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Abstract Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a structure-sensitive reaction of which performance is strongly related to the active phase, particle size, and exposed facets. Compared with the full-pledged investigation on the active phase and particle size, the facet effect has been limited to theoretical studies or single-crystal surfaces, lacking experimental reports of practical catalysts, especially for Fe-based catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate the facet sensitivity of iron carbides in FTS. As the prerequisite, {202} and {112} facets of χ-Fe5C2 are fabricated as the outer shell through the conformal reconstruction of Fe3O4 nanocubes and octahedra, as the inner cores, respectively. During FTS, the activity and stability are highly sensitive to the exposed facet of iron carbides, whereas the facet sensitivity is not prominent for the chain growth. According to mechanistic studies, {202} χ-Fe5C2 surfaces follow hydrogen-assisted CO dissociation which lowers the activation energy compared with the direct CO dissociation over {112} surfaces, affording the high FTS activity.

PurposeTo investigate the prognostic value of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and tailored tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) plus immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs).Materials and methodsNinety-eight patients from May 2018 to January 2022 in our hospital were enrolled in this study. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed and the corresponding Youden index was used to determine the optimal PLR cut-off. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events (AEs) of patients were evaluated based on the PLR cut-off. The factors affecting survival were assessed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses.ResultsThe PLR cut-off was 98.89. There were 49 patients in the low pretreatment PLR group (PLR ≤ 98.89) and 49 patients in the high PLR group (PLR > 98.89). Patients with low pretreatment PLR had significantly longer median OS (25.7 months vs 16.1 months; P < 0.001) and PFS (14.9 months vs 10.2 months; P < 0.001) than those with high pretreatment PLR. The multivariate analysis revealed that ALT, tumor size, and PLR are risk factors affecting OS. The three independent factors affecting PFS are tumor size, AFP, and PLR. The AEs were tolerable and manageable.ConclusionThe low pretreatment PLR (PLR ≤ 98.89) was an independent protective factor for the survival outcomes of patients in this study. PLR was helpful for clinicians to predict the prognosis and identify the patients with uHCC who were most likely to benefit from TACE + TKIs + ICIs.

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is challenged by the trade-off between enhancing C-C coupling and suppressing further hydrogenation of olefins. Here the authors break this challenge by developing a universal strategy to synthesis extra-heavy olefins from carbon monoxide and water via the sustained release of hydrogen and selective extraction of olefins.

The purpose of this study was to preliminarily reveal the changes of ellagic acid in leaves of Rubus berries at different developmental stages. In this study, leaves of 21 varieties of blackberry, raspberry and the hybrids were used to extract the ellagic acid in the leaves by ultrasonic assisted solvent extraction method, and the content of ellagic acid was rapidly detected by UV spectrophotometry. On this basis, five varieties were selected to analyze and evaluate the relationship between antioxidant capacity, antioxidant content, carbohydrate content and ellagic acid content. The results showed that the content of ellagic acid in the tender leaves of blackberry and raspberry was higher, and it showed a downward trend with the development and aging of the leaves. The content of ellagic acid in the tender leaves of blackberry cv. 'Baosen' was the highest up to 39.622 mg/g, and the content of ellagic acid in the aging leaves of raspberry 'Haritez' was the lowest, which was 7.649 mg/g. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity and antioxidant content of the leaves of the selected five varieties were analyzed. It was found that the change trend was similar to that of ellagic acid, while the change of carbohydrate content in the leaves was negatively correlated with that of ellagic acid. The results would provide some theoretical basis for the functional research and further development and utilization of ellagic acid in blackberry and raspberry leaves.

Orobanche cumana Wallr. is the most serious parasitic weed that threatens sunflower production in China, it infects sunflower roots and causes severe yield and economic losses. This study determined the effects of O. cumana infection on sunflower growth, physiological, biochemical, photosynthesis indexes and used RNA-Seq to investigate the potential regulatory factors involved in the parasitic interaction. Results showed that O. cumana infestation significantly inhibited sunflower height, fresh weight, chlorophyl contents, photosynthetic and the MDA content, SOD and POD activities were increased in different degrees, which might be related to sunflower resistance to O. cumana infestation. Additionally, six parasite-related genes were selected, which markedly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, photorespiration and phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway. Among these genes, HsP90A, MYC2 and HAO were discovered for the first time in sunflowers and O. cumana parasitic interaction. Undoubtedly, the results lay a foundation for revealing the parasitic interactions molecular mechanism of O. cumana and sunflowers.

Blueberry is a characteristic berry fruit shrub of the genus Vaccinium in the Rhododendron family. The fruit is rich in anthocyanins and has a variety of nutritional and health functions. This study aimed to systematically study the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application on ripening and metabolites in blueberry fruits. Blueberry fruit ripening was divided into six stages for further analysis. In this study, nontarget metabolomics was performed to demonstrate the effect on metabolite levels. The results showed that 1000 mg/L ABA significantly promoted fruit ripening and increased anthocyanin content. Moreover, exogenous ABA treatment can affect endogenous ABA levels and improve its antioxidant capacity. Important metabolites of the flavonoid pathway were detected, and the results showed that anthocyanin synthesis increased, and some other bioactive metabolite levels decreased. After comprehensive assessments, we believe that 1000 mg/L exogenous ABA application will have positive impacts on blueberry fruit quality and economic benefits.

ABSTRACT Plant root-associated microbiomes play critical roles in promoting plant health, productivity, and tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses. Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is adapted to acidic soils, while the interactions of the root-associated microbiomes in this specific habitat under various root microenvironments remain elusive. Here, we investigated the diversity and community composition of bacterial and fungal communities in various blueberry root niches (bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, and root endosphere). The results showed that blueberry root niches significantly affected root-associated microbiome diversity and community composition compared to those of the three host cultivars. Deterministic processes gradually increased along the soil-rhizosphere-root continuum in both bacterial and fungal communities. The co-occurrence network topological features showed that both bacterial and fungal community complexity and intensive interactions decreased along the soil-rhizosphere-root continuum. Different compartment niches clearly influenced bacterial-fungal interkingdom interactions, which were significantly higher in the rhizosphere, and positive interactions gradually dominated the co-occurrence networks from the bulk soil to the endosphere. The functional predictions showed that rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities may have higher cellulolysis and saprotrophy capacities, respectively. Collectively, the root niches not only affected microbial diversity and community composition but also enhanced the positive interkingdom interactions between bacterial and fungal communities along the soil-rhizosphere-root continuum. This provides an essential basis for manipulating synthetic microbial communities for sustainable agriculture. IMPORTANCE The blueberry root-associated microbiome plays an essential role in its adaptation to acidic soils and in limiting the uptake of soil nutrients by its poor root system. Studies on the interactions of the root-associated microbiome in the various root niches may deepen our understanding of the beneficial effects in this particular habitat. Our study extended the research on the diversity and composition of microbial communities in different blueberry root compartment niches. Root niches dominated the root-associated microbiome compared to that of the host cultivar, and deterministic processes increased from the bulk soil to the endosphere. In addition, bacterial-fungal interkingdom interactions were significantly higher in the rhizosphere, and those positive interactions progressively dominated the co-occurrence network along the soil-rhizosphere-root continuum. Collectively, root niches dominantly affected the root-associated microbiome and the positive interkingdom interactions increased, potentially providing benefits for the blueberry.

Hollow microspheres as the filler material of syntactic foams have been adopted in extensive practical applications, where the physical parameters and their homogeneity have been proven to be critical factors during the design process, especially for high-specification scenarios. Based on double-emulsion droplet templates, hollow microspheres derived from microfluidics-enabled soft manufacturing have been validated to possess well-controlled morphology and composition with a much narrower size distribution and fewer defects compared to traditional production methods. However, for more stringent requirements, the innate density difference between the core–shell solution of the double-emulsion droplet template shall result in the wall thickness heterogeneity of the hollow microsphere, which will lead to unfavorable mechanical performance deviations. To clarify the specific mechanical response of microfluidics-derived hollow silica microspheres with varying eccentricities, a hybrid method combining experimental nanoindentation and a finite element method (FEM) simulation was proposed. The difference in eccentricity can determine the specific mechanical response of hollow microspheres during nanoindentation, including crack initiation and the evolution process, detailed fracture modes, load-bearing capacity, and energy dissipation capability, which should shed light on the necessity of optimizing the concentricity of double-emulsion droplets to improve the wall thickness homogeneity of hollow microspheres for better mechanical performance.

Blueberry is a high-quality fruit tree with significant nutritional and economic value, but the intricate mechanism of sugar accumulation in its fruit remains unclear. In this study, the ripe fruits of blueberry cultivars ‘Anna’ and ‘Misty’ were utilized as experimental materials, and physiological and multi-omics methodologies were applied to analyze the regulatory mechanisms of the difference in sugar content between them. The results demonstrated that the ‘Anna’ fruit was smaller and had less hardness than the ‘Misty’ fruit, as well as higher sugar content, antioxidant capability, and lower active substance content. A total of 7067 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (3674 up-regulated and 3393 down-regulated) and 140 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) (82 up-regulated and 58 down-regulated) were identified between the fruits of the two cultivars. According to KEGG analysis, DEGs were primarily abundant in phenylpropanoid synthesis and hormone signal transduction pathways, whereas DAMs were primarily enriched in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. A combined multi-omics study showed that 116 DEGs and 3 DAMs in starch and sucrose metabolism (48 DEGs and 1 DAM), glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (54 DEGs and 1 DAM), and the pentose phosphate pathway (14 DEGs and 1 DAM) were significantly enriched. These findings suggest that blueberries predominantly increase sugar accumulation by activating carbon metabolism network pathways. Moreover, we identified critical transcription factors linked to the sugar response. This study presents new understandings regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying blueberry sugar accumulation and will be helpful in improving blueberry fruit quality through breeding.

Plant kingdom is rich in many kinds of natural substances which are beneficial to human health and play a certain auxiliary function to human health. Ellagic acid is a natural polyphenol dilactone found in many fruits and nuts. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, inhibition of bacterial growth and other biological activities, and has great application potential in cancer treatment and disease prevention. Many scholars at home and abroad have conducted in-depth studies on the biological activities of ellagic acid, which has a wide application prospect in the treatment of human diseases, tumors and production and life. In this paper, the extraction and purification methods of ellagic acid, as well as the studies on anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and other biological activities of ellagic acid were summarized, providing certain reference for the subsequent research on ellagic acid.

Macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue is a key pathological factor inducing adipose tissue dysfunction and contributing to obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic disorders. In this review, we aim to present the most recent research on macrophage heterogeneity in adipose tissue, with a focus on the molecular targets applied to macrophages as potential therapeutics for metabolic diseases. We begin by discussing the recruitment of macrophages and their roles in adipose tissue. While resident adipose tissue macrophages display an anti-inflammatory phenotype and promote the development of metabolically favorable beige adipose tissue, an increase in pro-inflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue has negative effects on adipose tissue function, including inhibition of adipogenesis, promotion of inflammation, insulin resistance, and fibrosis. Then, we presented the identities of the newly discovered adipose tissue macrophage subtypes (e.g. metabolically activated macrophages, CD9+ macrophages, lipid-associated macrophages, DARC+ macrophages, and MFehi macrophages), the majority of which are located in crown-like structures within adipose tissue during obesity. Finally, we discussed macrophage-targeting strategies to ameliorate obesity-related inflammation and metabolic abnormalities, with a focus on transcriptional factors such as PPARγ, KLF4, NFATc3, and HoxA5, which promote macrophage anti-inflammatory M2 polarization, as well as TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways that activate pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. In addition, a number of intracellular metabolic pathways closely associated with glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, nutrient sensing, and circadian clock regulation were examined. Understanding the complexities of macrophage plasticity and functionality may open up new avenues for the development of macrophage-based treatments for obesity and other metabolic diseases.

The conversion of CO2 by renewable power-generated hydrogen is a promising approach to a sustainable production of long-chain olefins. Here the authors report a Cu-Fe catalyst which achieves the hydrogenation of CO2 into long-chain olefins under ambient pressure via the synergy of carbide mechanism and CO insertion mechanism.

Ellagic acid (EA) is present at relatively high concentrations in many berries and has many beneficial health effects, including anticancer properties. To improve the development and utilization of blackberry fruit nutrients, we divided Hull blackberry fruits into five growth periods according to color and determined the EA content in the fruits in each period. The EA content in the green fruit stage was the highest at 5.67 mg/g FW. Single-factor tests and response surface methodology were used to optimize the extraction process, while macroporous resin adsorption and alkali dissolution, acid precipitation, and solvent recrystallization were used for purification. The highest purity of the final EA powder was 90%. The anticancer assessment results determined by MTT assay showed that EA inhibited HeLa cells with an IC50 of 35 μg/mL, and the apoptosis rate of the cells increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest rate of about 67%. We evaluated the changes in the mRNA levels of genes related to the EA-mediated inhibition of cancer cell growth and initially verified the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway as the pathway by which EA inhibits HeLa cell growth. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for the deep exploration and utilization of this functional food.

Blackberry fruit contains high levels of nutrients and phenolic compounds. Blackberry pomace accounts for 20~30% of its whole fruit during processing and is generally treated as fertilizer. Blackberry pomace has many seeds that contain carbohydrates, polyphenols, flavonoids, pectin, protein, and other bioactive nutrients. However, its functional properties and seed protein compositions have not been reported. We used a single-factor experiment, response surface, and Osborne isolate method to extract protein isolate, albumin, globulin, glutelin, and prolamin from blackberry seeds for the first time and evaluated their characteristics and functional properties. Glutelin and protein isolate showed good water-holding capacity, emulsification, and foaming capacity, while albumin and globulin showed good oil-holding capacity and thermal stability. They were found to have good antioxidant activities that might be good DPPH free radical scavengers, especially prolamin, which has the lowest IC50 value (15.76 μg/mL). Moreover, globulin had the lowest IC50 value of 5.03 μg/mL against Hela cells, 31.82 μg/mL against HepG2 cells, and 77.81 μg/mL against MCF-7 cells and a high selectivity index (SI), which suggested globulin had better anti-cervical, antihepatoma, and anti-breast activity but relatively low cytotoxicity. These seed proteins may have great prospects for the development and application of food and drugs in the future.

Blueberry is a nutrient-rich berry, and its taste and flavor directly determine the consumer preference. Until now, few studies have focused on the comparison of fresh food quality and the key metabolites in superior fresh-eating blueberry cultivars. Herein, fruit quality indicators of 10 highbush blueberry cultivars were evaluated using ‘Bluerain’ as the control. Appearance quality analysis of fruits showed that ‘Brigitta’ had a larger fruit size and ‘Anna’ was the smallest. ‘Anna’ fruits, followed by ‘O′Neal’, had the highest ratio of soluble solids to acidity because of their lowest titratable acidity content. Despite the high soluble sugar content, the antioxidants in ‘Anna’ fruits such as total flavonoids, anthocyanins and vitamin C were lowest among all cultivars, while ‘Duke’ seemed to have opposite patterns. Furthermore, a total of 553 and 557 metabolites were identified by non-targeted metabolomics liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in positive and negative ion mode, respectively. Particularly, the numbers of differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were the most between the ‘O′Neal’ vs. ‘Bluerain’ group. The DAMs involved in the metabolic pathways, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, monoterpenoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, may be mainly related to the synthesis of flavor and carbohydrate substances. Moreover, the expression patterns of genes involved in sugar metabolism were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis in different cultivars. Therefore, the systematical comparison of the quality characteristics, metabolites and expression profiles of related genes in highbush blueberries with good flavor could provide some basis for further research on fresh fruit breeding of blueberries.

The study of rockburst criterion is the key to predict the occurrence of rockburst. Based on the energy principle, a new multi-parameter rockburst criterion (RPC) were established. The accuracy and applicability of some typical rockburst engineering examples in China were verified by using some classical rockburst criteria and the newly proposed RPC. The research results show that: RPC comprehensively considers the various stress states of the surrounding rock mass unit, and reflects the integrity factors, mechanical factors, brittleness factors and energy storage factors in the process of rockburst inoculation. Three rockburst classification thresholds (2, 11 and 110) for four grades of none, weak, moderate and severe rockburst were proposed. The prediction and evaluation of rockburst by RPC is basically consistent with the actual situation of rockburst, which can better reflect the overall trend of rockburst failure in deep tunnels.

Orobanche cumana Wallr. (Orobanche cernua Loefl.) causes severe yield losses of confectionary sunflower in China. While germination of O. cumana is stimulated by sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) from host sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Dehydrocostus lactone and costunolide isolated from sunflower root exudates are known as STLs to specifically induce O. cumana germination. Two major confectionary sunflower cultivars, SH363 (highly susceptible to O. cumana) and TH33 (resistant to O. cumana), were planted in China. However, STLs in these two sunflower cultivars has remained unknown. To identify STLs from root and exudates of sunflower for better understanding the role of stimulants in parasitic interaction of sunflower and O. cumana, we tested dehydrocostus lactone (DCL) and costunolide (CL) in root and root exudates of susceptible and resistant sunflower cultivars. The stimulant activity of sunflower root exudate and root extract to germination of O. cumana were also determined. Dehydrocostus lactone and costunolide were identified through ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Both DCL and CL were found in root extracts and root exudates in the whole tested time point from two sunflower cultivars. The concentration of dehydrocostus lactone was higher than that of costunolide at the same tested growth stage of each sunflower cultivar. It was observed that higher quantity of dehydrocostus lactone in susceptible cultivar than resistant cultivar of root and root exudates at later tested developmental stages. However, the amount of CL was no significant difference between SH363 and TH33 at all tested stages. The release amount of DCL from susceptible cultivar is 3.7 folds that of resistant cultivar at 28 DAT. These findings suggested that DCL was the one of the major signal compound in these two sunflower cultivars, and lower dehydrocostus lactone might contribute to the resistance of sunflower TH33 to O. cumana.

High soil pH is one of the main abiotic factors that negatively affects blueberry growth and cultivation. However, no comprehensive evaluation of the high soil pH tolerance of different blueberry cultivars has been conducted. Herein, 16 phenotypic and physiological indices of 15 blueberry cultivars were measured through pot experiments, and the high-pH soil tolerance coefficient (HSTC) was calculated based on these indices to comprehensively evaluate the high-soil-pH tolerance of plants. The results demonstrated that high soil pH stress inhibited blueberry 77.growth, and MDA, soluble sugar (SS), and soluble protein (SP) levels increased in leaves. Moreover, in all cultivars, CAT activity in the antioxidant system was enhanced, whereas SOD activity was reduced, and the relative expression levels of the antioxidant enzyme genes SOD and CAT showed similar changes. In addition, the leaf chlorophyll relative content (SPAD), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased, while changes in the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were noted in different cultivars. Finally, according to the comprehensive evaluation value D obtained from the combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and membership function (MF), the 15 blueberry cultivars can be divided into 4 categories: high soil pH-tolerant type [‘Briteblue’ (highest D value 0.815)], intermediate tolerance type (‘Zhaixuan 9’, ‘Zhaixuan 7’, ‘Emerald’, ‘Primadonna’, ‘Powderblue’ and ‘Chandler’), low high soil pH-tolerant type (‘Brightwell’, ‘Gardenblue’, ‘Plolific’ and ‘Sharpblue’) and high soil pH-sensitive type [‘Legacy’, ‘Bluegold’, ‘Baldwin’ and ‘Anna’ (lowest D value 0.166)]. Stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that plant height, SS, E, leaf length, Ci, SOD, and SPAD could be used to predict and evaluate the high soil pH tolerance of blueberry cultivars.

Abstract Background The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not optimistic. Our study focused on present inflammatory markers, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-platelet ratio (GPR), aspartate aminotransferase-to-lymphocyte ratio (ALR) and fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR), and explored their optimal combination for the prognosis of HCC after resection. Methods A total of 347 HCC patients who underwent curative resection were enrolled. The optimal cutoff values of the inflammatory markers were calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and used to divide patients into two groups whose differences were compared by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Cox univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the independent prognostic inflammatory markers. The χ2 test was chosen to determine the relationship between independent prognostic inflammatory markers and clinicopathological features. We created combined scoring models and evaluated them by Cox univariate and multivariate methods. The concordance index (C-index), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and likelihood ratio were calculated to compare the models. The selected optimal inflammatory markers and their combinations were tested in different stages of HCC by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results The ALR and GPR were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival (DFS); the ALR, PLR, and GPR were independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS). The proposed GPR and ALR-GPR-PLR score models were independent predictors for DFS and OS, respectively. Conclusion The preoperative GPR and ALR-GPR-PLR score models were independent predictors for DFS and OS, respectively, and performed well in stratifying patients with HCC. The higher the score in the model was, the worse the prognosis.

With the advancement of blueberry industrialization, cultivation measures for obtaining high-quality fruits and technologies for obtaining high levels of the main secondary metabolites have become inevitable requirements for further development of the blueberry industry. This study applied different shading treatments and found that the FT1 shading treatment yielded the largest values for the single fruit weight, solid longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of blueberry fruit as well as the highest solidity-acid ratio and total phenol and vitamin C contents. Moreover, 470 known metabolites were obtained from blueberry fruits. Interestingly, the differentially abundant metabolites related to ABC transporters, pyrimidine metabolism, and purine metabolism pathways were commonly identified from the three comparisons, which indicated that these three metabolic pathways in blueberry fruits are vulnerable to shading treatment. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of summer shading to improve the quality and antioxidant substances of small berries.

Rhizosphere microbial communities profoundly affect plant health, productivity, and responses to environmental stress. Thus, it is of great significance to comprehensively understand the response of root-associated microbes to planting years and the complex interactions between plants and rhizosphere microbes under long-term cultivation. Therefore, four rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plantations established in 1988, 2004, 2013, and 2017 were selected to obtain the dynamic changes and assembly mechanisms of rhizosphere microbial communities with the increase in planting age. Rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community composition and diversity were determined using a high-throughput sequencing method. The results showed that the diversity and structure of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of blueberries differed significantly among planting ages. A total of 926 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the bacterial community and 219 OTUs in the fungal community were identified as the core rhizosphere microbiome of blueberry. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed 36 and 56 distinct bacterial and fungal biomarkers, respectively. Topological features of co-occurrence network analysis showed greater complexity and more intense interactions in bacterial communities than in fungal communities. Soil pH is the main driver for shaping bacterial community structure, while available potassium is the main driver for shaping fungal community structure. In addition, the VPA results showed that edaphic factors and blueberry planting age contributed more to fungal community variations than bacterial community. Notably, ericoid mycorrhizal fungi were observed in cultivated blueberry varieties, with a marked increase in relative abundance with planting age, which may positively contribute to nutrient uptake and coping with environmental stress. Taken together, our study provides a basis for manipulating rhizosphere microbial communities to improve the sustainability of agricultural production during long-term cultivation.

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world and is usually caused by viral hepatitis (HBV and HCV), alcoholic, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Viral hepatitis accounts for 80% of HCC cases worldwide. In addition, With the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases, NAFLD is now the most common liver disease and a major risk factor for HCC in most developed countries. This review mainly described the specificity and similarity between the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis(HBV and HCV)-induced HCC and NAFLD-induced HCC. In general, viral hepatitis promotes HCC development mainly through specific encoded viral proteins. HBV can also exert its tumor-promoting mechanism by integrating into the host chromosome, while HCV cannot. Viral hepatitis-related HCC and NASH-related HCC differ in terms of genetic factors, and epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA effects). In addition, both of them can lead to HCC progression through abnormal lipid metabolism, persistent inflammatory response, immune and intestinal microbiome dysregulation.

To screen and evaluate excellent blackberry cultivars and strains, 17 indexes of plant growth and fruit horticultural and nutritional characteristics were measured, 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were analyzed, the fingerprints of 23 blackberry cultivars and strains were constructed, and the processing characteristics of 10 excellent cultivars and strains were evaluated. The results showed that ‘Chester’ and ‘Shuofeng’ had the highest plant yield (6.5 kg per plant), of which the ‘Chester’ fruit also had the highest hardness (2.78 kg/cm2). ‘Kiowa’ had the highest single fruit weight (10.43 g). ‘10-5n-2’ had the highest total anthocyanin content (225.4 mg/100 g FW) and total polyphenol content (3.24 mg/g FW), but a low plant yield. These results suggest that ‘Shuofeng’ and ‘Chester’ are the top two blackberry cultivars planted in Nanjing, with the best growth and comprehensive quality. Moreover, a total of 119 alleles were detected with an average number of 6 alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.374~0.844, with an average of 0.739, indicating a high genetic diversity among the 23 blackberry cultivars and strains. This study provides insight into the plant growth, fruit characteristics and genetic diversity of the 23 blackberry cultivars and strains, and is thus conducive to the protection and utilization of blackberry cultivars and strains.

To study the optimal form of nitrogen (N) application and to determine the best harvest date for blackberries, different N fertilizers were applied during the critical growth period of blackberry plants. The results showed that NH4+–N significantly improved the appearance of blackberry fruits, including their size, firmness, and color, and promoted the accumulation of soluble solids, sugars, anthocyanin, ellagic acid, and vitamin C (VC), while fruit treated with NO3−–N accumulated more flavonoids and organic acids and had improved antioxidant capacity. In addition, the fruit size, firmness, and color brightness decreased with the harvest period. While the contents of sugars, anthocyanin, ellagic acid, flavonoids, and VC were higher in the early harvests and then decreased as the season progressed, the total antioxidant capacity and DPPH radical scavenging capacity increased. In all, application of NH4+–N is recommended, as it is more beneficial to fruit appearance, taste, and nutritional quality. Harvests in the early stage help to obtain a good fruit appearance, while harvests in the middle and later stages are more beneficial to fruit taste and quality. This study may help growers to determine the best fertilization scheme for blackberries and choose the appropriate harvest time according to their needs.

By analyzing the support of load-carrying rolling elements when the rolling elements fall into the fault position, the dynamics model of a rolling bearing variable stiffness system with local faults is proposed, considering the retention factor of the contact deformation. Then, this paper researches the change of effective contact stiffness, contact deformation, contact force, and the total effective stiffness of the rolling elements. The results show that the contact stiffness of the rolling elements abruptly decreases when the rolling elements fall into the fault position. The contact deformation and contact force of the load-carrying rolling elements in the load zone increase, rebalancing the external radial load while causing a sudden reduction in the total effective stiffness, resulting in the vibration of the system. When different rolling elements fall into the outer ring fault position, the change in total effective stiffness and the system response are equal in magnitude. Additionally, there is a significant outer race fault characteristic frequency accompanied by frequency multiplication in the fault characteristic spectrums. When different rolling elements fall into the inner race fault position, the total effective stiffness is modulated by the inner race rotation and varies dramatically, resulting in the amplitude of the system time domain vibration response also being modulated by the inner race rotation and varying dramatically. Additionally, there is a significant inner race rotational frequency accompanied by frequency multiplication, an inner race fault characteristic frequency accompanied by frequency multiplication, and a side frequency in the fault characteristic spectrums. The research can provide some reference for the effective diagnosis of the rolling bearing fault.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an epigenetic modification that widely exists in long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and is involved in the regulation of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes that form complex enzymes to affect the occurrence of tumors. The abnormal modification of m6A methylation can alter the overall m6A level and thus contribute to the malignant biological behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LncRNAs related to m6A methylation are involved in lipogenesis, the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells, the stemness of tumor cells and sorafenib resistance. In this review, we systematically elaborated the occurrence mechanism of lncRNA and m6A methylation modification in HCC and the effect of m6A methylation modification of lncRNA on the occurrence of HCC, suggesting that the combination of m6A methylation modification and lncRNA will be more meaningful as molecular markers or prognostic markers. It is helpful to provide further ideas for exploring the pathogenesis of HCC and identifying new targets for HCC treatment and diagnosis and achieve precise individual treatment of liver cancer.

In this letter, we report a diode-pumped nano-second laser with the output energy 10 J, the repetition rate 50 Hz, and the average power 500 W. The main amplifier was made up of eight amplify modules. Each amplify module was pumped by an 808 nm laser diode and cooled by water from the back end of the Nd:YAG slab. To our knowledge, this represents the highest pulse repetition rate for the 10 J class nano-second single-aperture Nd:YAG laser. The beam quality was controlled by means of mechanical design and adjustment and compensation by a home-made deforming mirror. The beam quality was controlled well with the beam quality of the laser 2.61DL.

Different light wavelengths display diverse effects on fruit quality formation and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Blueberry is a kind of fruit rich in anthocyanin with important economic and nutritional values. This study explored the effects of different light wavelengths (white (W), red (R), blue (B) and yellow (Y)) on fruit quality and gene expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis in blueberry. We found that the B and W treatments attained the maximum values of fruit width, fruit height and fruit weight in blueberry fruits. The R treatment attained the maximum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), and the Y treatment displayed the maximum contents of ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH) and total phenol in fruits, thus improving blueberry-fruit antioxidant capacity. Interestingly, there were differences in the solidity–acid ratio of fruit under different light-wavelength treatments. Moreover, blue light could significantly improve the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes and anthocyanin content in fruits. Correlation and principal component analysis showed that total acid content and antioxidant enzymes were significantly negatively correlated with anthocyanin content in blueberry fruits. These results provide new insights for the application of light wavelength to improve blueberry fruit quality and anthocyanin content.

Microbial contamination is one of the main reasons for the quality deterioration of postharvest blueberries during storage. In this study, we investigated the surface microbiota of blueberry fruits stored at different temperatures via high-throughput sequencing of the 16S and ITS rRNA genes. The results indicated that the α-diversity of the microbial communities in samples stored at 4 °C was much higher than that in samples stored at 25 °C. The composition of the bacterial and fungal communities on the surface of the blueberry fruits varied at different storage temperatures. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Anthophyta, Chlorophyta, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were the most abundant phyla in the bacterial community. Furthermore, five preservation quality indices were measured, and the influence on the α-diversity of the bacterial community was found to be significantly weaker than that of the fungal community. Based on the prediction of the bacterial flora function, the change in blueberry quality during storage was closely related to its surface microbial effect. This study provides a theoretical basis for an understanding of the microbiota on the surface of blueberry fruits to cause fruit spoilage, and the development of a targeted inhibition technology to preserve blueberry fruits under different storage and transportation environments.

The thornless blackberry cultivar ‘Ningzhi 4’ was developed by the Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen). The new blackberry cultivar was selected from the ‘Kiowa’ (female parent) and ‘Hull Thornless’ (male parent) F1 hybrid. ‘Ningzhi 4’ had excellent plant characteristics, including thornlessness, semi-erect to erect canes, vigorous growth and good disease resistance. ‘Ningzhi 4’ had large fruit and high yield. In addition, the parents of the superior hybrid plant were further identified by SSR markers, which provided the basis for the fingerprint of the new blackberry cultivar ‘Ningzhi 4’. This is a commercial cultivar to be grown for fruit production for either shipping or local sales. It also has value as a home-garden plant. This unique type of blackberry fruit was a traditional summer fruit. This new cultivar has thornless semi-erect to erect canes and produces high-quality berries with large size, good firmness, excellent flavor, and potential for shipping and postharvest storage. The new blackberry cultivar ‘Ningzhi 4’ is adapted to all areas of southern China and is expected to replace or complement ‘Kiowa’, ‘Hull Thornless’, ‘Chester Thornless’ and ‘Triple Crown’. A local cultivar patent has been approved by the Jiangsu Variety Approval Committee as ‘Rubus spp. Ningzhi 4′ in 2020 (S-SV-RS-014-2020). In the future, ‘Ningzhi 4’ could be promoted as an advantageous thornless blackberry cultivar in the main production regions of China.

Blackberries are an emerging third-generation fruit that are popular in Europe, and specific nitrogen (N) supply is an important factor affecting their growth and development. To study the optimal N fertilizer for blackberry seedlings, no N (CK), nitrate (NO3−)–N, ammonium (NH4+)–N and urea were applied to one-year-old ‘Ningzhi 4’ blackberry plants at a key growth period (from May to August) to explore the effects of different N forms on the physiological characteristics. Correlation and principal component analysis were used to determine the relationships between various indexes. Ammonium (NH4+) or urea-fed plants had a better growth state, showed a greater plant height, biomass, SPAD values and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthesis. In addition, NH4+ was beneficial to the accumulation of sugars and amino acids in leaves and roots, and promoted the transport of auxin and cytokinin to leaves. NO3− significantly inhibited root growth and increased the contents of active oxygen, malondialdehyde and antioxidants in roots. Correlation and principal component analysis showed that growth and dry matter accumulation were closely related to the antioxidant system, photosynthetic characteristics, amino acids and hormone content. Our study provides a new idea for N regulation mechanism of blackberry and proposes a scientific fertilization strategy.

Blackberries have high nutritional value and strong biological activities, such as antiproliferative activity. Anthocyanins are important functional components in blackberries. We collected 25 kinds (lines) of blackberries from our nursery to investigate antiproliferative agents in natural foods. Among them, the Shuofeng variety had the highest anthocyanin content, with 2.54 mg/g of fresh fruit, which increased to 357.75 mg/g of dried powder through ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and macroporous resin adsorption. Additional experiments showed that Shuofeng’s anthocyanin content had high anti-HepG2 activity in vitro and in vivo, as well as activity against Hela (68.62 μg/mL), HepG2 (55.85 μg/mL), MCF-7 (181.21 μg/mL), and A549 cells (82.01 μg/mL), as determined by MTT assay. It also had no apparent toxic effects. The combination of DDP and DOX significantly enhanced the antiproliferative activity of the four cell lines. The IC50 value of Shuofeng’s anthocyanin content combined with DOX in HepG2 cells was the lowest at only 0.08 μg/mL, indicating that the combination of drugs had additive and synergistic effects. Shuofeng’s anthocyanin content might intercalate into DNA and alter or destroy DNA, causing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. Our results show that blackberry anthocyanins can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and their possible mechanisms. However, we must study the deeper mechanism and explore its targeting effects in the future.

Blueberries are rich in flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and other bioactive substances. Anthocyanins are important functional components in blueberries. We collected 65 varieties of blueberries to investigate their nutritional and functional values. Among them, Gardenblue had the highest anthocyanin content, with 2.59 mg/g in fresh fruit. After ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and macroporous resin absorption, the content was increased to 459.81 mg/g in the dried powder. Biological experiments showed that Gardenblue anthocyanins (L1) had antiproliferative effect on cervical cancer cells (Hela, 51.98 μg/mL), liver cancer cells (HepG2, 23.57 μg/mL), breast cancer cells (MCF-7, 113.39 μg/mL), and lung cancer cells (A549, 76.10 μg/mL), and no apparent toxic effects were indicated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, especially against HepG2 cells both in vitro and in vivo. After combining it with DDP (cisplatin) and DOX (doxorubicin), the antiproliferative effects were enhanced, especially when combined with DOX against HepG2 cells; the IC50 value was 0.02 μg/mL. This was further evidence that L1 could inhibit cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. The detailed mechanism might be L1 interacting with DNA in an intercalation mode that changes or destroys DNA, causing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. The findings of this study suggest that L1 extract can be used as a functional agent against hepatoma carcinoma cells.

Blueberry is an important small berry crop in economic forests. In hot summers, the top tip of blueberry often burns and withers due to water loss. Therefore, this study subjected blueberry to shading treatment in the summer to study the effects of different shading treatments on the growth, morphology, physiology and protein levels of the plant. The results showed that the 50% shading (T1) treatment yielded the highest average increases in plant height, crown width, and ground diameter of blueberry. Under the 80% shading (T2) treatment, the cells of the leaves dissolved, the morphology was incomplete, the vascular bundles disappeared, and no supporting skeleton was detected. As demonstrated by physiological and biochemical data and the proteome expression levels, the T1 shading treatment was beneficial to the growth of blueberry and significantly enriched the photosynthetic pathway and flavonoid biosynthesis. An analysis of the interaction network of differentially expressed proteins indicated that trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (C4H, CYP73A), naringenin 3-dioxygenase (F3H) and bifunctional dihydroflavonol 4-reductase/flavanone 4-reductase (DFR) exhibited high connectivity and mutual regulation. In short, 50% shading can improve the growth index of blueberry and lead to an enrichment of flavonoid biosynthesis. This study provides a scientific basis for the breeding and summer protection of blueberry seedlings.

Background: BTBD10 serves as an activator of Akt family members through decreasing the protein phosphatase 2A-mediated dephosphorylation. The present study attempted to investigate the prognostic value of BTBD10 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), specially, its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).Methods: BTBD10 expression was evaluated in HCC using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Xijing Hospital database, and verified in HCC cell lines. Cox analyses were performed to analyze independent prognostic risk factors for HCC. The optimal cut-off value of BTBD10 was calculated, by which all patients were divided into two groups to compare the overall survival (OS). The signaling pathways were predicted, by which BTBD10 may affect the progression of HCC. To investigate the impact of BTBD10 on HCC immunotherapy, correlations between BTBD10 and TILs, immune checkpoints, m6A methylation-related genes and ferroptosis-related genes were assessed. The distribution of half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of diverse targeted drugs was observed based on the differential expression of BTBD10.Results: BTBD10 expression was higher in HCC tissues and cell lines than that of normal liver tissues and cells. The patients with high expression of BTBD10 showed a worse OS, as compared to that of BTBD10 low-expressing group. Cox analyses indicated that BTBD10 was an independent prognostic risk factor for HCC. Several molecular pathways of immune responses were activated in HCC patients with high-expressing of BTBD10. Furthermore, BTBD10 expression was demonstrated to be positively correlated with tumor-infiltrating B cells, T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Meanwhile, the expression of BTBD10 was synchronized with that of several m6A methylation-related genes, ferroptosis-related genes and immune checkpoints. The IC50 scores of Sorafenib, Navitoclax, Veliparib, Luminespib, and Imatinib were found to be lower in BTBD10 high-expressing HCC group.Conclusion: BTBD10 negatively regulates tumor immunity in HCC and exhibits adverse effect on the prognosis of HCC, which could be a potential target for immunotherapy.

Hydrogen energy has become an important way to solve energy crises owing to its non-pollution, high level of efficiency, and wide application. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received wide attention as an energy conversion device for hydrogen energy. The hydrogen concentration in the PEMFC anode directly determines the output voltage of the stack. The performance of the PEMFC gradually decreases due to the accumulation of nitrogen. However, the continuous circulation of anode gas and the nitrogen accumulation at the anode due to transmembrane diffusion lead to difficulties in estimating the anode gas concentration. The relationship between anode nitrogen concentration and voltage variation characteristics was studied by increasing the anode hydrogen concentration through the method of increasing nitrogen concentration and conducting experiments on a 16-cell stack. In this paper, an estimation method for nitrogen concentration in the anode is proposed to evaluate the nitrogen concentration in the anode on the basis of voltage variation characteristics, and the method was recalibrated and validated using experimental data. Due to the inhomogeneity of the gas distribution within the PEMFC stack, the mean cell voltage can provide a more accurate estimation of the anode nitrogen concentration compared to a single cell voltage. It is shown that the proposed approach can offer a new method to estimate anode nitrogen concentration. Compared with the conventional method, the new method is simpler as it does not require additional equipment or complex algorithms. In this paper, the anode nitrogen concentration was estimated by applying this method with a maximum error of only 0.35%.

With improving living standards, traditional blueberry planting modes cannot meet commercial demands, and blueberry cultivation with soilless substrate has become a popular solution in the blueberry industry. In this study, different soilless substrate treatments were found to markedly influence fruit appearance and intrinsic quality. The fruit in the 50:50 peat/pine bark (v/v) (FPB) treatment group had the maximum single fruit weight, largest vertical diameter, and brightest color, as well as the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) value, solid-acid ratio and anthocyanin content. The fruit in the 50:50 pine bark/rice husk (v/v) (FBR) treatment group had the highest total phenol and flavonoid levels, largest drip loss value, and lowest total pectin content and firmness value. Metabolomic analysis showed that flavonoid, carbohydrate, and carbohydrate conjugate, and amino acid, peptide, and analog levels were significantly different between groups. Fruit in the FPB group had the highest sucrose, D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, salidroside, tectorigenin, naringenin chalcone, trifolirhizin, and galangin contents. The increase in the relative expression of phenylalanine (Phe) promoted the synthesis of fruit polyphenols in the FBR group. Our results provide new insights into the effects of different substrates on the quality of blueberries and a reference for the soilless substrate cultivation of blueberries.

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is a popular healthy fruit worldwide. The health value of blueberry is mainly because the fruit is rich in anthocyanins, which have a strong antioxidant capacity. However, because blueberry is a non-model plant, little is known about the structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in blueberries. Previous studies have found that spraying 1,000 mg/L abscisic acid at the late green stage of “Jersey” highbush blueberry fruits can increase the content of anthocyanins. In this experiment, the previous results were verified in “Brightwell” rabbiteye blueberry fruits. Based on the previous results, the anthocyanin accumulation process in blueberry can be divided into six stages from the late green stage to the mature stage, and the transcriptome was used to systematically analyze the blueberry anthocyanin synthesis process. Combined with data from previous studies on important transcription factors regulating anthocyanin synthesis in plants, phylogenetic trees were constructed to explore the key transcription factors during blueberry fruit ripening. The results showed that ABA increased the anthocyanin content of blueberry fruits during veraison. All structural genes and transcription factors (MYB, bHLH, and WD40) involved in the anthocyanin pathway were identified, and their spatiotemporal expression patterns were analyzed. The expression of CHS, CHI, DFR, and LDOX/ANS in ABA-treated fruits was higher in the last two stages of maturity, which was consistent with the change in the anthocyanin contents in fruits. In general, six MYB transcription factors, one bHLH transcription factor and four WD40 transcription factors were found to change significantly under treatment during fruit ripening. Among them, VcMYBA plays a major role in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in ABA signaling. This result preliminarily explained the mechanism by which ABA increases the anthocyanin content and improves the efficiency of the industrial use of blueberry anthocyanins.

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors with a very high mortality rate. The emergence of immunotherapy has brought hope for the cure of hepatocellular carcinoma. Only a small number of patients respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and ferroptosis and tertiary lymphoid structure contribute to the increased response rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors; thus, we first need to identify those who are sensitive to immunotherapy and then develop different methods to improve sensitivity for different groups.MethodsThe sequencing data of hepatocellular carcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus was downloaded to identify the immune-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). LncRNAs related to survival data were screened out, and a risk signature was established using Cox proportional hazard regression model. R software was used to calculate the riskScore of each patient, and the patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups. The prognostic value of riskScore and its application in clinical chemotherapeutic drugs were confirmed. The relationship between riskScore and immune checkpoint genes, ferroptosis genes, and genes related to tertiary lymphoid structure formation was analyzed by Spearman method. TIMER, CIBERSORT, ssGSEA, and ImmuCellAI were used to evaluate the relative number of lymphocytes in tumor. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test confirmed differences in immunophenoscore between the high- and low-risk groups.ResultsData analysis revealed that our signature could well predict the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of hepatocellular carcinoma and to predict susceptible populations with Sorafenib. The risk signature were significantly correlated with immune checkpoint genes, ferroptosis genes, and tertiary lymphoid structure-forming genes, and predicted tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte status. There was a significant difference in IPS scores between the low-risk group and the high-risk group, while the low-risk group had higher scores.ConclusionThe riskScore obtained from an immune-related lncRNA signature could successfully predict the survival time and reflect the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. More importantly, it is possible to select different treatments for different hepatocellular carcinoma patients that increase the response rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors and will help improve the individualized treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

As an emerging third-generation fruit, blackberry has high nutritional value and is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolism is a popular research topic, but no related details have been reported for blackberry. Based on previous transcriptome data from this research group, two blackberry flavonol synthase genes were identified in this study, and the encoded proteins were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. RuFLS1 and RuFLS2 are both hydrophobic acidic proteins belonging to the 2OG-Fe(II) dioxygenase superfamily. RuFLS2 was expressed at 27.93-fold higher levels than RuFLS1 in red–purple fruit by RNA-seq analysis. Therefore, RuFLS2-overexpressing tobacco was selected for functional exploration. The identification of metabolites from transgenic tobacco showed significantly increased contents of flavonoids, such as apigenin 7-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, astragalin, and quercitrin. The high expression of RuFLS2 also upregulated the expression levels of NtF3H and NtFLS in transgenic tobacco. The results indicate that RuFLS2 is an important functional gene regulating flavonoid biosynthesis and provides an important reference for revealing the molecular mechanism of flavonoid accumulation in blackberry fruit.

The high nutritional value and unique flavor of blackberries make them a popular food choice among consumers. Anthocyanin content (AC) and non-anthocyanin flavonoid content (NAFC) are important functional components in blackberry. We tested the AC, NAFC, and antioxidant activities of two blackberry—Ningzhi 1 and Hull—during the following ripening stages: green-fruit stage (GFS), color-turning stage (CTS), reddening stage (RDS), and ripening stage (RPS). The results showed that NAFC decreased and AC increased gradually during the ripening stages. The NAFC of Hull blackberry was the highest during GFS (889.74 μg/g), while the AC of Ningzhi 1 blackberry was the highest during RPS (1027.08 μg/g). NAFC was the highest at the initial stage and gradually decreased with ripening. Anthocyanin accumulation mainly occurred during the later ripening stages. These results provide a reference for comparing the NAFC, AC, and antioxidant activity of Ningzhi 1 and Hull and their changes during different ripening stages.

Comparison of anti-HBs persistence after hepatitis B vaccination on two-dose schedule and three-dose schedule among adults is still controversial. In this study, adults were followed up at 12 years after the primary immunization. Three hundred and forty-one and 288 adults with age 15 through 40 years old were given anti-HBV vaccination on a 0-, 1-, and 6-month schedule or on a 0- and 6-month one, respectively (in 2003). Blood samples of 202 patients on 0-, 1- and 6-month schedule and 194 patients on 0- and 6-month regimen were collected at one month and twelve years (in 2015) after the primary series and anti-HBs levels were measured. The seroprotection rate for 3-dose schedule and 2-dose one was 71.78% (95%CI = 65.04%, 77.87%) and 53.61% (95%CI = 46.07%, 60.49%). The GMC of anti-HBs was 31 mIU/mL (95%CI = 24, 41) and 12 mIU/mL (95%CI = 9, 17), respectively. Participants using three doses had higher seroprotection rate and GMC (P

Blackberry and raspberry have high nutritional, health value, and are popular with consumers for their unique flavors. To explore the relationships between nutrient accumulation, antioxidant substance contents in blackberry and raspberry fruits, and fruit growth and development, seven Rubus cultivars were selected, and contents of the main active substance were determined. “Clode Summit” had the highest soluble sugar and fructose contents, “Chester”—the highest total phenol content, and “Bristol’—the highest anthocyanin content. Generally, the contents of flavonoids and total phenols showed a downward trend with the development of fruit in seven Rubus cultivars, and the content of anthocyanins increased rapidly in the later stage of development. Pearson correlation analysis showed extremely significant correlation between antioxidant activity and the contents of vitamin E, total phenols, and flavonoids. Flavonoids were extremely significantly positively correlated with the content of total phenols, and the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins in various cultivars were highly negatively correlated. Considering the different nutritional ingredients and active antioxidant substance contents, “Clode Summit”, “Bristol”, and “Chester” are recommended for raw consumption, processing, and medicinal purposes, respectively. These results provide a reference for comparing the main active substance contents in different Rubus cultivars and their changes across fruit development stages.

The elevated temperature tensile behavior of a Nb-Mo microalloyed medium steel was investigated over the −50 to 150 °C temperature range. The ultimate tensile strength was significantly reduced with increasing deformation temperature, but both YS (yield strength) and EI (total elongation) values changed slightly. The best product of UTS (ultimate tensile strength) and EI (~59.5 GPa·%) can be achieved at the deformation temperature of 50 °C, implying an excellent combination of strength and ductility. Furthermore, the change in strain hardening rate as a function of deformation temperature was further explained by the following two aspects: the dependence of mechanical stability of retained austenite on deformation temperature as well as the dependence of deformation mechanism on deformation temperature. Theoretical models and experimental observations demonstrate that the dominant deformation mechanism of the present medium Mn steel changed from the single transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect at −50 to 50 °C to the multiple TRIP + TWIP (twinning-induced plasticity) effect at 50–150 °C.

Abstract Background Hainan Island, located in the South China Sea and separated from the Leizhou Peninsula by Qiongzhou Strait, is the second largest island after Taiwan in China. With the expansion of Han Chinese and the gradual formation of “South Hlai and North Han”, nowadays, Hainan Hlai is the second largest population after Han Chinese in Hainan Island. Ha Hlai, distributed in southwest and southern Hainan Island, is the dominant branch of Hlai and speaks Ha localism. Methods We utilized the Huaxia™ Platinum PCR Amplification System (including 23 autosomal STRs and 2 sex‐linked markers) to obtain the first STR profiling batch of 657 Ha Hlai individuals (497 males and 160 females). In order to explore the genetic relationships between the studied Ha Hlai and other reference populations with different language families, population genetic analyses, including PCA, MDS, STRUCTURE, and phylogenetic analysis, were conducted based upon the raw data and allelic frequencies of the polymorphic autosomal STR markers. Results In total, 271 distinct alleles were observed at the 23 STR loci. The number of diverse alleles ranged from 7 at TPOX locus to 23 at FGA locus, and the allelic frequencies varied from 0.0008 to 0.5533. In addition, the CPE and CPD were 1‐7.39 × 10−10 and 1‐3.13 × 10−28, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that Ha Hlai is a Tai‐Kadai language‐speaking and relatively isolated population which has a close genetic and geographical relationship with Hainan Hlai, and M95 is the dominant haplogroup in Ha Hlai (56.18%). Conclusion The 23 autosomal STR genetic markers were highly polymorphic as well as potentially useful for forensic applications in Hainan Ha Hlai population. The phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that small geographic scale gene flows could not be ignored and the shaping of the unique gene pool for each population was the combination effects of geographic, language, and cultural isolations.

Blueberry belongs to the genus Vaccinium L. in the Ericaceae and is an economically important shrub that produces small berries that are rich in nutrients. There were differences in the appearance of blueberry leaves under different shade treatments. To explore the differences in metabolites in blueberry leaves under different shading treatments, nontargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) metabonomic analysis was performed. Different shade intensities resulted in significant differences in the contents of metabolites. A total of 6879 known metabolites were detected, including 750 significantly differentially expressed metabolites, including mainly lipids and lipid-like molecules and phenylpropanoid and polyketide superclass members. Based on a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways were the most significantly enriched. The results of this study provide a reference and scientific basis for the establishment of a high-quality and high-yield shaded blueberry cultivation system.

Adsorption of urea from dialysate is essential for wearable artificial kidneys (WRK). Molecularly imprinted microspheres with nanoporous and multilayered structures are prepared based on liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which can selectively adsorb urea. In addition, we combine the microspheres with a designed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip to propose an efficient urea adsorption platform. In this work, we propose a formulation of LLPS including Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), ethanol, and acrylic acid (30% v/v), to prepare urea molecularly imprinted microspheres in a simple and highly controllable method. These microspheres have urea molecular imprinting sites on the surface and inside, allowing selective adsorption of urea and preservation of other essential constituents. Previous static studies on urea adsorption have not considered the combination between urea adsorbent and WRK. Therefore, we design the platform embedded with urea molecular imprinted microspheres, which can disturb the fluid motion and improve the efficiency of urea adsorption. These advantages enable the urea absorption platform to be highly promising for dialysate regeneration in WRK.

Immune memory after hepatitis B vaccination among adults is still under investigation. In this study, adults who had normal and high antibody response to the primary series of hepatitis B vaccination (HepB) were followed up at 5 years after the primary immunization. A booster dose was given to those who had low hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) titers, defined as anti-HBs levels < 10 mIU/mL. Blood samples were collected at two weeks after the booster and anti-HBs levels were measured. We assumed those with ant-HBs levels > = 10 mIU/mL after the booster had anamnestic response. In total, 242 persons completed the booster and the anti-HBs test. The anamnestic response rate was 99.59% (241/242) and geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-HBs after the booster was 2989 mIU/mL (95% CI: 255, 35085). Anti-HBs titer after the booster dose had a positive correlation with anti-HBs titers measured right after the primary immunization as well as anti-HBs titers 5 years later just before the booster. After the booster, no significant difference was found in anti-HBs titers between participants who were immunized with the 10μg HepB vaccine and those with the 20μg vaccine. Multivariable analysis showed that 1) vaccine brand used for the primary vaccination, 2) anti-HBs titers after primary vaccination and 3) anti-HBs titers before the booster dose were independently associated with the anti-HBs titers after the booster 1) β = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.33, -0.09, P = 0.001; 2) β = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.09, P < 0.001; 3) β = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.07, P < 0.001). In summary, anamnestic response exists among almost all adults at five years after HepB primary immunization. Vaccine brand used for primary vaccination, initial anti-HBs titers after primary immunization and anti-HBs titers before the booster were the independent predictive factors of HepB anamnestic response titers.

Due to the lack of effective and stable reference genes, studies on functional genes in Rubus, a genus of economically important small berry crops, have been greatly limited. To select the best internal reference genes of different types, we selected four representative cultivars of blackberry and raspberry (red raspberry, yellow raspberry, and black raspberry) as the research material and used RT-qPCR technology combined with three internal stability analysis software programs (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) to analyze 12 candidate reference genes for the stability of their expression. The number of most suitable internal reference genes for different cultivars, tissues, and fruit developmental stages of Rubus was calculated by geNorm software to be two. Based on the results obtained with the three software programs, the most stable genes in the different cultivars were RuEEF1A and Ru18S. Finally, to validate the reliability of selected reference genes, the expression pattern of the RuCYP73A gene was analyzed, and the results highlighted the importance of appropriate reference gene selection. RuEEF1A and Ru18S were screened as reference genes for their relatively stable expression, providing a reference for the further study of key functional genes in blackberry and raspberry and an effective tool for the analysis of differential gene expression.