VR_Sharp than in VR_Standard and higher image quality scores in VR_Sharp than in VR_Standard and VR_Bone. As the sharpness of the reconstruction algorithm increased, the amount of noise and spatial resolution gradually increased. The NPSpeak and TTF50% for the Standard, Sharp, and Bone groups were (225.85 HU2·mm2, 0.42), (416.67 HU2·mm2, 0.53), and (1888.20 HU2·mm2, 0.8), respectively. The Sharp group had the highest \begin{document}$d' $\end{document} value when the diameter of the target to be measured was 1 mm. Conclusion: VR_Sharp has the best diagnostic efficacy for linear fractures in the nasal region, which better utilizes the value of VR in aiding diagnosis.

It is likely that an RNA world existed in early life, when RNA played both the roles of the genome and functional molecules, thereby undergoing Darwinian evolution. However, even with only one type of polymer, it seems quite necessary to introduce a labour division concerning these two roles because folding is required for functional molecules (ribozymes) but unfavourable for the genome (as a template in replication). Notably, while ribozymes tend to have adopted a linear form for folding without constraints, a circular form, which might have been topologically hindered in folding, seems more suitable for an RNA template. Another advantage of involving a circular genome could have been to resist RNA’s end-degradation. Here, we explore the scenario of a circular RNA genome plus linear ribozyme(s) at the precellular stage of the RNA world through computer modelling. The results suggest that a one-gene scene could have been ‘maintained’, albeit with rather a low efficiency for the circular genome to produce the ribozyme, which required precise chain-break or chain-synthesis. This strict requirement may have been relieved by introducing a ‘noncoding’ sequence into the genome, which had the potential to derive a second gene through mutation. A two-gene scene may have ‘run well’ with the two corresponding ribozymes promoting the replication of the circular genome from different respects. Circular genomes with more genes might have arisen later in RNA-based protocells. Therefore, circular genomes, which are common in the modern living world, may have had their ‘root’ at the very beginning of life.

Abstract Background Acute monocytic leukemia-M5 (AML-M5) remains a challenging disease due to its high morbidity and poor prognosis. In addition to the evidence mentioned earlier, several studies have shown that programmed cell death (PCD) serves a critical function in treatment of AML-M5. However, the role and relationship between ferroptosis and necroptosis in AML-M5 remains unclear. Methods THP-1 cells were mainly treated with Erastin and IMP-366. The changes of ferroptosis and necroptosis levels were detected by CCK-8, western blot, quantitative real-time PCR, and electron microscopy. Flow cytometry was applied to detect the ROS and lipid ROS levels. MDA, 4-HNE, GSH and GSSG were assessed by ELISA kits. Intracellular distribution of FSP1 was studied by immunofluorescent staining and western blot. Results The addition of the myristoylation inhibitor IMP-366 to erastin-treated acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 cell not only resulted in greater susceptibility to ferroptosis characterized by lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH) depletion and mitochondrial shrinkage, as the FSP1 position on membrane was inhibited, but also increased p-RIPK1 and p-MLKL protein expression, as well as a decrease in caspase-8 expression, and triggered the characteristic necroptosis phenomena, including cytoplasmic translucency, mitochondrial swelling, membranous fractures by FSP1 migration into the nucleus via binding importin α2. It is interesting to note that ferroptosis inhibitor fer-1 reversed necroptosis. Conclusion We demonstrated that inhibition of myristoylation by IMP-366 is capable of switching ferroptosis and ferroptosis-dependent necroptosis in THP-1 cells. In these findings, FSP1-mediated ferroptosis and necroptosis are described as alternative mechanisms of PCD of THP-1 cells, providing potential therapeutic strategies and targets for AML-M5.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the value of different iterative reconstruction algorithms for orbital computed tomography (CT). Methods: Orbital CT data from 31 patients were retrospectively collected from January to March 2024 at Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University. The images were reconstructed using both the Hybrid Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm (iDose4) and Iterative Model Reconstruction (IMR) techniques for the bone and standard algorithms. The average CT number, standard deviation (SD) of noise , signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and image quality scores of different reconstruction algorithms were compared. Randomized block variance analysis was used to compare differences in objective indicators, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for related samples was used to compare differences in subjective scores. Results: The differences in the CT number, noise, SNR, and CNR of images reconstructed using different standard algorithms were statistically significant. Compared with iDose4, the noise reduction of the IMR standard algorithm-reconstructed images ranged from 25% to 67%, with an SNR increase of 1.3~1.5 times, and a CNR increase of 2 to 3 times. Compared with iDose4, the noise reduction of the IMR bone algorithm-reconstructed images ranged from 70% to 96%, with an SNR increase of 5~15 times and a CNR increase of 4~31 times. The differences in the image quality scores of the images reconstructed using different bone and standard algorithms were statistically significant. The highest scores were 5 (5, 5) for the iDose4 Level 3 Y-Detail (YD) bone algorithm group and 5 (4, 5) for the IMR Level 1 Brain Routine standard algorithm group. The consistency of the scores evaluated by the two observers was strong, with weighted kappa coefficients ranging from 0.644 to 1. Conclusion: In orbital CT, we recommend using a hybrid iterative reconstruction technique (iDose4 Level 3) to reconstruct bone algorithm images and the iterative model reconstruction technique (IMR-Level 1) to reconstruct standard algorithm images.

Abstract The North Pacific is known with iron limitation for phytoplankton growth in the subarctic region and nitrogen limitation in the subtropical gyre. Although the growth rate of phytoplankton is determined by the concentration of limiting nutrient, the supply ratio of iron to nitrogen is suggested to be essential to this biogeographic pattern. However, the underlying dynamics determining the ratio remain largely unknown. We investigated mechanisms of dissolved iron (dFe) and nitrate (NO3−) transport to the euphotic zone of the North Pacific using an eddy‐resolvable biogeochemical model. We show that lateral advection and atmospheric deposition are dominant drivers for dFe transport, resulting in high Fe:N supply ratio in both subarctic and subtropical regions. Conversely, significant vertical supplies of NO3− through upwelling and diffusion processes markedly reduce the supply ratio in the subarctic region. These dynamics combined lead to high Fe:N supply ratio in the gyre and low ratio in the subarctic, ultimately driving high nitrogen fixation condition in the gyre and the iron‐limited phytoplankton growth condition in the subarctic region.

With the continuous increase of coal mining depth, the occurrence and prevention of deep rockburst in China have become normalized. In order to improve the effectiveness of deep rockburst prevention and control technology, starting from the technical difficulties of deep rockburst prevention and control in on-site engineering, combined with practical data statistics of disaster prevention and control engineering, this study demonstrates that the deep rockburst in China is due to its high geological stress and large range of human mining disturbance. The stress recovery of surrounding rock is fast after rock stress unloading during the disaster prevention and control process. The low effectiveness of rockburst prevention and control can be attributed to the new requirements of “three highs and one low” prevention and control technology in deep mining compared to that in shallow mining, including high-strength large-sized drilling to relieve pressure, in order to solve the collapse prone problem of thick and hard coal seams; small spacing high-density drilling to solve the problem of disconnected pressure relief range in drilling; multiple rounds of repeated high-frequency construction to solve the problem of rapid stress recovery after unloading pressure in deep coal seams; and the mining face is advancing at a low speed to solve the problem of high mining disturbance intensity. In response to the new requirements of “three highs and one low” prevention and control mode for deep rockburst, in order to further improve the safety and reliability of rockburst prevention and control, and based on the limitations of optimizing development and mining deployment for conventional source rockburst prevention and control, this paper proposes the technology of actively regulating the structure and load of overlying rock layers in the deep rockburst prevention and control areas, and presents some further scientific problems that need to be solved. Against the background of several typical rockburst accidents in recent years with the problem of “missed targets” in the prevention and control plans, a local targeted prevention and control technology for deep rockburst mining space has been developed, and the scientific challenges that need to be solved in the future have been pointed out. Against the background of the difficulty in evaluating safety issues after the implementation of coal mine rockburst prevention and control measures, a deep rockburst prevention and control unloading standard evaluation technology is proposed, and the scientific difficulties that need to be solved in the future are pointed out. The coal industry vigorously promotes intelligent mining, but the disaster control still relies on manual labor and personnel to operate in a high-risk environment. This paper also explores the emerging research direction and scientific challenges of intelligent mining and intelligent prevention and control of deep rockburst. Finally, it is objectively pointed out that the prevention and control of rockburst is not purely a theoretical and technical issue, and the human understanding of technical issues is also one of the important reasons for rockburst accidents. Combining with the on-site engineering practice, this paper discusses the concept and mechanism of rockburst, whether rockburst can be predicted, whether rockburst can be prevented and controlled, and how to deal with rockburst mines and other industry focused technical issues. It is pointed out that the problem of rockburst engineering is a struggle between humans and nature, which requires practitioners to objectively understand, objectively accept, and conduct in-depth research. The current achievement is of significance.

Background: Scutellariae radix (SR) is the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. It has a long history of ethnic medicinal use, traditionally recognized for its efficacy in clearing heat， drying dampness, eliminating fire， removing toxins, stopping bleeding and tranquilizing fetus to prevent miscarriage. Clinically, it is used to treat cold, fever, migraine, hand-foot-and-mouth diseases, liver cancer and inflammatory diseases. Purpose: The review aims to provide a comprehensive reference on the ethnobotanical uses, processing, phytochemistry, pharmacological effect, quality control and influence factors of biosynthesis for a deeper understanding of SR. Results and conclusion: A total of 210 isolated components have been reported in the literature, including flavonoids and their glycosides, phenylpropanoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, phenolic acids, volatile components, polysaccharides and others. The extract of SR and its main flavonoids such as baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, wogonoside, and scutellarin showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antiviral, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. However, further studies are required to elucidate its mechanisms of action and clinical applications. The pharmacodynamic evaluation based on traditional efficacy should be conducted. Although various analytical methods have been established for the quality control of SR, there are gaps in the research regarding efficacy-related quality markers and the development of quality control standards for its processed products. The regulatory mechanisms of flavonoids biosynthesis remain to be explored while the influence of environmental and transcription factors on the biosynthesis have been studied. In conclusion, SR is a promising herbal medicine with significant potential for future development.

ABSTRACT Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. p), a facultative intracellular bacterium, is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes abscesses and pyogenic granulomas. The relationship between gut microbiota and host health or diseases has received increasing attention. However, the role of gut microbiota in the process of C. p infection is still unclear. In this study, we established a C. p infection model in C57BL/6 mice and examined the impact of preemptive oral administration Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) on infection. Our findings revealed that C. p infection led to pronounced pathological alterations in the liver and kidneys, characterized by abscess formation, intense inflammatory responses, and bacterial overload. Remarkably, these deleterious effects were greatly relieved by oral administration of L. acidophilus before infection with C. p. Additionally, we further found that during C. p infection, peritoneal macrophages (PMs) of mice orally administered with L. acidophilus accumulated more rapidly at sites of infection. Furthermore, our results showed that PMs from mice with oral L. acidophilus administration showed a stronger C. p clearance effect, and this was mediated by high expression of LC3-II protein. Meanwhile, oral administration of L. acidophilus protected the gut microbiota disorder in C57BL/6 mice caused by C. p infection. In summary, our study demonstrates that oral administration of L. acidophilus confers effective protection against C. p infection in C57BL/6 mice by modulating macrophage autophagy, thereby augmenting bacterial clearance and preserving gut microbiota and function stability. These findings position L. acidophilus as a viable probiotic candidate for the clinical prevention of C. p infection.IMPORTANCECorynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. p) is known to induce a range of chronic diseases in both animals and humans. Currently, clinical treatment for C. p infection mainly relies on antibiotic therapy or surgical intervention. However, excessive use of antibiotics may increase the risk of drug-resistant strains, and the effectiveness of treatment remains unsatisfactory. Furthermore, surgical procedures do not completely eradicate pathogens and can easily cause environmental pollution. Probiotic interventions are receiving increasing attention for improving the body’s immune system and maintaining health. In this study, we established a C. p infection model in C57BL/6 mice to explore the impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus during C. p infection. Our results showed that L. acidophilus effectively protected against C. p infection by regulating the autophagy of macrophages and maintaining intestinal microbiota homeostasis. This study may provide a new strategy for the prevention of C. p infection.

Cables are critical in engineering structures for load‐bearing, electronic connection, and mechanical transmission. Various cable‐crawling robots (CCRs) have been developed to perform scheduled inspection or convey supplies. Most existing CCRs are often actuated by motors and used in large‐scaled engineering structures. The heavy bodies of these CCRs can cause damage or even casualties once slippage or drop occurs. A small and lightweight CCR that can crawl on thin cables is highly demanded for safety inspection in narrow and confined inner spaces of engineering structures. Herein, a soft CCR (weight, 2.1 g; length, 43 mm) is developed by utilizing multilayered dielectric elastomer actuators. Compared with existing solutions, this CCR achieves crawling on thin cables (diameter:

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (PA-MSHA) on the prognosis and the incidence of lymphatic leakage in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC).MethodA total of 129 patients who underwent RC in Lanzhou University Second Hospital from 2013 to 2022 were enrolled in this study. They were divided into 43 patients treated with PA-MSHA and 86 patients in the control group. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was applied to reduce potential selection bias. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to analyze the effect of PA-MSHA on the survival of patients and the incidence of postoperative lymphatic leakage.ResultsThe PA-MSHA group exhibited improved overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates compared to the control group. The 3-year and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates for the PA-MSHA group were 69.1% and 53.2%, respectively, compared to 55.6% and 45.3% for the control group (Log-rank=3.218, P=0.072). The 3-year and 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates for the PA-MSHA group were 73.3% and 56.5%, respectively, compared to 58.0% and 47.3% for the control group (Log-rank=3.218, P=0.072). Additionally, the 3-year and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates for the PA-MSHA group were 74.4% and 56.8%, respectively, compared to 57.1% and 52.2% for the control group (Log-rank=2.016, P=0.156). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicates that lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis are poor prognostic factors for patients, while the use of PA-MSHA can improve patients’ OS (HR: 0.547, 95%CI: 0.304–0.983, P=0.044), PFS (HR: 0.469, 95%CI: 0.229–0.959, P=0.038) and CSS (HR: 0.484, 95%CI: 0.257–0.908, P=0.024). The same trend was observed in the cohort After IPTW adjustment. Although there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative lymphatic leakage [18.6% (8/35) vs. 15.1% (84.9%), P=0.613] and pelvic drainage volume [470 (440) ml vs. 462.5 (430) ml, P=0.814] between PA-MSHA group and control group, PA-MSHA could shorten the median retention time of drainage tube (7.0 d vs 9.0 d) (P=0.021).ConclusionPA-MSHA may improve radical cystectomy in patients with OS, PFS, and CSS, shorten the pelvic drainage tube retention time.

β-galactosidase (BGAL) is a glycosyl hydrolase that participates in cell wall modification, playing an essential role in plant growth, development and environmental stress adaptation. However, the function of BGALs in longan remains unclear. In this study, a total of 20 BGAL genes were identified from the longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) genome, which were distributed to eight chromosomes. Transcript profiles revealed that the majority of 11 detected DlBGAL genes were highly expressed in the embryogenic callus (EC) (four) and globular embryos (GE) (six), and responsive to heat stress. Combined with RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and ChIP-seq results, most DlBGAL genes differentially expressed during early somatic embryogenesis (SE) were related with chromatin accessibility and high levels of H3K4me1. DlBGAL9 was selected for further analysis. Dual-luciferase assays and transient transformation indicated that the transcription factor (TF) DlAGL61 and DlAGL80 might bind to the DlBGAL9 promoters to activate DlBGAL9 transcription. Overexpression of DlBGAL9 and TF DlAGL80 induces longan hairy roots β-GAL activity and thickening of cell walls. The expression levels of DlBGAL9 and TF DlAGL80 in longan hairy roots were significantly increased under heat stress, and ROS scavengers related genes were significantly upregulated in overexpressing DlBGAL9 and TF DlAGL80 hairy roots. This study proposes the significance of the regulatory network composed of DlBGAL9 and TF DlAGL80 in regulating the early longan SE and heat stress response.

With coal resource extraction areas are constantly shifting towards the west and deeper regions, and the number of rock burst mines in the western region is increasing rapidly. As a major coal province, Shaanxi Province has a stable scale of coal development and supply, ranking among the top in the country. However, rock burst disasters are particularly prominent. In order to effectively curb the frequent occurrence of rock burst in local coal mines and provide reference for rock burst prevention and control in areas with similar conditions, the occurrence law of rock burst has been basically clarified by analyzing 24 mines and 85 rock burst cases in Shaanxi coal mines over the past 10 years, and conducted classified prevention and control research based on the main control factors. The research results indicate that coal mine rock burst in Shaanxi Province has the characteristics of concentrated disaster mines, severe disaster severity, significant overlapping effects of multiple disasters, and high difficulty in prevention and control; The monitoring technology and prevention technology of rock burst are almost synchronized with the construction process of local regulations, achieving a late start, high starting point, and demonstration effect;Based on the main controlling factors of rock burst, rock burst in Shaanxi Province is divided into three categories: hard roof dominant type, wide coal pillar dominant type, and geological structure dominant type. In response to the main controlling factors, prevention and control methods for weakening hard roof, transferring high concentrated stress of coal pillar, and releasing structural stress are proposed.Through 10 years of engineering practice, continuous optimization of mine mining design, exploration of new fracturing technologies for drilling areas along the thick and hard roof of coal seams, and increased implementation of anti burst and pressure relief technologies, the occurrence of rock burst has been decreasing year by year, with significant achievements.

This paper presents fluid dynamics simulation data associated with two test cases in the related research article [1]. In this article, an efficient bimaterial Riemann problem solver is proposed to accelerate multi-material flow simulations that involve complex thermodynamic equations of state and strong discontinuities across material interfaces. The first test case is a one-dimensional benchmark problem, featuring large density jump (4 orders of magnitude) and drastically different thermodynamics relations across a material interface. The second test case simulates the nucleation of a pear-shaped vapor bubble induced by long-pulsed laser in water. This multiphysics simulation combines laser radiation, phase transition (vaporization), non-spherical bubble expansion, and the emission of acoustic and shock waves. Both test cases are performed using the M2C solver, which solves the three-dimensional Eulerian Navier-Stokes equations, utilizing the accelerated bimaterial Riemann solver. Source codes provided in this paper include the M2C solver and a standalone version of the accelerated Riemann problem solver. These source codes serve as references for researchers seeking to implement the acceleration algorithms introduced in the related research article. Simulation data provided include fluid pressure, velocity, density, laser radiance and bubble dynamics. The input files and the workflow to perform the simulations are also provided. These files, together with the source codes, allow researchers to replicate the simulation results presented in the research article, which can be a starting point for new research in laser-induced cavitation, bubble dynamics, and multiphase flow in general.

Cephalopod skin is capable of fast color changing enabled by tunable skin transparency as well as structure color. Under this inspiration, herein, a flexible surface with unique hierarchical structure that integrates both transparency change in chemical color (optical scattering) and structure coloration (optical interfering) is developed by harnessing wrinkling instability, thanks to the interfacial Au catalysis in soft lithography. As a result, a hierarchical structure in terms of wrinkled film overlaid by nano‐dome array is obtained in the flexile surface. Experiments find that subject to biaxial strains from 0% to 60%, the hierarchical surface first experiences a transition from nontransparent to transparent owing to the flattening of the wrinkles and then exhibits iridescence structure color shifting from blue to red. The switchable and dynamical tunable mechanochromic characteristics are demonstrated in a smart window, offering potentials for developing flexible devices with optical multiple functionality.

This paper used a multi-period DID model with panel data from 283 Chinese cities between 2006 and 2019 to investigate the emission reduction effects and mechanisms of China's carbon trading scheme. The research revealed that China's Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme not only stimulated businesses to reduce emissions as a market-based environmental regulation policy but also influenced local governments' governance objectives. As a result, the Hawthorne effect inevitably manifested during the experimental period of China's Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme. Further analysis indicated that China's CETS encouraged local authorities to take a more proactive stance towards the balance between environmental preservation and economic growth, aiming to achieve a mutually beneficial outcome. Based on the political stance of local governments, they are likely to simultaneously increase their focus on both economic growth and environmental protection. However, when faced with the conflict between economic advancement and environmental safeguarding, pilot regions prioritized ecological conservation in their practical steps, leading to a modest decline in economic growth. In other words, the government's high-profile announcements may not always manifest in actual deeds. In practice, local authorities tend to allocate more administrative resources to areas highly prioritized by the central government. Furthermore, the extended analysis reveals that China's CETS has resulted in a reduction in social welfare due to a shift in governance priorities influenced by political incentives. Therefore, fine-tuning the performance evaluation mechanism, preventing any bias towards the target preferences of local authorities, and guaranteeing the successful operation of the market mechanism are imperative to achieve truly low-cost and sustainable emissions reductions objectives for CETS.

ABSTRACTThe attenuated Orf virus (ORFV) strain (aFX0910), derived from continuous passages of wild-type strain FX0910 in vitro, displays obviously lower virulence in kids. However, the latent virulence determinants and intracellular mechanisms for the attenuated variant remain unknown. In this study, we constructed a comprehensive analysis of the ORFV and goat lip fibroblasts transcriptomes during viral infection using RNA sequencing. Focusing on the host transcriptome, we performed gene expression analysis, Gene Ontology analysis, and biological pathway analysis, among others. This integrated analysis allowed us to assess potential changes in mRNA expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in both viral and host genes. In general, the global patterns of immune gene expression induced by different ORFV isolates were mostly shared. However, host transcripts and non-synonymous of viral genes differed between the wild-type and attenuated ORFV strains. Notably, the natural ORFV isolate (FX0910) predominantly triggered an innate immune response in host cells, while aFX0910 downregulated innate immune response and antiviral response. Analysis of viral transcriptomes manifested that FX0910 and aFX0910 had different SNP events in multiple functional genes. Collectively, our findings highlighted novel insights into virus-host interactions and shed light on the molecular basis of ORFV virulence at the genomic level. Furthermore, this study may contribute to the development of targeted intervention strategies and the advancement of vaccine research in the field of ORFV.IMPORTANCECurrently, the only available commercial vaccines for Orf virus (ORFV) are live attenuated vaccines, which present a potential risk of reversion to virulence. Therefore, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of different virulent strains of ORFV and host immune responses triggered by these viruses is crucial for developing new vaccines and interventions. In this study, we found that the attenuated strain downregulates the host innate immune response and antiviral activity. In addition, we noted that the wild-type strain can induce the immune response pattern centered on interferon-stimulated genes and interferon regulatory factor gene family. We predicted that STAT1 and STAT2 are the main transcription factors upstream of target gene promoters through gene regulatory networks and exert significant regulatory effects on co-expressed genes. Our study elucidated the complex interaction between ORFV strains and host cell immune responses, providing new insights into vaccine research for ORFV.

Forests serve as the largest carbon reservoir in terrestrial ecosystems, playing a crucial role in mitigating global warming and achieving the goal of “carbon neutrality”. Forest biomass is intrinsically related to carbon sinks and sources in forest ecosystems, and thus, the accurate monitoring of forest biomass is of great significance in ensuring ecological security and maintaining the global carbon balance. Significantly, remote sensing is not only able to estimate forest biomass at a large spatial scale but does so quickly, accurately, and without loss. Moreover, it can obtain forest biomass in areas inaccessible to human beings, which have become the main data source for forest biomass estimation at present. For this reason, this study analyzes the current research status, research hotspots, and future research trends in the field of remote sensing monitoring of forest biomass based on 1678 forest biomass remote sensing monitoring results from 1985 to 2023 obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The results showed that the following: (1) The number of publications showed an exponential upward trend from 1985 to 2023, with an average annual growth rate of 2.64%. The top ten journals contributed to 53.76% of the total number of publications and 52.89% of the total number of citations in the field. (2) In particular, Remote Sensing of Environment has maintained a leading position in the field for an extended period, boasting the highest impact factor. Additionally, the author Saatchi S. stands out with the highest total number of citations for articles. (3) Keyword clustering analysis revealed that the main research topics in the remote sensing monitoring of forest biomass can be categorized into the following: optical remote sensing, LiDAR remote sensing, SAR remote sensing, and carbon stock. The explosion of keywords in the last six years indicates that an increasing number of researchers are focusing on carbon, airborne LiDAR data, biomass mapping, and constructing optimal biomass models.

Abstract The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) plays a crucial role in shaping local and global environments, yet its effects on interannual variability of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (ASOMZ) remains poorly understood. Here, we used a coupled physical‐biogeochemical model to investigate the dynamical response of the ASOMZ to extreme negative (2016) and positive (2019) IOD events. Our findings revealed that the suboxic area of the ASOMZ reduced (expanded) by ∼27% (∼28%) after the negative (positive) IOD event. Compared to the 2019 pIOD event, approximately 2.5 times more oxygen‐rich water was delivered into the Arabian Sea during the 2016 nIOD event, replenishing dissolved oxygen (DO) consumed by intensified upwelling‐induced enhanced remineralization of particulate organic matter (POM), thereby increasing the DO concentration in the Gulf of Aden. Conversely, more POM from the western Arabian Sea was transported to the central Arabian Sea, leading to a subsequent decrease in DO concentration there.

Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an acute infectious zoonosis caused by orf virus (ORFV) that mainly infects sheep and goats and causes obvious lesions and low market value of livestock, resulting in huge economic losses for farmers. In this study, two strains of ORFV were isolated from Shaanxi Province and Yunnan Province in China, named FX and LX. The two ORFVs were located in the major clades of domestic strains respectively, and exhibited distinct sequence homology. We analyzed the genetic data of core genes (B2L, F1L, VIR, ORF109) and variable genes (GIF, ORF125 and vIL-10) of ORFV to investigate its epidemiological and evolutionary characteristics. The sequences from 2007 to 2018 constituted the majority of the viral population, predominantly concentrated in India and China. Most genes were clustered into SA00-like type and IA82-like type, and the hotspots in East and South Asia were identified in the ORFV transmission trajectories. For these genes, VIR had the highest substitution rate of 4.85 × 10−4, both VIR and vIL-10 suffered the positive selection pressure during ORFV evolution. Many motifs associated with viral survival were distributed among ORFVs. In addition, some possible viral epitopes have been predicted, which still require validation in vivo and in vitro. This work gives more insight into the prevalence and phylogenetic relationships of existing orf viruses and facilitate better vaccine design.

Abstract An unprecedented warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly event, namely, the Blob, occurred in the northeast Pacific during the winter (October–January) of 2013/2014, causing substantial economic and ecological impacts. Here, we explore the driving forces of the Blob from both atmospheric and oceanic perspectives and show that the Blob primarily resulted from weak wintertime cooling due to the reduced air-sea heat flux transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere and the reduced horizontal advection of cold water in the upper ocean. Both mechanisms were attributed to an anomalous high-pressure system over the study region. Specifically, the anomalous air-sea heat flux, which was dominated by turbulent heat flux anomalies, was mainly induced by the increased air temperature (i.e., with a contribution of approximately 70%) and the weakened wind speed associated with the high-pressure system. The reduced horizontal heat advection was mainly due to the weakened winds acting on the ocean temperature meridional gradient. Using a regional ocean numerical model with different experimental runs, we evaluated the contributions of air temperature and wind drivers to the Blob at both the surface and subsurface of the ocean. The Blob was absent when the model was forced by climatology-air-temperature. Both the SST and integrated ocean heat content (OHC, 0–150 m) decreased, and the mixed layer depth (MLD) was deeper than that in the control run forced by real atmospheric conditions. In the climatology-winds experiment, obvious warm anomalies still existed, which were similar to but weaker than the control run. The SST (OHC) and MLD values in the climatology-winds run were between those of the climatology-air-temperature run and the control run. Compared to former studies that attribute the formation of the Blob to an anomalous air-sea heat flux and horizontal advection mainly induced by reduced winds, our study demonstrates that anomalous warm air temperatures played a more important role in its formation.

Abstract Background In insects, an interplay between the activities of distinct hormones, such as juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), regulates the progression through numerous life history hallmarks. As a crucial endocrine factor, JH is mainly synthesized in the corpora allata (CA) to regulate multiple physiological and developmental processes, including molting, metamorphosis, and reproduction. During the last century, significant progress has been achieved in elucidating the JH signal transduction pathway, while less progress has been made in dissecting the regulatory mechanism of JH biosynthesis. Previous work has shown that receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling regulates hormone biosynthesis in both insects and mammals. Here, we performed a systematic RNA interference (RNAi) screening to identify RTKs involved in regulating JH biosynthesis in the CA of adult Blattella germanica females. Results We found that the epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) is required for promoting JH biosynthesis in the CA of adult females. The Egf ligands Vein and Spitz activate Egfr, followed by Ras/Raf/ERK signaling, and finally activation of the downstream transcription factor Pointed (Pnt). Importantly, Pnt induces the transcriptional expression of two key enzyme-encoding genes in the JH biosynthesis pathway: juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase (JHAMT) and methyl farnesoate epoxidase (CYP15A1). Dual-luciferase reporter assay shows that Pnt is able to activate a promoter region of Jhamt. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirms that Pnt directly binds to the − 941~ − 886 nt region of the Jhamt promoter. Conclusions This study reveals the detailed molecular mechanism of Egfr signaling in promoting JH biosynthesis in the German cockroach, shedding light on the intricate regulation of JH biosynthesis during insect development.

Electricity consumption forecasting (ECF) plays a crucial role in the new open electricity market nowadays, and in order to pass the ECF test, the ECF error is required to be less than 5%. However, for historical electricity consumption (EC) data and the error distribution of ECF is usually nonlinear and non-Gaussian distributed, and some random events and data collection errors have a great impact on the forecasting accuracy. Therefore, the traditional forecasting methods designed based on mean squared error (MSE) have the problem of unstable forecasting results and difficult to improve the accuracy. To solve this problem, this paper first uses the Generalized Maximum Correntropy Criterion to optimize the Kernel Extreme Learning Machine, and proposes a new forecasting model of KELM-GMCC. Finally, the historical EC and corresponding temperature data of a commercial customer in China in 2018 and 2019 are used to test and guide the electricity prediction in 2020 and 2021. The model proposed in this paper has a mean absolute percentage error of 1.46% in forecasting daily EC using annual data. The results show that the proposed model is robust and has high forecasting accuracy compared with existing models such as Back Propagation (BP), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM).

The Arabian Sea is a significant hypoxic region in world’s oceans, characterized by the most extensive oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Both physical and biological processes can alter the vertical and horizontal distribution of dissolved oxygen within the upper ocean and affect the spatial and temporal distribution of hypoxia within the OMZ. To identify the key physical and biological factors influencing the boundaries of oxycline, we analyzed an extensive dataset collected from the biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats during the period of 2010–2022. In particular, we investigated the impact of physical subduction events on the oxycline. Our results shows that the upper boundary of the oxycline deepened in summer and winter, and seemed to be controlled by the mixed layer depth. In contrast, it was shallower during spring and autumn, mainly regulated by the deep chlorophyll maximum. The lower boundary of the oxycline in the western Arabian Sea was predominantly controlled by regional upwelling and downwelling, as well as Rossby waves in the eastern Arabian Sea. Subduction patches originated from the Arabian Sea High Salinity Water (ASHSW) were observed from the BGC-Argo data, which were found to deepen the lower boundary of the oxycline, and increase the oxygen inventory within the oxycline by 8.3%, leading to a partial decrease in hypoxia levels.

Summary: Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce formic acid (HCOOH) in base-free condition can avoid waste producing and simplify product separation process. However, it remains a big challenge because of the unfavorable energy in both thermodynamics and dynamics. Herein, we report the selective and efficient hydrogenation of CO2 to HCOOH under neutral conditions with imidazolium chloride ionic liquid as the solvent, catalyzed by a heterogeneous Ir/PPh3 compound. The heterogeneous catalyst is more effective than the homogeneous one because it is inert in catalyzing the decomposition of product. A turnover number (TON) of 12700 can be achieved, and HCOOH with a purity of 99.5% can be isolated by distillation because of the non-volatility of the solvent. Both the catalyst and imidazolium chloride can be recycled at least 5 times with stable reactivity.

In the work, a numerical method of the 2D Helmholtz equation with meshless interpolation collocation method is developed, which is defined in arbitrary domain with irregular shape. In our numerical method, based on the Chebyshev points, the partial derivatives and the spatial variables are discretized by the barycentric rational form basis function. After that the differential equations are simplified by employing differential matrix. To verify the the accuracy, effectiveness and stability in our method, some numerical tests based on the three types of different test points are adopted. Moreover, we can also verify that present method can be applied to both variable wave number problems and high wave number problems.

Detection of the four tobacco shred varieties and the subsequent unbroken tobacco shred rate are the primary tasks in cigarette inspection lines. It is especially critical to identify both single and overlapped tobacco shreds at one time, that is, fast blended tobacco shred detection based on multiple targets. However, it is difficult to classify tiny single tobacco shreds with complex morphological characteristics, not to mention classifying tobacco shreds with 24 types of overlap, posing significant difficulties for machine vision-based blended tobacco shred multi-object detection and unbroken tobacco shred rate calculation tasks. This study focuses on the two challenges of identifying blended tobacco shreds and calculating the unbroken tobacco shred rate. In this paper, a new multi-object detection model is developed for blended tobacco shred images based on an improved YOLOv7-tiny model. YOLOv7-tiny is used as the multi-object detection network’s mainframe. A lightweight Resnet19 is used as the model backbone. The original SPPCSPC and coupled detection head are replaced with a new spatial pyramid SPPFCSPC and a decoupled joint detection head, respectively. An algorithm for two-dimensional size calculation of blended tobacco shreds (LWC) is also proposed, which is applied to blended tobacco shred object detection images to obtain independent tobacco shred objects and calculate the unbroken tobacco shred rate. The experimental results showed that the final detection precision, mAP@.5, mAP@.5:.95, and testing time were 0.883, 0.932, 0.795, and 4.12 ms, respectively. The average length and width detection accuracy of the blended tobacco shred samples were −1.7% and 13.2%, respectively. The model achieved high multi-object detection accuracy and 2D size calculation accuracy, which also conformed to the manual inspection process in the field. This study provides a new efficient implementation method for multi-object detection and size calculation of blended tobacco shreds in cigarette quality inspection lines and a new approach for other similar blended image multi-object detection tasks.

The simulation data presented in this paper describes the formation and growth of an elongated bubble induced by a long-pulsed laser. The simulation is performed using the M2C solver, which is a recently developed three-dimensional finite volume Navier-Stokes CFD solver. The solver is used to simulate the fluid dynamics of the liquid water, the laser radiation, the laser-induced vaporization, and the fluid dynamics of the bubble after its formation. The data presented in this paper corresponds to a representative case of the cavitation induced by a narrow Gaussian beam (cf. [1]). Simulation data include laser radiance, fluid velocity, pressure, temperature, and bubble dynamics. The input files and the workflow to perform this simulation are also provided. With the information provided in this paper, researchers can repeat this simulation, and use it as a starting point to study related problems involving laser-induced cavitation, continuous vaporization, and bubble dynamics in general.

In order to explore the feasibility of the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method for plunger gas lift and the flow pattern in a long wellbore, a lab simulation test was conducted to verify the reliability of the CFD simulation results. Verification data were provided for CFD simulation through carrying out a plunger gas lift lab test for vertical wells, identifying the plunger movement patterns and delivery rates under different flow pressures, and determining the minimum plunger startup pressure or differential pressure and leakage, and an identical CFD physical model was created on the basis of the lab test model, CFD dynamic grid programming and CFD simulation were conducted under test conditions, and a comparison of the simulation and test results was made to identify the calculation accuracy and the rationality of the CFD model and method; finally, boundary conditions such as temperature and pressure were set according to the actual long wellbore (200 m) conditions, the CFD simulation was performed, and the impacts of the downhole conditions on the gas lift performance were analyzed, so as to develop CFD calculation methods to predict the bottom-hole flow pressure, plunger speed, and delivery rate. The results show: the average plunger speed range is 7.74–22.5 m/s when the flow pressure varies from 199.77 to 632.93 kPa, and the leakage rate increases in a nearly linear way with the speed; compared with the lab test results, the simulation results from the created dynamic grid model and multi-phase turbulent flow model have the leakage error of 7.2% and the plunger speed average error is smaller than 11.1%; under long-wellbore conditions, the plunger lift speed shows the change pattern of increasing and then decreasing, the wellbore pressure has a wave-like drop, and in addition to this pressure drop characteristic, the fact that the plunger startup pressure differential increases with the wellhead pressure should be considered (when the bottom-hole pressure is 15 MPa, the wellhead pressure must not exceed 10 MPa).

The beef tapeworm, also known as Taenia saginata, is a zoonotic tapeworm from the genus Taenia in the order Cyclophyllidea. Taenia saginata is a food-borne zoonotic parasite with a worldwide distribution. It poses serious health risks to the host and has a considerable negative socioeconomic impact. Previous studies have explained the population structure of T. saginata within the evolutionary time scale and adaptive evolution. However, it is still unknown how synonymous codons are used by T. saginata. In this study, we used 90 T. saginata strains, applying the codon usage bias (CUB). Both base content and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis revealed that AT-ended codons were more frequently used in the genome of T. saginata. Further low CUB was observed from the effective number of codons (ENC) value. The neutrality plot analysis suggested that the dominant factor of natural selection was involved in the structuring of CUB in T. saginata. Further analysis showed that T. saginata has adapted host-specific codon usage patterns to sustain successful replication and transmission chains within hosts (Bos taurus and Homo sapiens). Generally, both natural selection and mutational pressure have an impact on the codon usage patterns of the protein-coding genes in T. saginata. This study is important because it characterized the codon usage pattern in the T. saginata genomes and provided the necessary data for a basic evolutionary study on them.

Abstract The delivery of biomolecules by extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has been proven to ameliorate sepsis, yet the therapeutic mechanism remains to be elucidated. Taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that is downregulated in sepsis. The current study was designed to explore the role of EPCs derived EVs transmitting TUG1 in macrophage polarization and macrophage-mediated inflammation in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis mouse model. TUG1 was underexpressed in CLP-induced sepsis, and its reexpression induced anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization and suppressed macrophage-medicated inflammatory injury to the pulmonary vascular endothelium. EPCs derived EVs transmitted TUG1 to promote M2 macrophage polarization. Luciferase, RIP, and RNA pull-down assays showed that TUG1 could competitively bind to microRNA-9-5p (miR-9-5p) to upregulate the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Furthermore, EPCs derived EVs transmitted TUG1 to promote M2 macrophage polarization through the impairment of miR-9-5p-dependent SIRT1 inhibition. Finally, EPCs derived EVs carrying TUG1 were verified to ameliorate sepsis-induced organ damage in the murine model. In summary, EPCs derived EVs transmit TUG1 to attenuate sepsis via macrophage M2 polarization. This study also highlights the proinflammatory mechanism associated with miR-9-5p-mediated inhibition of SIRT1, which contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of sepsis.

The microbial profile of milk can influence the quality of raw milk and milk products. To investigate whether the feeding styles of goats affected their milk microbiota profile, two local goat farms with different feeding styles (pasture and indoor feeding) were selected. Milk samples contained 10 colostrum samples (5 from pasture-raised goats and 5 from indoor-fed goats) and 12 mature milk samples (7 from pasture-raised goats and 5 from indoor-fed goats) were collected. 16S rDNA sequences of these samples were amplified and further subjected to alpha- and beta-diversity analysis, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. The result showed that pasture-raised goats showed higher milk microbial abundance and diversity than indoor-fed goats. Specifically, Propionibacterium, Weeksellaceae, Lactobacillus, Cloacibacterium, and Yersinia were enriched in colostrum and Betaproteobacteria, Pseudomonadales, Moraxellaceae, Lactobacillales, Brevibacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenaceae, Enhydrobacter, Brevundimonas, and Gluconacetobacter were enriched in mature milk of pasture-raised goats. In addition, the functional metabolic genes of the milk microbiota differed significantly in goats of these two farms. Altogether, the present study analyzed the microbiota of colostrum and mature milk of goats and suggested that feeding style could profoundly affect the composition of milk microbiota.

ObjectiveReports on negative results of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) are scarce. We aimed to explore the diagnostic value of negative results in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) mNGS and how to deal with the negative results in patients with severe respiratory disease.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on patients suspected severe community-acquired pneumonia who were admitted to the respiratory intensive care unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2020 to December 2021. According to the final diagnosis as the reference standard, the negative results of mNGS were divided into a true negative group and a false negative group. For enrolled patients, we recorded their demographic data, imaging results, laboratory results, therapeutic processes, and prognoses.ResultsA total of 21 patients were enrolled in this study, including 16 true negative patients and 5 false negative patients. In the true negative group, interstitial lung diseases were the most and neoplastic diseases were following. In addition to mNGS, 9 patients underwent pathological examination, 7 patients were finally diagnosed by medical history, autoantibodies, and point-of-care (POC) ultrasound. 14 patients eventually discontinued antibiotics, 2 patients underwent antibiotic de-escalation, the average interval time of treatment adjustment was 3.56 ± 2.00 days. In the false negative group, the leading missed pathogen was fungi, followed by tuberculosis bacilli. In contrast to 2 patients underwent pathological examination, 3 patients were confirmed by routine microbiological tests.ConclusionsNegative results of BALF mNGS can help to rule out infection, but missed diagnoses may also exist. It should be re-evaluated with other clinical informations. Pathological examination or repeated mNGS may be viable options when the diagnosis cannot be confirmed.

The oxygen minimum zone has a significant effect on primary production, marine biodiversity, food web structure, and marine biogeochemical cycle. The Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (ASOMZ) is one of the largest and most extreme oxygen minimum zones in the world, with a positional decoupling from the region of phytoplankton blooms. The core of the ASOMZ is located to the east of the high primary production region in the western Arabian Sea. In this study, a coupled physical–biogeochemical numerical model was used to quantify the impact of ocean circulation and settling of particulate organic matters (POMs) on the decoupling of the ASOMZ. Model results demonstrate that the increased (decreased) dissolved oxygen replenishment in the western (central) Arabian Sea is responsible for decoupling. The oxygen-rich intermediate water (200–1,000 m) from the southern Arabian Sea enters the Arabian Sea along the west coast and hardly reaches the central Arabian Sea, resulting in a significant oxygen replenishment in the western Arabian Sea high-productivity region (Gulf of Aden) but only a minor contribution in the central Arabian Sea. Besides that, the POMs that are remineralized to consume central Arabian Sea dissolved oxygen comprises not only local productivity in winter bloom but also the transport from the western Arabian Sea high-productivity region (Oman coast) in summer bloom. More dissolved oxygen replenishment in the western Arabian Sea, and higher dissolved oxygen consumption and fewer dissolved oxygen replenishment in the central Arabian Sea could contribute to the decoupling of the ASOMZ and phytoplankton productive zone.

Plasmon resonances can greatly enhance light–matter interactions of two-dimensional van der Waals materials. However, the quality factor of plasmonic resonances is limited. Here, we demonstrate a plasmonic quasi-bound state in the continuum (quasi-BIC), which is composed of gold nanorod pairs. Through controlling the rotation angle of the nanorods, the quality factor of the plasmonic BIC mode can be tuned. Simulation results show that the plasmonic BIC combines the advantages of high-quality factor from the BIC effect and small mode volume from plasmonic resonance. Experiment results show that the designed plasmonic BIC mode exhibits a quality factor higher than 15 at the wavelength of around 1250 nm. Through integrating the plasmonic bound state structure with monolayer molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2), the exciton emission of MoTe2 in the PL spectrum split into two exciton-polariton modes, which is attributed to the high Q factor and strong interaction between the BIC mode and excitons of MoTe2.

The drivers and spatial distribution trends for net primary productivity (NPP) in Ningxia were studied to determine the priority vegetation restoration areas. NPP data from MOD17 A3 were used to determine the future NPP trends through slope trend analysis and the Hurst index. Spatial drivers were defined by a geographic detector and correlation analysis. Results indicate that NPP positively fluctuated from 2000 to 2020 with an average range between 119.98 and 249.66 gC/m2a, and a multi-year average of 190.15 gC/m2a. The spatial distribution has more obvious divergent characteristics, showing distribution characteristics of low in the central and northern sides and high in the southern and northern middle. Superimposed on the analysis of slope and Hurst indices, the future vegetation NPP in Ningxia will show four scenarios of continuous increase, continuous decrease, change from increase to decrease and change from decrease to increase, accounting for 22.35%, 1.36%, 71.42% and 2.86% of the area of the region, respectively. Driving factor influence can be divided into dominant factors and important factors. The interaction between the two factors is positive, and the maximum q value under the interaction of precipitation and temperature is 0.687. NPP is mainly driven by climatic factors in 50.92% of the area and is mainly distributed in the central, western and southern parts of Ningxia. The non-climatic-factor-driven areas can be used as priority vegetation restoration areas, which accounting for 47.08%, are mainly concentrated in the northern Yellow River irrigation area, the desert steppe in the central and eastern parts, and a small part in the southern Liupan Mountains.

Insect metabolites play vital roles in regulating the physiology, behavior, and numerous adaptations of insects, which has contributed to them becoming the largest class of Animalia. However, systematic metabolomics within the insects is still unclear. The present study performed a widely targeted metabolomics analysis based on the HPLC-MS/MS technology to construct a novel integrated metabolic database presenting comprehensive multimetabolite profiles from nine insect species across three metamorphosis types. A total of 1442 metabolites were identified, including amino acids and their metabolites, organic acids and their derivatives, fatty acids (FAs), glycerophospholipids (GPs), nucleotides and their metabolites, and benzene and its substituted derivatives. Among them, 622 metabolites were used to generate a 0 and 1 matrix based on their presence or absence, and these metabolites were enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and insect hormone biosynthesis pathways. Our study revealed that there is a high coincidence between the evolutionary relationships of the species and the hierarchical cluster based on the types of metabolites, while the quantities of the metabolites show a high diversity among species. The metabolome of the nine representative insects provides an important platform for implementing the analysis of insect systemic metabolites and biological events at the metabolic level.

Abstract In advanced atherosclerosis (AS), defective function-induced cell death leads to the formation of the characteristic necrotic core and vulnerable plaque. The forms and mechanisms of cell death in AS have recently been elucidated. Among them, ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of necrosis that is characterized by oxidative damage to phospholipids, promotes AS by accelerating endothelial dysfunction in lipid peroxidation. Moreover, disordered intracellular iron causes damage to macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), vascular endothelial cells (VECs), and affects many risk factors or pathologic processes of AS such as disturbances in lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. However, the mechanisms through which ferroptosis initiates the development and progression of AS have not been established. This review explains the possible correlations between AS and ferroptosis, and provides a reliable theoretical basis for future studies on its mechanism.

Submesoscale processes in the ocean vary rapidly in both space and time, and are often difficult to capture by field observations. Their dynamical connection with marine biology remains largely unknown because of the intrinsic link between temporal and spatial variations. In May 2015, satellite chlorophyll data demonstrated high concentration patches in the edge region between mesoscale eddies, which were higher than those in the cyclonic eddy core region in the northern South China Sea (NSCS). The underlying mechanisms were examined with a high-resolution physical-biological model. By tracking Lagrangian particles in the model, this study shows that the edge region between eddies is a submesoscale frontal region that is prone to intense upwelling and downwelling motions. We identified two key submesoscale mechanisms that affect nutrient transport flux significantly, submesoscale fontal dynamics and submesoscale coherent eddies. The dynamics associated with these two mechanisms were shown to be able to inject subsurface nutrients into the upper layer, generate the high chlorophyll patch, and alter phytoplankton community structure in the NSCS. This study shows the importance of submesoscale processes on phytoplankton dynamics in the NSCS and highlights the need for high-resolution observations.

The simulation data presented in this paper describes the interaction between a thin-walled aluminum cylinder and a gas bubble in a near-field underwater explosion. The simulation is performed using the AERO-F/S solvers. The finite element AERO-S solver is used to simulate the structural dynamics of the cylinder, including its yielding and collapse. The AERO-F solver is used to simulate the fluid dynamics of the explosion bubble, the surrounding liquid water, and the air inside the cylinder. The two solvers are coupled using an embedded boundary method and the FInite Volume method with Exact two-material Riemann problems (FIVER). The data presented in this paper corresponds to a representative case with initial pressure p0=12.5MPa inside the bubble (cf. [1]). Simulation data include structural stress and deformation, fluid velocity, pressure and bubble dynamics. The input files and the workflow to perform this simulation are also provided. With the information provided in this paper, researchers can repeat this simulation, and use it as a starting point to study related problems involving cavitation bubbles, underwater explosion, and fluid-structure interaction in general.

The Kuroshio Extension (KE) region is one of the most energetic regions in the global ocean where prominent mesoscale dynamics persistently occur. The spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the sea surface temperature (SST) gradient and mesoscale eddies in the KE are investigated. The SST gradient can be applied for identifying the fronts, and the SST gradient within two times the radii of the eddies is composited to quantify the impact of eddies on frontal activities. Depressed SST gradients are identified for eddies with both polarities, but prominent spatial variance in the SST gradient reveals that a large SST gradient is located to the north of anticyclones and along the south periphery for cyclones. The eddies are further separated into two groups depending on their location relative to the main path of the KE, as the background fields to the north and south of the KE are largely different. The spatial pattern, e.g., monopole and dipole features, and temporal variation in the SST gradient are fully studied over the lifespans of eddies. The results show that most eddies can significantly weaken the internal SST gradient and induce the horizontal redistribution of the SST gradient in surrounding regions. Cyclonic eddies north of the KE elevate the fronts along the periphery of eddies. The temporal variability in the SST gradient is prominent and largely varies for each group of eddies. This study offers quantitative analyses of the spatial and temporal relationships between eddies and fronts that are important for understanding the mesoscale dynamics in the world’s oceans.

In this study, we examine the effects of firms' corporate social responsibility (CSR), technological innovation, and advertising intensity on corporate financial performance (CFP). Prior research has shown mixed findings for the CSR–CFP relationship. To provide additional evidence and alternative explanations for these mixed findings, we built a moderated mediating model by combining the knowledge-based view with the stakeholder theory. We use this model to examine whether CSR influences CFP by affecting technological innovation, and whether such mediating effects are moderated by advertising intensity. We classify heterogeneous CSR activities into technical and institutional activities. Using data from 2010 to 2018 on Chinese listed firms, we find that superior technical CSR performance can enhance CFP by promoting technological innovation and that it promotes technological innovation to a greater extent when advertising intensity is higher. However, institutional CSR does not affect technological innovation or CFP. The findings suggest that to improve the firm's financial position, its resources should be allocated effectively to technical CSR activities as well as to innovation and advertising.

Abstract Background Organ malperfusion is a lethal complication in acute type B aortic dissection (ATBAD). The aim of present study is to develop a nomogram integrated with metabolic acidosis to predict in-hospital mortality and organ malperfusion in patients with ATBAD undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Methods The nomogram was derived from a retrospectively study of 286 ATBAD patients who underwent TEVAR from 2010 to 2017 at a single medical center. Model performance was evaluated from discrimination and calibration capacities, as well as clinical effectiveness. The results were validated using a prospective study on 77 patients from 2018 to 2019 at the same center. Results In the multivariate analysis of the derivation cohort, the independent predictors of in-hospital mortality and organ malperfusion identified were base excess, maximum aortic diameter ≥ 5.5 cm, renal dysfunction, D-dimer level ≥ 5.44 μg/mL and albumin amount ≤ 30 g/L. The penalized model was internally validated by bootstrapping and showed excellent discriminatory (bias-corrected c-statistic, 0.85) and calibration capacities (Hosmer–Lemeshow P value, 0.471; Brier Score, 0.072; Calibration intercept, − 0.02; Slope, 0.98). After being applied to the external validation cohort, the model yielded a c-statistic of 0.86 and Brier Score of 0.097. The model had high negative predictive values (0.93–0.94) and moderate positive predictive values (0.60–0.71) for in-hospital mortality and organ malperfusion in both cohorts. Conclusions A predictive nomogram combined with base excess has been established that can be used to identify high risk ATBAD patients of developing in-hospital mortality or organ malperfusion when undergoing TEVAR.

Rosa roxburghii tratt (R. roxburghii) is an important plant resource that is widely distributed in the southwest of China and favored by consumers due to its high nutritional value and healthy functions. Meanwhile, it is a traditional edible and medicinal plant in China. With the deepening research of R. roxburghii, more and more bioactive components and its health care and medicinal value have been discovered and developed in recent years. This review summarizes and discusses the recent advances on main active ingredients such as vitamin, protein, amino acid, superoxide dismutase, polysaccharide, polyphenol, flavonoid, triterpenoid and mineral, and pharmacological activities including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory activity, anti-tumor activity, glucose and lipid metabolism regulation, anti-radiation effect, detoxification effect, and viscera protection of R. roxbughii, as well as its development and utilization. The research status and existing problems of R. roxburghii development and quality control are also briefly introduced. This review ends with some suggestions on the perspectives and directions for future research and potential applications of R. roxbughii.

Human action recognition is an important task in the fields of video content analysis and computer vision. Since the performance of most existing action recognition frameworks depends on the representation of features, many researches aim to construct more discriminative features. In this paper, we propose a manifold learning framework based on optical flow for action recognition. First, we calculate the dense optical flow field of the original video sequence, and the attention pooling layer (AP) is adopted to separate target area and background area to eliminate background interference. On this basis, motion features (MF) based on the physical characteristics of dense optical flow are developed to characterize human motion information. After that, manifold learning is introduced to calculate the motion variance features (MVF), which reflect the change rate of motion features and measure the spatial correlation between features in non-Euclidean space. Finally, fusing the MVF obtained by manifold learning and MF, feeding fusion features into two fully connected layers (FC) in series for action classification and recognition. Experiments on several classic datasets show that the proposed method achieves 0.98%, 1.86% and 0.99% performance improvement on UCF 101, HMDB51 and JHMDB.

Unsupervised domain adaptive (UDA) person re-identification (re-ID) aims to generalize the model trained on a labeled source domain to an unlabeled target domain. Recently, the methods based on pseudo labels have achieved great success in the field of UDA person re-ID. However, pseudo label noise is still a problem to be solved. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to refine pseudo labels for UDA person re-ID. Firstly, in order to learn more discriminative features for better clustering, we propose a No-Reference Light Enhancement network (NRLE-Net) and a novel feature extraction model called Trans-Encoder. The NRLE-Net can reduce the inter-domain and intra-domain person image style differences caused by light condition changes simultaneously, which is helpful to improve the performance of the pre-trained model in target domain and reduce the noise of initial pseudo labels. The feature extraction model Trans-Encoder is designed based on Transformer. Compared with traditional Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), the features extracted by Trans-Encoder are more robust to domain shift. On this base, the confidence of feature clustering can be improved. Secondly, to further reduce the noise of clustering pseudo labels, we design two noise refinement strategies. One is noise correction based on neighborhood consistency and the other is noise restraint based on label confidence. Through these two strategies, our model can be effectively optimized with the noise pseudo labels. Experimental results on Market-1501, DukeMTMC-reID and MSMT17 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed UDA person re-ID framework.

Soft actuators are favored due to their flexibility and adaptability, but are limited to single actuation mode. Herein, a novel soft actuator with a dual‐kinestate performance is proposed. By subtly integrating a bistable compliant mechanism with artificial muscles, the soft actuator is capable of switching between binary motion and continuous motion with accurate output. Functions of overcoming external interference and regulating the snapping time are realized with programmed voltages. Two applications utilizing the switchable kinestate are illustrated, including a mechanical encryption display system with one actuator and an amplitude modulation system with two actuators in parallel. This novel soft actuator exhibits potential applications for the multi‐mode actuation of soft robots.

The incidence of non-HIV-infected Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PJP) is increasing. The prognosis for non-HIV PJP is poor and diagnostic tests are of lower sensitivity in non-HIV patients. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was compared with routine detection assays, including Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stain and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Specimens of 4 bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) and 1 lung tissue samples were obtained from 4 non-HIV patients from our hospitals. Although both GMS and mNGS were positive for P. jirovecii with PCR as positive control, the testing time of mNGS was obviously shorter than GMS. Compared with the traditional GMS method, mNGS has absolute advantages. However, the issue with PJP presentations having atypical symptoms and ambiguous imaging features persists. Hence, the disease can easily be ignored. Secondly, PJP progresses rapidly in non-HIV-infected patients and can cause severe respiratory failure with unfavorable prognosis. This study affirms that mNGS can be used to quickly and accurately diagnose PJP, but a combination of clinical judgement of symptoms, laboratory testing, and imaging examination is required to make a comprehensive judgment along with mNGS test results.

Orf is a zoonotic and highly contagious disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) infection. Orf outbreaks in sheep and goats usually lead to high culling rate and mortality in newborn kids and lambs, posing a great threat to the development of goat and sheep industry. Human Orf occurs via direct contact with infected animals or fomites. While this disease is traditionally thought to spread through direct contact, whether other transmission routes exist remains unclear. Herein, we report the detection of ORFV in the saliva and milk of dairy goats without clinical Orf symptoms. Further analyses showed that these ORFV are infectious, as they can induce characteristic cytopathic changes in primary mammary and lip cells. Importantly, these ORFV can induce typical Orf lesions after inoculation in ORFV-free dairy goats. This is the first study showing that live, infectious ORFV can be isolated from the saliva and milk of asymptomatic goats, highlighting novel potential transmission routes of ORFV. These findings provide a novel idea for the prevention and control of Orf spread.