Search

The clinical success of engineered, CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in relapsed, refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) has generated great enthusiasm for the use of CAR T cells in patients with cytogenetics that portend a poor prognosis with conventional cytotoxic therapies. One such group includes infants and children with mixed lineage leukemia (MLL1, KMT2A) rearrangements (MLL-r), who fare much worse than patients with low- or standard-risk B-ALL. Although early clinical trials using CD19 CAR T cells for MLL-r B-ALL produced complete remission in most patients, relapse with CD19-negative disease was a common mechanism of treatment failure. Whereas CD19neg relapse has been observed across a broad spectrum of B-ALL patients treated with CD19-directed therapy, patients with MLL-r have manifested the emergence of AML, often clonally related to the B-ALL, suggesting that the inherent heterogeneity or lineage plasticity of MLL-r B-ALL may predispose patients to a myeloid relapse. Understanding the factors that enable and drive myeloid relapse may be important to devise strategies to improve durability of remissions. In this review, we summarize clinical observations to date with MLL-r B-ALL and generally discuss lineage plasticity as a mechanism of escape from immunotherapy.

The potential of oxygenating Fe(II)-bearing sediments for hydroxyl radical (·OH) production and contaminant degradation has been proposed recently. Here, we further show that specific ligands can largely enhance contaminant degradation during sediment oxygenation due to increased utilization efficiency of sediment electrons. With the addition of 0-2 mM sodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) or sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) in sediment suspension (50 g/L, pH 7.0), trichloroethylene (TCE, 15 μM) degradation increased from 13% without ligand to a maximum of 80% with 2 mM TPP and was much higher with TPP than EDTA because EDTA competes for ·OH. Electron utilization efficiency for ·OH production increased with increased ligand concentration and was enhanced by up to 6-7 times with 2 mM EDTA or TPP. Electron transfer from sediment to dissolved Fe(III)-ligand is mainly accountable for the enhanced electron utilization efficiency by the ligands with low adsorption affinity (i.e., EDTA), and additional variation of sediment surface Fe(II) coordination is mainly responsible for the enhancement by the ligands with high adsorption affinity (i.e., TPP). Output of this study provides guidance and optional strategies for enhancing contaminant degradation during sediment oxygenation.

RDF made of municipal solid waste was pyrolyzed under simulated pyrolytic gas (PG) atmosphere and N2 atmosphere. Besides pyrolysis temperature, the atmosphere also affected the yield of three phase products and thermal conversion. By comparison of the products from two different atmospheres at same pyrolysis temperature, more tar, less char and gas were produced under PG atmosphere than the yields produced under N2 atmosphere; LHV of char produced under PG atmosphere was always lower than the value of char produced under N2 atmosphere, so that the char thermal conversion (CTC) efficiency under PG atmosphere also was lower; O/C and H/C of chars produced PG atmosphere were usually smaller than the data of char produced under N2 atmosphere, which indicated chars produced under PG atmosphere were more similar with coal, and more suitable for co-combustion of coal and char in coal power plant. In additional, highest comprehensive combustion characteristic index S was obtained at 600 °C under PG atmosphere. LHV of gas produced under PG atmosphere was always higher than the gas produced under N2 atmosphere, but gas thermal conversion (GTC) efficiency under PG atmosphere was lower because of less gas yield.

Phyllosilicate nanoparticles play an important role in regulating the biogeochemical processes of Fe(II) and As(III) in paddy soils due to their high mobility and activity. In the present work, two prepared muscovite nanoparticles with different sizes (LNPs and SNPs) were used to investigate the effect of the size of phyllosilicate nanoparticles on the coprecipitation of Fe(II) and As(III) during oxidation process. The results showed that muscovite nanoparticles could significantly promote the removal of Fe(II) and As(III) during coprecipitation process. The formation of crystalline iron oxide and oxidation of As(III) tended to be suppressed by the two muscovite nanoparticles, and the suppression increased as muscovite nanoparticle size decrease. The findings of this study provide a contribution to understanding the roles of the natural phyllosilicate nanoparticles in regulating the biogeochemical processes of Fe and As elements in polluted paddy soils.

Waste sorting is being gradually implemented as a key measure for circular and sustainable development in China, food waste will be separately collected and separated from municipal solid waste (MSW), thus the plastic content in food waste also will be reduced. In this study, supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of food waste with different contents of plastic (0–3.5 wt%) was experimentally investigated to simulate the influence of waste sorting on the food waste treatment. The results showed that lower plastic content in food waste favored higher gas yield and gasification efficiencies. The highest H2 yield and total gas yield were 3.11 mol/kg and 8.41 mol/kg in the plastic-free case, respectively. When the plastic content decreased from 3.5 wt% to 0 wt%, the cold gas efficiency (CGE), carbon conversion efficiency (CE) and hydrogen gasification efficiency (HE) increased by 125.97%, 173.48% and 94.09%, respectively. However, lower plastic content negatively affected the quality of produced syngas through decreasing H2 mole fraction and LHV. The solid residues from SCWG of food waste with lower plastic content had higher ratio of fixed carbon to volatile matter (FC/VM). Based on the analysis of pyrolysis properties and combustion behavior, decreasing the plastic content in food waste helped to improve the thermal stability of solid residues. Moreover, lower plastic content resulted in a decrease of total organic carbon (TOC) concentration in liquid effluent, which is favorable for further treatment of liquid effluent.

It has been documented that contaminants could be degraded by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) produced upon oxygenation of Fe(II)-bearing sediments. However, the dependence of contaminant degradation on sediment characteristics, particularly Fe(II) species, remains elusive. Here we assessed the impact of the abundance of Fe(II) species in sediments on contaminant degradation by •OH during oxygenation. Three natural sediments with different Fe(II) contents and species were oxygenated. During 10 h oxygenation of 200 g/L sediment suspension, 2 mg/L phenol was negligibly degraded for sandbeach sediment (Fe(II): 9.11 mg/g), but was degraded by 41% and 52% for lakeshore (Fe(II): 9.81 mg/g) and farmland (Fe(II): 19.05 mg/g) sediments, respectively. •OH produced from Fe(II) oxygenation was the key reactive oxidant. Sequential extractions, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy suggest that surface-adsorbed Fe(II) and mineral structural Fe(II) contributed predominantly to •OH production and phenol degradation. Control experiments with specific Fe(II) species and coordination structure analysis collectively suggest the likely rule that Fe(II) oxidation rate and its competition for •OH increase with the increase in electron-donating ability of the atoms (i.e., O) complexed to Fe(II), while the •OH yield decreases accordingly. The Fe(II) species with a moderate oxidation rate and •OH yield is most favorable for contaminant degradation.

It has been documented that organic contaminants can be degraded by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) produced by the activation of H

Existing enhancement methods are empirically expected to help the high-level end computer vision task: however, that is observed to not always be the case in practice. We focus on object or face detection in poor visibility enhancements caused by bad weathers (haze, rain) and low light conditions. To provide a more thorough examination and fair comparison, we introduce three benchmark sets collected in real-world hazy, rainy, and low-light conditions, respectively, with annotated objects/faces. We launched the UG2+ challenge Track 2 competition in IEEE CVPR 2019, aiming to evoke a comprehensive discussion and exploration about whether and how low-level vision techniques can benefit the high-level automatic visual recognition in various scenarios. To our best knowledge, this is the first and currently largest effort of its kind. Baseline results by cascading existing enhancement and detection models are reported, indicating the highly challenging nature of our new data as well as the large room for further technical innovations. Thanks to a large participation from the research community, we are able to analyze representative team solutions, striving to better identify the strengths and limitations of existing mindsets as well as the future directions.

Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals are important electron sources for Cr(VI) reduction in subsurface environments. However, it is not clear how iron (oxyhydr)oxides impact Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II)-bearing clays as the two minerals can coexist in soil and sediment aggregates. This study investigated Cr(VI) reduction in the mixed suspensions of reduced nontronite NAu-2 (rNAu-2) and ferrihydrite (Fe(II)/Cr(VI) = 3:1). When the mineral premixing time increased from 0 to 72 h, Cr(VI) reduction was accelerated prominently in the initial stage, while Cr(VI) sorption was inhibited drastically. Mineral premixing led to electron transfer from structural Fe(II) in rNAu-2 to ferrihydrite with formation of reactive-surface-associated Fe(II), which catalyzed ferrihydrite transformation to lepidocrocite. Reactive-surface-associated Fe(II) accelerated Cr(VI) reduction initially, and ferrihydrite transformation to lepidocrocite was responsible for the inhibited sorption. When the reactive-surface-associated Fe(II) was consumed in the initial stage, the Cr(VI) reduction rate decreased dramatically due to the limitation of slow electron transfer from structural Fe(II) in rNAu-2 to surface-reactive sites. The main reduction sites shifted from rNAu-2 to ferrihydrite/lepidocrocite when rNAu-2 coexisted with ferrihydrite. Our findings demonstrate that electron transfer between minerals has important implications for Cr(VI) and other high-valence contaminant reduction by Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals in subsurface environments.

Perturbation of Fe(III)-bearing oxic environments by reduced species such as sulfide occurs widely in natural and engineered systems. However, whether hydroxyl radicals (OH) can be produced in these environments remains unexplored. Here we show that sulfide drives OH production in Fe(III) oxyhydroxides suspensions under neutral and oxic conditions. For lepidocrocite, ferrihydrite and goethite suspensions at 11.2 mM Fe, the addition of 0.5 mM sulfide produced 14.2, 14.3 and 22.4 μM OH within 120 min, respectively. With addition of sulfide to lepidocrocite suspensions at 11.2 mM Fe, the cumulative OH concentration within 120 min increased from 0 to 14.2, 25.2, 52.6 and 63.1 μM when sulfide dosage increased from 0 to 0.5, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mM, respectively. At a fixed sulfide dosage of 5 mM, the cumulative OH concentration increased with increasing the number of sulfide additions. The mechanisms of OH production were attributed to the generation of surface-bound Fe(II), most likely in the form of >FeIIOH2+, and Fe(II) in the solid phase or FeS from the reactions between sulfide and Fe(III), followed by O2 activation. OH production could take place until depletion of sulfide. Finally, we found that the generated OH could oxidize the coexisting redox-active substances like phenol under neutral and oxic conditions. Our findings reveal that sulfide perturbation of Fe(III)-bearing oxic environments is a new source of OH, and contaminants oxidation by OH necessitates consideration in these environments.

Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals represent a large electron source under redox-dynamic systems. Although redox reactions between Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals and oxidants (such as O2) have been widely investigated in redox-dynamic systems, one important process that remains unexplored is the response of Fe(II) reactivity in clay minerals to long-term anoxic storage following short-term oxidation. Here we used reduced nontronite NAu-2 as a model Fe-bearing clay mineral, exposed its suspension to air for oxidation in a short time (1, 3 and 5 h), and then stored it under anoxic conditions without any exogenous oxidants for a long time (0–120 h). After different time of anoxic storage, we evaluated the reactivity of Fe(II) by air oxidation, measured the Fe(II) fractions by phosphate extraction and characterized the variation of Fe(II) by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Mossbauer. We found that anoxic storage increased prominently the rate of Fe(II) oxidation by O2 and the resultant production of hydroxyl radicals, and the increase was more obvious for the NAu-2 with a longer time of anoxic storage. Both phosphate extraction and XPS results revealed that the reactive Fe(II) associated with edge sites was regenerated and the regeneration increased with the increase in anoxic storage time. FTIR and Mossbauer spectra identified the rearrangements of NAu-2 structure during anoxic storage. The mechanism of reactive Fe(II) regeneration by anoxic storage was attributed to the increase in reactive Fe(II) associated with edge sites, which was most likely induced by the electron transfer from Fe(II) at the interior sites to Fe(III) at the edge sites in the octahedral sheets of nontronite. The driving force for electron transfer was presumed to be the redox potential gradient between edge and interior sites because of different Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios. Our findings improve the understanding of Fe(II)/Fe(III) interconversion as well as the resultant reducing impact on substance transformation induced by Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals under redox-dynamic systems.

The study was conducted to evaluate the application of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) in the treatment of tubal factor infertility (TFI) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, and investigate their effect on fertility in animal models of chronic salpingitis. In this study, we investigated the therapy effects of the transplantation of hUCMSCs in tubal factor infertility using a chronic salpingitis murine model which induced Chlamydia trachomatis. Twenty rats were divided into two groups: control group (n = 10) and treatment group (n = 10). hUCMSCs were given to mice after exposure to C. trachomatis for 4 weeks. After treatment for 4 weeks, five mice were randomly selected from each of the two groups to sacrifice and we examined the organ morphology and pathology, inflammatory cytokines, proliferation, and apoptosis in fallopian tube (FT).The remaining five mice from each group were caged 2:1 with male mice for another 4 weeks, the numbers of pregnant mice and the mean number of pups in the different groups were enumerated and calculated. Intravaginal inoculation of hUCMSCs alleviated hydrosalpinx of the oviduct. EdU-labeled hUCMSCs are located at the interstitial site of the fallopian tube. Macrophage (F4/80) infiltration was significantly reduced in the treatment group compared with the control group and expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 were increased after hUCMSCs treatment. Furthermore, mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA and Caspase-3 were increased and decreased, respectively, in the hUCMSCs’ treatment group compared with the control. Moreover, hUCMSCs’ transplantation improved murine fertility. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of hUCMSCs may play an important role in TFI. Our data suggest that hUCMSCs’ transplantation contributed to the repair of tubal injury and improvement of fertility, providing a basis for assessing the contribution of stem cells in the oviduct for direct repair of the tube to assist reproduction.

The potential of oxygenating Fe(II)-bearing sediments for hydroxyl radical (

Phenylarsonics are present as additives in animal feed in some countries. As only a small fraction of these additives is metabolized in animals, they mostly end up in the environment. A comprehensive investigation of the fate of these additives is crucial for evaluating their risks. This review aims to provide a clear understanding of the transformation mechanism of phenylarsonics in vivo and in vitro and to evaluate their fate and associated risks. Degradation of phenylarsonics releases toxic As species (mainly as inorganic arsenic (iAs)). Trivalent phenylarsonics are the metabolites or biotic degradation intermediates of phenylarsonics. The cleavage of As groups from trivalent phenylarsonics catalyzed by C-As lyase or other unknown pathways generates arsenite (As(III)). As(III) can be further oxidized to arsenate (As(V)) and methylated to methyl-arsenic species. The half-lives associated with abiotic degradation of phenylarsonics ranged from a few minutes to tens of hours, while those associated with biotic degradation ranged from several days to hundreds of days. Abiotic degradation resulted in a higher yield of iAs than biotic degradation. The use of phenylarsonics led to elevated total As and iAs levels in animal products and environmental matrices, resulting in As exposure risk to humans. The oxidation of phenylarsonics to As(V) facilitated the sorptive removal of As, which provides a general approach for treating these compounds. This review provides solid evidence that the use of phenylarsonics has adverse effects on both human health and environmental safety, and therefore, supports their withdrawal from the global market.

Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the leading cause of death among adult brain cancer patients. Glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2), as a factor in oxidative stress, plays an important role in carcinogenesis. However, its role in GBM has not been well established. The study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of GPX2 with GBM prognosis. Methods Data of GBM and healthy individuals were retrospectively collected from oncomine, cancer cell line encyclopedia (CCLE), gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA), UALCAN, and Human Protein Atlas. GPX2 mRNA expression was first assessed across various cancer types in oncomine and cancer cell lines from CCLE. The mRNA expression of GPX2 was compared between normal and GBM tissues using GEPIA (normal = 207; GBM = 163) and UALCAN (normal = 5; GBM = 156). The GPX2 methylation was analyzed using data from UALCAN (normal = 2; GBM = 140). The prognostic value of GPX2 in GBM was explored in GEPIA and UALCAN using Kaplan–Meier method. STRING database was used to construct protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. Statistical significance was set as Results The current study revealed no significant differences in GPX2 expression between normal and GBM from GEPIA data (P > 0.05) and UALCAN (P = 0.257). Patients with higher GPX2 intended to have a poorer prognosis (P = 0.0089). The KEGG pathways found that chemokine-signaling pathway were the more preferred. Conclusions The findings demonstrated that GPX2 might be a potential diagnosis and prognostic indicator for GBM. Chemokine-signaling pathway may be involved in GPX2 function.

Reductive transformation of organic contaminants by FeS in anoxic environments has been documented previously, whereas the transformation in oxic environments remains poorly understood. Here we show that phenol can be efficiently oxidized in oxic FeS suspension at circumneutral pH value. We found that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were the predominant reactive oxidant and that a higher O

Production of hydroxyl radicals ( OH) has been recently revealed upon oxygenation of sediments in redox-dynamic subsurface environments. In particular, Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals are the major sediment components contributing to OH production upon oxygenation, and the produced OH can oxidize contaminants and inactivate bacteria. Whereas, the mechanisms of OH production from oxygenation of Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals remain elusive. The objectives of this study were to identify the structural variation of Fe(II) entities during the oxidation of Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals by O2, and to unravel the mechanisms of electron transfer within the mineral structure and from mineral to O2 for OH production. Nontronite (NAu-2, 23% Fe) which was chemically reduced to 54.5% Fe(II) in total Fe was used as a model Fe(II)-bearing clay mineral. Production of OH and oxidation of Fe(II) were measured during the oxidation of reduced NAu-2 by O2. A wide spectrum of spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), Mossbauer spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were employed to explore the structural variation of Fe(II) entities in NAu-2 and the electron transfer within NAu-2 and from NAu-2 to O2. For 180 min oxidation of 1 g/L reduced NAu-2, a biphasic OH production was observed, being quick within the initial 15 min and slow afterwards. Production of OH correlates well with oxidation of Fe(II) in the reduced NAu-2. Within the initial 15 min, trioctahedral Fe(II)-Fe(II)-Fe(II) entities and edge Fe(II) in the reduced NAu-2 were preferentially and quickly oxidized, and electrons from the interior Fe(II)-Fe(II)-Fe(II) entities were most likely ejected from the basal siloxane plane to O2. Meanwhile, trioctahedral Fe(II)-Fe(II)-Fe(II) entities were mainly transformed to dioctahedral Fe(II)-Fe(II) entities. When the time of oxygenation was longer than 15 min, dioctahedral Al-Fe(II), Fe(II)-Fe(II) and Fe(II)-Fe(III) entities were slowly oxidized, and the interior electrons were transported through Fe(II)-O-Fe(III) linkages to edges and then ejected to O2. In the slow stage of oxidation, electrons from interior Fe(II) accumulated towards the near surface layers and fueled the regeneration of edge Fe(II) for OH production. In both stages, one-electron transfer mechanism with the involvement of O2 − and H2O2 applies for OH production from the oxidation of structural Fe(II) by O2. The mechanisms unraveled in this study advance the understanding of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and structural Fe variation when Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals are oxygenated in redox-dynamic systems.

Silicon has been considered as the most promising anode candidate of new generation high-performance LIBs, but the huge volume strain during cycling processes limited its practical applications. Herein, the binder free TiO2-nanowires (NWs)-C/Si/C 3D network composite has been prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and facile carbonization process as a great solution to the problem. In this composite, the intertwined TiO2-NWs serves as a buffer matrix to alleviate the volume strain of silicon during cycling processes, while the dual protective carbon layers enhance the conductivity of TiO2-NWs and prevent Si from peeling off the substrate. The as-prepared TiO2-NWs-C/Si/C anode shows great cycling performance with a reversible capacity of 1570 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 and excellent capacity retention of 85.7% up to 100 cycles.

The tumor suppressor p53 is one of the most important proteins for protection of genomic stability and cancer prevention. Cancers often inactivate it by either mutating its gene or disabling its function. Thus, activating p53 becomes an attractive approach for the development of molecule-based anti-cancer therapy. The past decade and half have witnessed tremendous progress in this area. This essay offers readers with a grand review on this progress with updated information about small molecule activators of p53 either still at bench work or in clinical trials.

In this paper we propose a rotation angle-based perceptual optimization framework for dual-layer light field 3D displays. The whole framework flow can be divided into two phases; first, the moire pattern is simulated based on the rotation angle and a moire cost for visual perception is calculated and second, the moire cost is further incorporated into the final optimization of the proposed compressive factorization for the light field 3D display. In this way, a moire-aware compressive factorization with rotation optimization is proposed to generate the final display content for our prototype. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method provides a promising perceptual optimization in both moire mitigation and definition enhancement for the visual perception of compressive light field displays.

In this study, the effect of absorption pressure and temperature towards the CO2 absorption capacity and rate of choline chloride - monoethanol amine deep eutectic solvent (ChCl-MEA DES) was evaluated. Water mixing into ChCl-MEA DES was also examined as a method to improve CO2 absorption behavior. Equilibrium experiments were done in a batch reactor and the data was analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). Results suggested that the dominant mode of CO2 absorption by ChCl-MEA DES was physical absorption. The maximum capacity of CO2 absorption obtained in this study was 0.379 mol-CO2/mol-DES from absorption at (10 bar, 40 °C) using DES with 50 %v water. Water mixing up to 50 %v was found to nearly double the CO2 absorption capacity of ChCl-MEA DES compared to neat DES. Study into CO2 absorption rate by ChCl-MEA DES found that it is mainly influenced positively by pressure and water content, while not significantly influenced by temperature. CO2 absorption rate of ChCl-MEA DES with 50 %v water was found to be on average twice of that of neat DES. It was also found that water content up to 50 %v does not change the mechanism of CO2 absorption by ChCl-MEA DES.

Interaction of mackinawite (FeS) with O2 has attracted much attention recently for contaminant transformation due to reactive oxidant production. However, the effect of in situ generated Fe (oxyhydr)oxide coatings on FeS reactivity and the resultant reactive oxidant production remains poorly understood. To clarify this effect, we specially prepared partially oxidized FeS with in situ generated Fe (oxyhydr)oxide coatings, and then stored it in the anoxic environment to explore the interactions between FeS and Fe (oxyhydr)oxide coatings, and characterized the variation of morphology and Fe(II) species by STEM, XRD, Mossbauer spectroscopy and XPS. We found that the reactivity of FeS upon oxygenation and the resultant OH production for phenol oxidation were prominently accelerated after anoxic settling. XRD patterns exhibited the formation of more crystalline Fe (oxyhydr)oxide coatings, Mossbauer spectra identified the generation of a new Fe(II) species, and XPS results revealed the increase in Fe(II) fraction on the surface during anoxic settling. These variations were most probably attributed to the electron transfer between FeS core and Fe (oxyhydr)oxide coatings driven by the redox potential gradient. Our findings deepened the mechanistic understanding of FeS reactivity and the resultant oxidizing impact on contaminant transformation under O2-perturbed conditions.

Multi-layer light field displays are a type of computational three-dimensional (3D) display which has recently gained increasing interest for its holographic-like effect and natural compatibility with 2D displays. However, the major shortcoming, depth limitation, still cannot be overcome in the traditional light field modeling and reconstruction based on multi-layer liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Considering this disadvantage, our paper incorporates a salience guided depth optimization over a limited display range to calibrate the displayed depth and present the maximum area of salience region for multi-layer light field display. Different from previously reported cascaded light field displays that use the fixed initialization plane as the depth center of display content, our method automatically calibrates the depth initialization based on the salience results derived from the proposed contrast enhanced salience detection method. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method provides a promising advantage in visual perception for the compressive light field displays from both software simulation and prototype demonstration. National Research Foundation (NRF) Accepted version Dr. WANG Shizheng is financially supported by the Chinese Academy of Science, HundredTalent Program (2018-2020). This work was supported by National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF-CRP11- 2012-01).

Although ribosomal proteins are known for playing an essential role in ribosome assembly and protein translation, their ribosome-independent functions have also been greatly appreciated. Over the past decade, more than a dozen of ribosomal proteins have been found to activate the tumor suppressor p53 pathway in response to ribosomal stress. In addition, these ribosomal proteins are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. This review is composed to overview the current understanding of how ribosomal stress provokes the accumulation of ribosome-free ribosomal proteins, as well as the ribosome-independent functions of ribosomal proteins in tumorigenesis, immune signaling, and development. We also propose the potential of applying these pieces of knowledge to the development of ribosomal stress-based cancer therapeutics.

In the present work, a novel photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) system involving a dual heterojunction photoelectrodes, viz. polyaniline/TiO2 nanotubes (PANI/TiO2 NTs) photoanode and CuO/Co3O4 nanorods (CuO/Co3O4 NRs) photocathode, has been designed. Compared to TiO2 NTs electrode of PFC, the present heterojunction design not only enhances the visible light absorption but also offers the higher efficiency in degrading Rhodamine B–a model organic pollutant. The study includes an evaluation of the dual performance of the photoelectrodes as well. Under visible-light irradiation of 3 mW cm−2, the cell composed of the photoanode PANI/TiO2 NTs and CuO/Co3O4 NRs photocathode forms an interior bias of +0.24 V within the PFC system. This interior bias facilitated the transfer of electrons from the photoanode to photocathode across the external circuit and combined with the holes generated therein along with a simultaneous power production. In this manner, the separation of electron/hole pair was achieved in the photoelectrodes by releasing the holes and electrons of PANI/TiO2 NTs photoanode and CuO/Co3O4 NRs photocathode, respectively. Using this PFC system, the degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous media was achieved to an extent of 68.5% within a reaction duration of a four-hour period besides a simultaneous power generation of 85 μA cm−2.

TAp63, a member of the p53 family, has been shown to regulate energy metabolism. Here, we report coiled coil domain-containing 3 (CCDC3) as a new TAp63 target. TAp63, but not ΔNp63, p53 or p73, upregulates CCDC3 expression by directly binding to its enhancer region. The CCDC3 expression is markedly reduced in TAp63-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts and brown adipose tissues and by tumor necrosis factor alpha that reduces p63 transcriptional activity, but induced by metformin, an anti-diabetic drug that activates p63. Also, the expression of CCDC3 is positively correlated with TAp63 levels, but conversely with ΔNp63 levels, during adipocyte differentiation. Interestingly, CCDC3, as a secreted protein, targets liver cancer cells and increases long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, but decreases ceramide in the cells. CCDC3 alleviates glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and steatosis formation in transgenic CCDC3 mice on high-fat diet (HFD) by reducing the expression of hepatic PPARγ and its target gene CIDEA as well as other genes involved in de novo lipogenesis. Similar results are reproduced by hepatic expression of ectopic CCDC3 in mice on HFD. Altogether, these results demonstrate that CCDC3 modulates liver lipid metabolism by inhibiting liver de novo lipogenesis as a downstream player of the p63 network.

A visible-light driven Photocatalytic Fuel Cell (PFC) system comprising WO 3 /TiO 2 and CuO/TiO 2 nanotube array materials as photoanode and photocathode, was established with a dual objective of degrading an organic water pollutant and generating electric power as well. Under illumination, the Fermi level of WO 3 /TiO 2 nanotube arrays photoanode was higher than that of CuO/TiO 2 nanotube arrays photocathode. Arising an interior bias (0.18 V) induced the transfer of electrons from the photoanode across the external circuit to the photocathode and combination with the holes produced therein with electric power generation. In this manner, the separation of electron/hole pair was achieved in the photoelectrodes by releasing the holes of WO 3 /TiO 2 nanotube arrays photoanode and electrons of CuO/TiO 2 nanotube arrays photocathode. Using this PFC based system, the degradation of an organic water pollutant, Rhodamine B, was successfully accomplished with determining its decolorization and the variation in total organic carbon (TOC) content. The decolorization and TOC removal were obtained to the extent of 100% and 57%, respectively at 4 h reaction time. The stability of the photoelectrodes for scaling up applications could also be confirmed by the repeated several experimental runs using the electrodes. The proposed photoelectrocatalytic system provides a self-sustained and energy-saving methodology for wastewater treatment with a parallel energy production.

Prepared chrysotile nanotubes (ChNTs) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption•desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). ChNTs were employed to investigate the influence of various experimental parameters on thorium adsorption. Some isotherm and kinetic models were applied to analyze the experimental data among which the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models were better than others. The pH and ionic strength results indicated that adsorption of Th(IV) on ChNTs was strongly affected by pH values and ionic strength. The possible adsorption mechanism was studied by FTIR and XPS techniques. It was found that both electrostatic interaction and surface complexation mechanisms played important roles in adsorption process.

In this study, a simple electrochemical reduction approach is reported to enhance the photoelectrochemical performance of TiO2 nanotube arrays towards degrading water contaminants such as Rhodamine B, phenol and E. coli K-12. The results obtained from X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrate that oxygen vacancies i.e., Ti3+ self-doping, were formed in the lattices of TiO2 nanotube arrays during the electrochemical reduction process of pristine TiO2 nanotube arrays at different negative potentials ranging from −1.2 to −1.5 V. Comparing the pristine TiO2 nanotube arrays, the treatment TiO2 nanotube arrays samples by electroreduction process were found to be showing enhanced photoelectrocatalytic activity in the UV and visible regions in the entire potential window tested. Further, the photocurrent density of self-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays sample prepared at −1.3 V was 250% higher than that of the pristine TiO2 under visible-light illumination. Impedance analysis revealed that the electrical conductivity of the nanotubes significantly enhanced after self-doping. The photoelectrocatalytic activity of the self-doped TiO2 nanotube increased dramatically due to the enhanced electrical conductivity and absorption in the visible light region, as well as an accelerated charge transfer rate between the interface of solid and electrolyte.

The electrochemical degradation behavior of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in aqueous electrolyte at boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode was investigated under neutral pH condition. Hydroxyl radicals (OH) formed were detected by photoluminescence (PL) technique using terephthalic acid as a probe molecule, and it was observed to be predominant reactive specie. The intermediates formed in the MC-LR decomposition reaction were identified by LC–MS/MS, among which, two (m/z 1011.8 and 1029.5) were found to have multiple peaks in total ion current (TIC) chromatogram. The degradation of MC-LR was found to be mainly due to OH attack that involved hydroxylation of MC-LR via substitution/addition with a simultaneous isomerization, oxidation and oxidative bond cleavage reaction processes. The destruction of conjugated double bond of Adda was achieved by different mechanistic steps involving addition and substitution of OH that generated primary by product at m/z 1029.5. The destruction of diene bond of the Mdha, produced an adduct which was observed to be more stable, owing to a very less barrier than its substitution counterpart.

NF-κB has been broadly implicated in the survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) through distinct mechanisms. MLL fusion oncoprotein (MLL-FP) leukemia is thought to require NF-κB activity based on several publications. First, RelA collaborates with MLL1/MLL-FPs to sustain leukemogenic genetic programs. Second, the IL-1/IRAK signaling axis has been connected to a mechanism of MLL1/MLL-FP competition. Third, our recent data shows that NFκB-dependent target genes are globally reduced by MLL1/MLL2 deletion in murine and human AML. To address the role of the NF-κB pathway in MLL-FP-driven AML, we pursued several orthogonal approaches. Pharmacologic inhibition of IRAK1/4 activity reduces MLL-FP AML proliferation and delays leukemia progression in mice. Inhibiting IRAK1/4 blocks phosphorylation of the ubiquitin ligase UBE2O, preventing degradation of WT MLL1 protein. Stabilization of MLL1 is then thought to impede genome-wide MLL-FP chromatin occupancy and activation of oncogenic programs. To address the ability of MLL1 to compete with MLL-FP in AML, we developed a doxycycline-dependent MLL1 inducible model. Increasing WT MLL1 during MLL-AF9-driven leukemogenesis did not affect disease phenotype, latency, or penetrance. Furthermore, WT MLL1 levels did not affect the sensitivity of murine or human MLL-FP cells to IRAK1/4 inhibition. Ongoing experiments focus on the survival role of IL1/IRAK/UBE2O signaling in MLL1-deficient AML. Furthermore, to investigate the potential of MLL2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in AML and to study the connection to NF-κB, we expressed a series of peptides designed to hinder MLL2’s chromatin occupancy. The impact and specificity of these peptides was compared to MLL2 loss in several systems. These approaches collectively aim to identify the most effective strategy for targeting survival pathways in MLL-rearranged AML.

The fabrication of Ag/AgCl/TiO2 nanotube arrays electrode was achieved by a two-step method involving an electrochemical anodization process and an electrodeposition process. The Ag/AgCl/TiO2 nanotube arrays electrode was employed for the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and found to be an effective visible-light-driven (VLD) PEC material. The reactive oxidative species (ROS) are observed to be generated from the hole (h+) and electron (e−) in the PEC process. The mechanism for PEC degradation of the MC-LR is investigated using different scavengers and found that the major reactive species generated in situ are h+, OH and O2-, which are actually responsible for the degradation of MC-LR. The effect of operating parameters, such as initial pH of MC-LR solution and the type of anions, are studied. And the results show that the degradation of MC-LR was highly promoted in NaCl electrolyte, and the degradation was enhanced in an acid medium.

Background Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is very stable under natural sunlight and resistant to high temperatures and UV radiation. Conventional treatment techniques are found to be inefficient in removing these toxins from potable water systems. Advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) are considered a promising technique for the destruction of microcystins. Among the various AOTs, electrochemical oxidation (EO) has been proved to be very successful in degrading the organic pollutants. The purpose of this study was therefore, to determine the feasibility of MC-LR removal and its mechanism by EO. The effect of operational parameters on the degradation efficiency of MC-LR has been studied. Results The degradation of MC-LR followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic with a rate constant (k1) of 0.017 min−1. Current density and electrolytes can affect the degradation rate; the pH of the different anionic solutions had a negligible effect on the degradation of MC-LR. The destruction of the key functional groups of MC-LR effectively inhibits its toxicity, which is confirmed by toxicity tests. Conclusion The results demonstrated the feasibility of electrochemical oxidation on boron-doped electrode for the removal of MC-LR from the aquatic environment. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry