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In preparation for an experiment with a laser-generated intense proton beam at the Laser Fusion Research Center at Mianyang to investigate the 11B(p,α)2α reaction, we performed a measurement at very low proton energy between 140 keV and 172 keV using the high-voltage platform at the Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou. The aim of the experiment was to test the ability to use CR-39 track detectors for cross-section measurements and to remeasure the cross-section of this reaction close to the first resonance using the thick target approach. We obtained the cross-section σ = 45.6 ± 12.5 mb near 156 keV. Our result confirms the feasibility of CR-39 type track detector for nuclear reaction measurement also in low-energy regions.

The laboratory generation and diagnosis of uniform near-critical-density (NCD) plasmas play critical roles in various studies and applications, such as fusion science, high energy density physics, astrophysics as well as relativistic electron beam generation. Here we successfully generated the quasistatic NCD plasma sample by heating a low-density tri-cellulose acetate (TCA) foam with the high-power-laser-driven hohlraum radiation. The temperature of the hohlraum is determined to be 20 eV by analyzing the spectra obtained with the transmission grating spectrometer. The single-order diffraction grating was employed to eliminate the high-order disturbance. The temperature of the heated foam is determined to be T = 16.8 ± 1.1 eV by analyzing the high-resolution spectra obtained with a flat-field grating spectrometer. The electron density of the heated foam is about N e = 4.0 ± 0.3 × 10 20 cm − 3 under the reasonable assumption of constant mass density.

We report on charge state measurements of laser-accelerated carbon ions in the energy range of several MeV penetrating a dense partially ionized plasma. The plasma was generated by irradiation of a foam target with laser-induced hohlraum radiation in the soft X-ray regime. We used the tri-cellulose acetate (C$_{9}$H$_{16}$O$_{8}$) foam of 2 mg/cm$^{-3}$ density, and $1$-mm interaction length as target material. This kind of plasma is advantageous for high-precision measurements, due to good uniformity and long lifetime compared to the ion pulse length and the interaction duration. The plasma parameters were diagnosed to be T$_{e}$=17 eV and n$_{e}$=4 $\times$ 10$^{20}$ cm$^{-3}$. The average charge states passing through the plasma were observed to be higher than those predicted by the commonly-used semiempirical formula. Through solving the rate equations, we attribute the enhancement to the target density effects which will increase the ionization rates on one hand and reduce the electron capture rates on the other hand. In previsous measurement with partially ionized plasma from gas discharge and z-pinch to laser direct irradiation, no target density effects were ever demonstrated. For the first time, we were able to experimentally prove that target density effects start to play a significant role in plasma near the critical density of Nd-Glass laser radiation. The finding is important for heavy ion beam driven high energy density physics and fast ignitions., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 35 conferences

High thermal conductivity Si3N4 ceramics were fabricated using a one-step method consisting of reaction-bonded Si3N4 (RBSN) and post-sintering. The influence of Si content on nitridation rate, β/(α+β) phase rate, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties was investigated in this work. It is of special interest to note that the thermal conductivity showed a tendency to increase first and then decrease with increasing Si content. This experimental result shows that the optimal thermal conductivity and fracture toughness were obtained to be 66 W (m K)-1 and 12.0 MPa m1/2, respectively. As a comparison, the nitridation rate and β/(α+β) phase rate in a static pressure nitriding system, i.e., 97% (MS10), 97% (MS15), 97% (MS20) and 8.3% (MS10), 8.3% (MS15), 8.9% (MS20), respectively, have obvious advantages over those in a flowing nitriding system, i.e., 91% (MS10), 91% (MS15), 93% (MS20) and 3.1% (MS10), 3.3% (MS15), 3.3% (MS20), respectively. Moreover, high lattice integrity of the β-Si3N4 phase was observed, which can effectively confine O atoms into the β-Si3N4 lattice using MgO as a sintering additive. This result indicates that one-step sintering can provide a new route to prepare Si3N4 ceramics with a good combination of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties.

Based on a self-design comprehensive experimental platform, the experimental investigation on electropulse-assisted incremental forming (EAIF) was carried out. By means of the response surface methodology, the interactive influence rules and significances of different processing parameters on formability of AZ31B sheet metal were investigated. The experimental results show that, compared to other processing parameters, the electropulse parameters are the most significant factor, and with the increase of electropulse parameters, the forming limit of sheet metal increases obviously. In addition, an interaction effect was found between the electropulse parameters and the feed rate/tool diameter, as well as between the feed rate and the step size. Through the comprehensive optimization and analysis, there was an optimal formability for sheet metal when the electropulse parameters, feed rate, step size, and tool diameter were set in 80 V/400 Hz, 800 mm/min, 0.2 mm, and 8 mm, respectively. The research on strain state shows that the linear loading mode of rectangular pyramid presents the plane strain state, while the circular loading mode in cone model presents a tendency of biaxial stretch, and the ultimate strain has reached 150%. Benefitting from the electro-plastic effect, the high-energy electropulse can promote the dynamic recrystallization and restrain the crack growth in materials, so compared with the conventional incremental forming, the EAIF under optimal processing condition can greatly improve the forming limit of AZ31B sheet metal.

We present a new approach for predicting functional sequence patterns in mRNA, known as motifs. These motifs play an important role in understanding the mechanisms of the cell life cycle in clinical research and drug discovery. However, many existing neural network models for mRNA event prediction only take the sequence as input, and do not consider the positional information of the sequence. In contrast, motifNet is a lightweight neural network that uses both the sequence and its positional information as input. This allows for the implicit neural representation of the various motif interaction patterns in human mRNA sequences. The model can then be used to interactively generate motif patterns and the positional effect score in mRNA activities. Additionally, motifNet can identify violations of motif patterns in real human mRNA variants that are associated with disease-related cell dysfunction.

Objectives: Modern people’s pursuit and consumption of ceramic products are different from those in the past. Therefore, designing new daily ceramic products full of enthusiasm, touching and spiritual enjoyment is our constant pursuit of innovative goals. The design of daily-use ceramics has developed from satisfying the needs of life at first to pursuing the individuality and emotion of products at later stages, showing different cultural connotations and pursuits in each stage of development. Methods: Information objects under meta-model are obtained by extracting the characteristics of project management information and product design information, reflecting the relationship between information entities, while knowledge objects are obtained by associating related information objects. Results: Emotional information products have more understanding of human psychology in the design process, which runs through the whole process of product interaction design. Conclusion: Through theoretical analysis of emotional design and analysis of a series of classic design cases of daily ceramic products, emotional expression forms of daily ceramic product design are summarized, and emotional design products that can bring people better use experience are designed.

In this study, the biomechanical differences among three internal fixation configurations for treatment of Pauwels type II and III femoral neck fractures were analyzed. Using finite element analysis, the femur displacement and stress distributions of the internal fixation device and fracture section were obtained for different patients and movement conditions. The results show that patients with osteoporosis are more prone to femoral varus and femoral neck shortening, and the fracture probability of the device for these patients is higher than that for patients with normal bone. The treatment effect of the inverted-triangle screw (ITS) fixation and proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) fixation is better than that of dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation. The ITS fixation is more suitable for the treatment of the normal bone patients with Pauwels II femur neck fracture. However, the PFNA fixation has better biomechanical advantages and better capability for anti-femoral neck shortening. Therefore, it is suitable for the treatment of femoral neck fracture patients with osteoporosis.

Selectivity for the orientation (OS) of moving gratings is also observed in the primary visual cortex (V1) of species which lack an orientation map, like mice and rats. However, the mechanism underlying the emergence of orientation selectivity in these cases is still mysterious. In the visual pathway, signals from the retina are conveyed to V1 via relay cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Here, we explore a computational model of orientation processing in dLGN and V1, where orientation selectivity emerges from random thalamocortical projections and investigate the underlying neuronal mechanism. First we demonstrate that the temporal mean (F0) of the thalamic input to cortical neurons does not depend on orientation, while the amplitude of the temporal modulations (F1) induced by the stimulus grating is indeed tuned to stimulus orientation. Second we show that the orientation tuning in the amplitudes of thalamic input can be transformed into orientation selectivity of V1 neurons by a random network, exploiting the nonlinear input-output transfer function of individual neurons. The untuned excitatory component is largely cancelled by the inhibitory component, such that the operating point is stabilized in the nonlinear regime of the transfer function. In our model, the orientation preference of V1 neurons is sensitive to the spatial frequency of the visual stimulus, very similar to what is found in neuronal recordings. Finally, we describe a non-linear firing rate model that accounts, among other things, for the F1-to-F0 transfer of oscillatory input to neurons.Author summaryOrientation selective neurons are widely observed in mammalian primary visual cortex. Previous theoretical work has argued that contrast-invariant orientation selectivity arises in inhibition-dominated random recurrent networks by attenuating the uninformative component and amplifying a weak orientation bias in the input. Based on a computational model of the thalamocortical pathway, we show that discrete isotropic sampling of the visual field can generate the necessary orientation bias by uneven distribution (random symmetry breaking). This bias is sufficient to induce strong orientation selectivity in a cortical network by exploiting the non-linear transfer of individual neurons. The model exhibits not only biologically plausible behavior of neuronal network, but also suggests a mechanism for the emergence of orientation selectivity in V1. A new firing rate model allows us to determine the output firing rate for oscillatory input without solving the time-dependent Fokker-Planck equation.

In the present paper, starch was used as raw material to prepare carbon material with low-temperature hydrothermal route and hierarchical three-dimensional cross-linked porous carbon was successfully synthesized with the help of a small amount of graphene for high-performance supercapacitors. It's found that presence of graphene is a crucial condition for the formation of 3D porous carbon and graphene acts as a skeleton in the porous carbon. This kind of carbon material exhibited very high surface area of 1887.8 m2 g−1 and delivered excellent electrochemical performance. Its specific capacitance can reach 141 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and more importantly, after 10,000 cycles 98.6% of initial specific capacitance can be maintained. To explore the practical application of the 3D porous carbon, an asymmetric supercapacitor coin-type device was assembled with 3D porous carbon and graphene as electrode materials in organic electrolyte. The constructed device exhibited high energy density of 48.5 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 1.5 kW kg−1 and still maintains 39.625 Wh·kg−1 under the high power density (15 kW kg−1). These results will promote the rapid development of 3D porous carbon prepared by low-temperature route and the application in supercapacitors.

Flexible wire-shaped supercapacitors have attracted wide interest due to the increasing demand for portable and wearable electronics. Due to the complex functioning atmosphere of wearable electronics, their mechanical stability and electrochemical stability under different bending states are required. In this work, the self-made Ag-coated cotton wire was adopted as the collector and zinc–cobalt layered double hydroxide nanosheets were successfully electrodeposited on this wire (Ag-CW@ZnCo-LDH) by a facile chronopotentiometry with a constant current of 0.02A. Ag-CW@ZnCo-LDH electrode displayed a high specific capacitance of 1732.4 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and 61.7% of capacitance retention after 2000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Flexible wire-shaped symmetric supercapacitor was fabricated by two same Ag-CW@ZnCo-LDH electrodes, which exhibited a working potential window of 1.2 V. The as-assembled WSSC showed a good electrochemical performance with specific capacitance of 16.3 F g−1 and energy density of 1.33 Wh kg−1 at power density of 1224 W kg−1. In addition, its CV curves barely deviated at all bending angles, manifesting the outstanding mechanical stability and great potential for practical application.

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of ultra-low-expansion (ULE) glass is critical to the development of precision optical systems. Herein, an ultrasonic immersion pulse-reflection method is proposed to characterize the CTE of ULE glass. The ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity of ULE-glass samples with significantly different CTE values was measured using a correlation algorithm combined with moving-average filtering, which can achieve 0.2 m/s precision with a contribution to the ultrasonic CTE measurement uncertainty of 0.47 ppb/°C. Furthermore, the established ultrasonic CTE measurement model predicted the 5°C–35°C mean CTE with a root-mean-square error of 0.9 ppb/°C. Notably, a complete uncertainty analysis methodology was established in this paper, which can provide directional guidance for the subsequent development of higher-performance measurement devices and the improvement of relevant signal processing procedures.

Integrated molecular analysis of human cancer has yielded molecular classification for precise management of cancer patients. Here, we analyzed the whole genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data of 155 esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs). Multi-omics analysis led to the classification of ESCCs into four subtypes: cell cycle pathway activation, NRF2 oncogenic activation, immune suppression (IS), and immune modulation (IM). IS and IM cases were highly immune infiltrated but differed in the type and distribution of immune cells. IM cases showed better response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy than other subtypes in a clinical trial. We further developed a classifier with 28 features to identify the IM subtype, which predicted anti-PD-1 therapy response with 85.7% sensitivity and 90% specificity. These results emphasize the clinical value of unbiased molecular classification based on multi-omics data and have the potential to further improve the understanding and treatment of ESCC.

Background: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide, is a heterogeneous cancer with diverse clinical manifestations. However, little is known about the epigenetic heterogeneity and its clinical relevance for this prevalent cancer. Methods: We generated 7.56 Tb single-base resolution whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data for 84 ESCC and paired paraneoplastic tissues. The analysis identified inter- and intratumor DNA methylation (DNAm) heterogeneity, epigenome-wide DNAm alterations together with the functional regulators involved in the hyper- or hypomethylated regions, and their association with clinical features. We then validated the correlation between the methylation level of specific regions and clinical outcomes of 96 ESCC patients in an independent cohort. Results: ESCC manifested substantial inter- and intratumor DNAm heterogeneity. The high intratumor DNAm heterogeneity was associated with lymph node metastasis and worse overall survival. Interestingly, hypermethylated regions in ESCC were enriched in promoters of numerous transcription factors, and demethylated noncoding regions related to RXR transcription factor binding appeared to contribute to the development of ESCC. Furthermore, we identified numerous DNAm alterations associated with carcinogenesis and lymph node metastasis of ESCC. We also validated three novel prognostic markers for ESCC, including one each in the promoter of CLK1, the 3' untranslated region of ZEB2, and the intergenic locus surrounded by several lncRNAs. Conclusions: This study presents the first population-level resource for dissecting base-resolution DNAm variation in ESCC and provides novel insights into the ESCC pathogenesis and progression, which might facilitate diagnosis and prognosis for this prevalent malignancy.

Somatic synonymous mutations are one of the most frequent genetic variants occurring in the coding region of cancer genomes, while their contributions to cancer development remain largely unknown. To assess whether synonymous mutations involved in post-transcriptional regulation contribute to the genetic etiology of cancers, we collected whole exome data from 8,320 patients across 22 cancer types. By employing our developed algorithm, PIVar, we identified a total of 22,948 posttranscriptionally impaired synonymous SNVs (pisSNVs) spanning 2,042 genes. In addition, 35 RNA binding proteins impacted by these identified pisSNVs were significantly enriched. Remarkably, we discovered markedly elevated ratio of somatic pisSNVs across all 22 cancer types, and a high pisSNV ratio was associated with worse patient survival in five cancer types. Intriguing, several well-established cancer genes, including PTEN, RB1 and PIK3CA, appeared to contribute to tumorigenesis at both protein function and posttranscriptional regulation levels, whereas some pisSNV-hosted genes, including UBR4, EP400 and INTS1, exerted their function during carcinogenesis mainly via posttranscriptional mechanisms. Moreover, we predicted three drugs associated with two pisSNVs, and numerous compounds associated with expression signature of pisSNV-hosted genes. Our study reveals the prevalence and clinical relevance of pisSNVs in cancers, and emphasizes the importance of considering posttranscriptional impaired synonymous mutations in cancer biology.

The origin of [Formula: see text] ions in picosecond intense laser–gas interaction was experimentally and numerically investigated. A nanosecond laser pulse was used to modulate the plasma condition, which helps to distinguish the origin of the helium ions with different charge states. By comparing the energy spectra of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ions in the experiments with/without plasma shaping, we found neither ion–atom nor electron–ion recombination is responsible for the [Formula: see text] generation, which is supported by two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations and theoretical calculations.

Optimal methods could effectively improve the accuracy of predicting and identifying candidate driver genes. Various computational methods based on mutational frequency, network and function approaches have been developed to identify mutation driver genes in cancer genomes. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the performance levels of network-, function- and frequency-based methods is lacking. In the present study, we assessed and compared eight performance criteria for eight network-based, one function-based and three frequency-based algorithms using eight benchmark datasets. Under different conditions, the performance of approaches varied in terms of network, measurement and sample size. The frequency-based driverMAPS and network-based HotNet2 methods showed the best overall performance. Network-based algorithms using protein–protein interaction networks outperformed the function- and the frequency-based approaches. Precision, F1 score and Matthews correlation coefficient were low for most approaches. Thus, most of these algorithms require stringent cutoffs to correctly distinguish driver and non-driver genes. We constructed a website named Cancer Driver Catalog (http://159.226.67.237/sun/cancer_driver/), wherein we integrated the gene scores predicted by the foregoing software programs. This resource provides valuable guidance for cancer researchers and clinical oncologists prioritizing cancer driver gene candidates by using an optimal tool.

This work aimed to use hot-melt extrusion (HME) and dual fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology to develop a novel intragastric floating and sustained-release drug delivery system. The intragastric floating and sustained-release tablet was engineered by employing hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (AffinisolTM HPMC HME 15LV) for a drug-loaded core and polylactic acid (PLA) for an insoluble shell with an air chamber. Filaments for the drug-loaded core were compounded using a single-screw hot melt extruder. 3DMAX software was utilized to design a core with a complementary shell which consisted of a hollow chamber at the top and a drug-release window with different sizes (radius in 1.5, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4.5 mm) at the bottom. Pharmaceutical characterization, solid dispersion evaluation, and drug release behavior were studied. The model drug in all formulations kept stable, and part of the drug in the extruded filaments and 3D printed tablets became amorphous. The introduction of an air chamber reduced the tablet density to below 0.9 g/cm3 and the 3D printed tablets floated immediately and continuously during the drug release process. The presence of the insoluble shell greatly prolonged the drug release time, and the drug release rate was positively correlated with the area of the release window. In addition, compared with shellless tablets, the 3D printed tablets with air chambers (radius in 4.5 mm) showed closer zero-order drug release for 24 h and released drug by diffusion-erosion combined mechanism. The developed intragastric floating and sustained-release tablets with air chambers could be applied to various drugs and provided a new way for the development of personalized drug delivery systems.

With the continuous development of science and technology in China, there are many design software in the design field. But the most commonly used software for designers is Photoshop, because it has its own unique advantages. In this thesis, it conducts detailed elaboration on the application and influence of User interface design in Photoshop teaching course for scholars to study and discuss.