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Background The time from injury to surgery (TIS) is critical in the functional recovery of individuals with traumatic acute subdural hematoma (TASDH). However, only few studies have confirmed such notion. Methods The data of TASDH patients who were surgically treated in Chia-Yi Christian Hospital between January 2008 and December 2015 were collected. The significance of variables, including age, sex, traumatic mechanism, coma scale, midline shift on brain computed tomography (CT) scan, and TIS, in functional recovery was assessed using the student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, univariate and multivariate models, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results A total of 37 patients achieved functional recovery (outcome scale score of 4 or 5) and 33 patients had poor recovery (outcome scale score of 1–3) after at least 1 year of follow-up. No significant difference was observed in terms of age, sex, coma scale score, traumatic mechanism, or midline shift on brain CT scan between the functional and poor recovery groups. TIS was found to be significantly shorter in the functional recovery group than in the poor recovery group (145.5 ± 27.0 vs. 181.9 ± 54.5 min, P-value = 0.002). TIS was a significant factor for functional outcomes in the univariate and multivariate regression models. The analysis of TIS with the ROC curve between these two groups showed that the threshold time for functional recovery in comatose patients and those with TASDH who were surgically treated was 2 h and 57.5 min. Conclusions TIS is an important factor l for the functional recovery of comatose TASDH patients who underwent surgery.

Background: The time from injury to surgery (TIS) is critical in the functional recovery of individuals with traumatic acute subdural hematoma (TASDH). However, only few studies have confirmed such notion.Methods: The data of TASDH patients who were surgically treated in Chia-Yi Christian Hospital between January 2008 and December 2015 were collected. The significance of variables, including age, sex, traumatic mechanism, coma scale, midline shift on brain computed tomography (CT) scan, and TIS, in functional recovery was assessed using the student’s t -test, chi-square test, univariate and multivariate models, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results: A total of 37 patients achieved functional recovery (outcome scale score of 4 or 5) and 33 patients had poor recovery (outcome scale score of 1–3) after at least 1 year of follow-up. No significant difference was observed in terms of age, sex, coma scale score, traumatic mechanism, or midline shift on brain CT scan between the functional and poor recovery groups. TIS was found to be significantly shorter in the functional recovery group than in the poor recovery group (145.5±27.0 vs. 181.9±54.5, P-value=0.001). TIS and midline shift ≥10 mm were significant factors for functional outcomes in the multivariate regression models. The analysis of TIS with the ROC curve between these two groups showed that the threshold time for functional recovery in comatose patients and those with TASDH who were surgically treated was 2 hours and 57.5 minutes.Conclusions: TIS is crucial for the functional recovery of TASDH patients who underwent surgery.

Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) arises from the urothelial lining of the urinary tract. UTUC spreads in several different ways including direct invasion, lymphatic spread, and hematogeneous metastases. Regional lymph nodes are commonly the initial site of metastasis, followed by the liver, lung, and bone. Brain metastasis is uncommon in patients with urothelial carcinoma. Here, we report an uncommon case of kidney urothelial carcinoma with brain metastasis in a 55-year-old woman presenting with dysarthria with right side limb weakness. The patient recovered well after resection of the brain lesion without any sequelae after 1 year of follow-up.

Computer-assisted neuronavigation (an image-guided technique that facilitates brain tumor surgery) reduces the risk of neurological morbidity. Postoperative neurological dysfunction is also minimized by performing intraoperative neurological testing during awake craniotomy with proper surgical resection of a brain tumor. However, when the patient's airway is not secured, an awake craniotomy can be hazardous if emergent intubation is necessary. The present report describes a young man with a brain tumor who underwent neuronavigation-guided wake-up craniotomy and surgical resection of an astrocytoma. The patient was intubated throughout the course of the procedure, during which modified intraoperative neurological tests were performed for cortical mapping. The patient recovered well after the operation and without any neurological deficits.

Background Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is helpful in lowering the intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injuries. However, it is still unclear which surgical approach (DC or craniotomy) is the optimal treatment strategy for severely head-injured patients with acute subdural hematoma (SDH). To clarify this point, we compared the outcomes and complications of the patients with acute SDH and low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score treated with craniotomy or DC. Methods We analyzed 102 patients with acute SDH and GCS scores of 4 to 8. Of them, 42 patients (41.2%) were treated with craniotomy and 60 (58.8%) treated with DC for evacuation of hematoma. The demographic and clinical data were analyzed including patient age, sex, injury mechanism, GCS score, pupil size and light reflex, time interval from injury to operation, types of surgical procedures, intracranial findings in pre- and postoperative computed tomography scan, intracranial pressure, complications, requirement of permanent cerebrospinal fluid diversion, and Glasgow Outcome Scale score after at least 1 year of follow-up. Results The craniotomy and DC groups showed no difference in the demographic and clinical data. There was no difference in the outcomes and complication rates between these two groups except that the DC group had higher mortality than the craniotomy group (23.3% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.04). Conclusion Both craniotomy and DC were feasible treatment strategies for acute SDH. The patients with acute SDH and low GCS score treated with craniotomy or DC showed no difference in the outcomes and complications.

Spinal osteomyelitis with epidural abscess is a rare disease. Most patients have 1 or more predisposing factors, such as impaired immune system secondary to diabetes mellitus, chemotherapy for cancer, immunological compromised disease, and chronic renal or hepatic impairment. We present a case of a physically steady young man without any predisposing risk factor who suffered from cervical osteomyelitis with epidural abscess after neck blunt injury. This patient recovered well after one-stage anterior surgical debridement with implant instrumentation and proper antibiotics treatment. The initial accurate diagnosis rate of spinal epidural abscess is low, even in patients with predisposing factor(s). We present this case to raise the attention of medical staff to this disease in patients with or without any predisposing factor(s) in order to establish early diagnosis and treatment. Our case report also indicates that with adequate debridement and antibiotic coverage, one-stage surgery is a safe and efficacious method to treat patients with cervical spinal epidural abscess.

This study evaluated the proliferation effects of huangqi on neuron regeneration. We investigated the molecular mechanisms, which include: (1) cyclin D1, A, E-cell cycle factors and MAPK signaling proliferation (2) FGF-2-UPA-MMPs migration signaling. After treatment with various Huanqi concentrations (1.25, 12.5, 125, 250 and 500 μg/ml,), we observed that Huanqi can increase Rsc 96 cell proliferation at 12.5 μg/ml ( p < 0.01) concentration determined by the MTT and wound healing tests. Examination by RT-PCR and Western blotting assay showed that Huangqi is able to stimulate the mRNA and protein expressions of cyclin D1, A, E, cell cycle controlling proteins and excite ERK and P38 MAPK signaling pathways to promote cell proliferation. Huangqi stimulates the FGF-2-UPA-MMP 9 migration pathway and enhances RSC 96 Schwann cells migration. Using MAPK chemical inhibitors, U0126, SB203580 and SP600125, the proliferative effects of Huangqi on RSC 96 cells were ERK and P38 signaling-dependent. Based on these results, applying an appropriate dose of Huangqi with biomedical materials would be a potential approach to enhancing neuron regeneration.

The earthworm, which has stasis removal and wound-healing functions, is a widely used Chinese herbal medicine in China. Schwann cell migration is critical for the regeneration of injured nerves. Schwann cells provide an essentially supportive activity for neuron regeneration. However, the molecular migration mechanisms induced by earthworms in Schwann cells remain unclear. Here, we investigate the roles of MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK and p38) pathways for earthworm-induced matrix-degrading proteolytic enzyme (PAs and MMP2/9) production in Schwann cells. Moreover, earthworm induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, but not JNK, activate the downstream signaling expression of PAs and MMPs in a time-dependent manner. Earthworm-stimulated ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation was attenuated by pretreatment with U0126 and SB203580, resulting in migration and uPA-related signal pathway inhibition. The results were confirmed using small interfering ERK1/2 and p38 RNA. These results demonstrated that earthworms can stimulate Schwann cell migration and up-regulate PAs and MMP2/9 expression mediated through the MAPK pathways, ERK1/2 and p38. Taken together, our data suggests the MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38)-, PAs (uPA, tPA)-, MMP (MMP2, MMP9) signaling pathway of Schwann cells regulated by earthworms might play a major role in Schwann cell migration and nerve regeneration.

Background context Lumbar intradural arachnoid cyst (AC) concomitant with hyperacute spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH) has never been reported in the literature. Purpose To report a case of lumbar AC superimposed by hyperacute SSDH, which was difficult to diagnose preoperatively using magnetic resonance imaging. Herein, we describe diagrams showing the proposed mechanisms underlying the formation of a symptomatic AC. Study design/setting The study was designed to be a case report and literature review. Methods A 65-year-old man presented with acute onset of low back pain, followed by 5-day history of numbness and weakness in both legs before admission. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral spine revealed an intradural extramedullary biconvex lesion at the L3–L4 level; the lesion compressed the cauda equina posteriorly. The lesion mainly appeared as hyperintense on T2-weighted images and hypointense on T1-weighted images. On the basis of these findings, the lesion was preoperatively diagnosed as a symptomatic lumbar subdural AC that compressed the cauda equina. Results The patient underwent laminectomy from L2 to L4. After a dura incision, a partially organized subdural hematoma was noted. Beneath the subdural hematoma was an AC compressing the underlying nerve roots. The patient’s back pain and muscle strength markedly improved after the operation. Conclusions Preoperative diagnosis of concomitant hyperacute SSDH and AC is difficult. In cases of patients who present with intraspinal AC accompanied by an acute onset of clinical presentation, an associated etiology should be considered until proven otherwise.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the proliferative effects of chishao on neuron regeneration. A silicone rubber nerve guide across a 15-mm gap was filled with different concentrations of chishao (0–125 mg/ml) in the dissected sciatic nerve of the right leg in SD rats. The left legs were used as control. After eight weeks, the regenerated nerves showed dose-dependently activated fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) signaling with increased urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and enhanced proliferative proteins, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)- and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-signalings. The results imply that applying an appropriate dose of chishao would be a potential approach for enhancing neuron regeneration.