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Introduction Smoking-attributed mortality is increasing steadily in most developing countries. The aim of the study is to assess the reduction in smoking-associated mortality following cessation. Methods Death data were collected from 2016 to 2017. Cases were deaths from pre-defined diseases of interest (65298); controls were deaths from pre-defined non-smoking-related diseases (13527). Case versus control odds ratios for ex-smokers versus smokers were calculated by age, sex, marital status and education with standardized logistic regression. These are described as mortality rate ratios (RRs, calculated as odds ratios), with a group-specific confidence interval (CI). The statistical analysis of the data was conducted from June to August 2019. Results For deaths from pre-defined non-smoking-related diseases at age 35-59 years, the RRs for quitting smoking 0-4, 5-9 or ≥10 years ago and never smoking were 0.66 (95% CI: 0.55-0.78), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.38-0.88), 0.61 (95% CI: 0.45-0.82), and 0.43 (95% CI: 0.39-0.46), respectively. The same trend was found at ages 60-69 years and 70-79 years. Younger age of quitting (25-44 or 45-64 years) appeared to be associated with greater protection among the age groups: RR was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.42-0.74) and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.56-0.79), respectively, at age 35-59 years. Among the patients who died of lung cancer, the strong protective effect can only be observed when the duration of quitting is ≥10 years. The effect of smoking cessation on the risk of death from cardiovascular disease can be observed when the duration of quitting is 1-5 years. Conclusions Longer durations of smoking cessation are associated with progressively lower mortality rates from the diseases of interest, such as lung cancer and other smoking related cancers. For sustainable monitoring of tobacco-attributed mortality, smoking information over decades, such as smoking duration and quit smoking years, should be recorded during registration of death.

Background: Smoking is by far the most important cause of cancer that can be modified at the individual level. Asia has a high incidence of cancer incidence and death, while China has the highest incidence in Asia, and accounting for 27% of the world's cancer deaths. The purpose of the current study was to perform an evidence-based assessment of the burden of tobacco smoking-related cancers death in the Tianjin, China. Methods: A mortality case-control study to assess the risks of all-cause and major causes of cancer death attributable to smoking from 2010 to 2019. Results: Tobacco smoking was responsible for 23,709 (28.87%) cancer deaths among adult men and 8,648 (13.37%) among adult women in 2010 to 2019 in Tianjin. Lung cancer remains the largest cause of cancer death. In men, 49.06% of lung cancer, 27.55% of upper aerodigestive cancer, 10.11% of liver, 13.56% of kidney and other urinary cancer deaths were attributable to tobacco smoking. In women the proportion of ever-smoking-attributable lung cancer was 31.56%, 10.59% of upper aerodigestive and 10.56% of bladder cancer deaths. By year, smoking-attributable cancer deaths in men increased from 1817 in 2010 to 2695 in 2019; for women, the number remained stable at just over 800 per year. Conclusions: Approximately one in three cancer deaths in men and one in six cancer deaths in women would be potentially preventable through appropriate control of tobacco smoking in Tianjin. Effective control programs against tobacco smoking should be further implemented.

Introduction The All Causes of Death Surveillance (ACDS) system was used to measure smoking-attributed mortality by inserting questions on smoking on death certificates. Smoking status information of the deceased has been routinely collected in death certificates since 2010. We describe a death registry-based case-control study using smoking and cause-of-death data for the period 2010-15. Methods From 2010, three questions about the smoking status of the deceased were inserted in a revised death certificate: 1) Smoking status (current smoker, quit smoking, never smoker); 2) Number of cigarettes per day smoked; and 3) Number of years of smoking. A data-accuracy survey of 1788 telephone interviews of the family of the deceased was also conducted. Smoking habits (current/ex-smoker vs non-smoker) were compared in study cases (persons who died of lung cancer and other diseases known to be caused by smoking) and the controls (never smokers). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate relative risks, RR (odds ratios) for smoking-attributed mortality, for lung cancer and all causes of death related to smoking, adjusted for 5-year interval age groups, education, marital status, and year of death. Results During the study period (2010-15), the annual crude death reporting rates ranged from 6.5‰ to 7.0‰. The reporting rates of smoking status, smoking history and the number of cigarettes smoked daily were 95.5%, 98.6% and 98.6%, respectively. Compared to never smokers, the RR of ever smoking in males was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.33-1.43) for all causes of smoking-related deaths and 3.07 (95% CI: 2.91-3.24) for lung cancer, while in females the values were 1.46 (95% CI: 1.39-1.54) for all causes of smoking-related deaths and 4.07 (95% CI: 3.81-4.35) for lung cancer. The results in Tianjin are in accord with published results from previous studies. Conclusions Levels and trends in smoking attributed mortality can be measured at low cost by using the stable, complete and effective ACDS system in Tianjin.

To understand the smoking-attributed mortality by inclusion of smoking information into all causes of death surveillance.Since 2010, the information about smoking status, smoking history and the number of cigarettes smoked daily had been added in death surveillance system. The measures of training, supervision, check, sampling survey and telephone verifying were taken to increase death reporting rate and reduce data missing rate and underreporting rate. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for smoking-attributed mortality.During the study period (2010-2014), the annual death reporting rates ranged from 6.5‰ to 7.0‰. The reporting rates of smoking status, smoking history and the number of cigarettes smoked daily were 95.53%, 98.63% and 98.58%, respectively. Compared with the nonsmokers, the RR of males was 1.38 (1.33-1.43) for all causes of death and 3.07 (2.91-3.24) for lung cancer due to smoking, the RR of females was 1.46 (1.39-1.54) for all causes of death and 4.07 (3.81-4.35) for lung cancer due to smoking, respectively.The study of smoking attributed mortality can be developed with less investment by using the stable and effective all causes of death surveillance system in Tianjin.

To evaluate the integrated effects of tobacco control programs through comparing the pre- and post-implementation of the Tianjin Tobacco Control Act (Act), in 4 successive years.Case-related data on myocardial infarction was collected by Tianjin Surveillance System, New Case Registry. Both the representative sample size of indoor working places and public places for observation and PM2.5 monitored were selected through the calculation of Survey System, while the representative sample size of people involved in the survey for interview was under the Door to Door and Intercept.Through comparing the pre- and post-implementation programs on Act, the posting of "No Smoking Sign" had become much more visible in hospitals, schools, governmental buildings and the waiting areas of public transportation. People smoked much less in the main public places, excepting for hotels and public bath rooms (P0.05). Exposure to secondhand smoking (SHS) had a 26.5% (P0.01) decline, than the Act was implemented in workplace and public place. Despite the number of cases increased in the entire population in Tianjin (β = -0.061, P = 0.00; β = 0.059, P = 0.00), cases with myocardial infarction presented at the hospitals were declining annually, among the indoor workers.Act showed a positive effect in decreasing the number of smokers in public places thus protecting people from the negative effects on SHS. Message on health effect and social benefits on tobacco control should be disseminated to facilitate the comprehensive implementation of the Act.

The light trajectory in an inhomogeneous medium is studied by the variation of LagrangiansL andℒ which correspond to Fermat’s principle in the geometrical optics and the null geodesic in the metric optics, respectively. The relation between the metric coefficients of the three-dimensional space and of the four-dimensional space-time is established. The physical meaning of the equivalence and difference of both the descriptions is revealed. It is shown that Fermat’s principle is a direct result of the null geodesic.

The wave function of a free electron in a laser plasma described via Riemannian geometry is derived by solving the Dirac equation in the associated curved space-time. If the laser field vanishes, the wave function naturally reduces to the case in flat space-time.

The behavior of a charged particle in a strong-laser plasma is discussed by solving the generally covariant equation of motion for a charged particle. The classical description for the radiation of a charged particle in a strong-laser plasma is given, and the intensity and the radiation power are derived in detail.

The optical metric for a strong-laser plasma is derived. The affine connection and curvature related to the optical metric are given and their spatial distributions are studied numerically.

Through designing a main controller based on the AVR microprocessor, this paper proposes an approach to realize RX-28 multi-Dynamixel control to replace with conventional motor control. In addition, the mechanism of data transmission is designed also in the main controller. Aiming at the shortcoming of Dynamixel RX-28 that cannot be online controlled, a control software is developed under the programming environment VC++, so that the cockroach robot can be actuated by Dynamixel RX-28 in joint space and task space. Finally, an experiment is designed to control the 2-DOF, and 3-DOF single-leg of a cockroach robot respectively. The result verifies that the cockroach robot based on the Dynamixel RX-28 is small in size, light in weight and high in control accuracy.

To broaden the applications of magnetized water (MW) in medical science, the possible detoxicative effect of MW to anticancer drugs in vivo were studied. After being given ip with cyclophosphomide (CTX) 500 mg/kg, cisplatin (DDP) 40 mg/kg, harringtonine (HA) 20 mg/kg, mitomycin C (MMC) 8 mg/kg, lycobetaine (Lyc) 200 mg/kg, respectively, the mice were given MW ip 0.2 ml for 7 days. The average life span was calculated for each group. After being given subacutely lower doses of anticancer drugs (CTX 100 mg/kg, HA 3 mg/kg) ip 3 times, the mice were given MW ip 0.2 ml for 7 days and the blood white cells were counted as routine. It was shown that the mice in MW groups after ip anticancer drugs survived longer than those without MW. The effects of various anticancer drugs on life span were different. The white cell numbers of groups with MW were higher than that of the groups without MW. So it is possible that MW can remarkably extend the life span of mice and attenuate the leukopenia by mitigating the toxicity of anticancer drugs in vivo.

Applying the self-consistent density distributions and ponderomotive potential of one dimensional isothermal expanding laser-plasma, the optical metric of high power laser plasma is derived and the physical significance of which is presented.

The exact solution to a quantum forced anharmonic oscillator is derived. The equation of motion is solved by using the integral operators and iteration method. As a result, the time development of the displacement and momentum operators of the forced anharmonic oscillator is obtained. These operators are presented as a Laplace and a subsequent inverse Laplace transform of suitable functionals.

Fermat's principle and the optical metric are generalized to the case of an anisotropic medium. The metric tensor of a three-dimensional Riemannian manifold is related to the dielectric tensor of the medium. The general eikonal equation in a static anisotropic medium is derived. The expressions for the curvature tensor and the curvature scalar that characterize the geometrical structure of a three-dimensional manifold are given. For an isotropic medium the derived expressions for the curvature tensor and curvature scalar reduce to the previous results.

The analytic expressions for steady-state electric field intensity and local density scale length in a plasma irradiated by a double-frequency laser are derived. It is shown that the ponderomotive force due to the double-frequency laser field leads to a local density dip near the critical surface and to the anomalous increase and fluctuation of the critical density scale length in some range of field intensity.

The general covariant derivation of the ponderomotive force is given. The general expression for the ponderomotive force in a homogeneous medium moving with uniform velocity is obtained. The ponderomotive force in several special cases is discussed and compared with the previous results. Unlimited ponderomotive force in a moving plasma with critical density is predicted.