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Open-cell ceramic foams are widely used as filters for the purification of molten metals due to their high permeability and high efficiency for capturing non-metallic inclusions. With the consideration of manufacture and filtration behaviour, most filters are produced by replica methods. The intrinsic multiscale porous structure requires the ceramic foams to have sufficient strength. As a consequence, different processing approaches, material compositions and characterizations are investigated. Meanwhile, to further enhance the filtration performance, the functionalization of ceramic foam filters is often conducted with surface coating. This review summarizes the processing and characteristics of ceramic foam filters (CFFs), the nature and formation of non-metallic inclusions (NMIs), the filtration mechanism and applications of CFFs. The characterization of mechanical and filtration performance, as well as the corresponding strengthening and functionalization methods are also presented.

Bacterial overproliferation and virulence factors in plaque biofilms can cause inflammation of soft and hard tissues around the implant, resulting in peri-implantitis. If not well controlled, severe peri-implantitis can lead to failure of implant osseointegration and implant loosening and loss. Currently, peri-implantitis can be treated by surgical and non-surgical treatment such as mechanical debridement and chemotherapy, but there remain problems related to the unpredictable therapeutic effect and high recurrence rate. Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plaque biofilm formation and peri-implantitis is crucial for the prevention and treatment of peri-implantitis. In this article, we comprehensively review current research on the specific composition and formation process of biofilms and the influence of implant material characteristics on biofilm formation. The results of the research review indicated that peri-implantitis biofilms are composed of extracellular matrix, with a predominant population of anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria embedded within. The formation process includes the acquisition of an acquired membrane, microbial adhesion, and biofilm detachment and dispersion. Biofilm formation is primarily influenced by the implant surface roughness, surface free energy (SFE), and material properties. Current strategies for biofilm removal around implants mainly involve implant surface coating techniques, mechanical debridement, chemical agents, laser therapy, and photodynamic therapy; however, the therapeutic outcomes remain uncertain. The future research direction will be based on the characteristics of the plaque biofilm around the implant, combined with cutting-edge methods, such as nanotechnology, immunotherapy, and gene therapy, to continuously prevent the formation of plaque biofilm on the surface of the implant to prevent and treat peri-implantitis.

Abstract Background Both atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) are common cardiovascular diseases. If the two exist together, the risk of stroke, hospitalization for HF and all-cause death is increased. Currently, research on left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) in patients with AF and HF is limited and controversial. This study was designed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of LAAC in AF patients with different types of HF. Methods Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and HF who underwent LAAC in the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from August 2014 to July 2021 were enrolled. According to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the study divided into HF with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF

Abstract Background Lifestyle are closely related to migraine. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the association between Healthy lifestyle or Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) and the risk of migraine. The objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between Healthy lifestyle scores and Life’s essential 8 scores, and migraine. Methods 332,895 UK Biobank participants without migraine were included. Healthy lifestyle were assessed using seven lifestyle factors, and categorized as poor, intermediate, or ideal. LE8, based on the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health (CVH), consist of eight indicators classified as low, moderate, or high CVH. The Cox proportional hazard model was employed to examine the association between Healthy lifestyle scores, LE8 scores, and migraine, with calculations for population-attributable fraction (PAF) and cumulative incidence. Results During a median follow-up of 13.58 years, participants in intermediate (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.99) or ideal category of Healthy lifestyle (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.91) significantly reduced migraine risk compared to the poor category. Similarly, high CVH (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.92) also lowered migraine risk, while moderate CVH (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.02) did not show a difference compared to low CVH. If all individuals adhered to higher categories of Healthy lifestyle and LE8, approximately 11.38% and 22.05% of migraine cases could be prevented. Among individual lifestyle factors, maintaining an ideal body mass index (BMI), physical activity, sleep duration, sleep pattern, and sedentary time were associated with substantial reductions in migraine risk, by 5.65%, 0.81%, 10.16%, 16.39%, and 6.57%, respectively. Conclusion Our study provides evidence that poor Healthy lifestyle and Life’s Essential 8 are associated with higher risk of new-onset migraine.

Abstract ETV6::RUNX1 is the most common fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and is associated with favorable outcomes, especially in low‐risk children. However, as many as 10% of children relapse within 3 years, and such early relapses have poor survival. Identifying children at risk for early relapse is an important challenge. We interrogated data from 87 children with low‐risk ETV6::RUNX1‐positive B‐cell ALL and with available preserved bone marrow samples (discovery cohort). We profiled somatic point mutations in a panel of 559 genes and genome‐wide transcriptome and single‐nucleotide variants. We found high TIMD4 expression (> 85th‐percentile value) at diagnosis was the most important independent prognostic factor of early relapse (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.07 [1.76, 14.62]; p = 0.03). In an independent validation cohort of low‐risk ETV6::RUNX1‐positive B‐cell ALL (N = 68) high TIMD4 expression at diagnosis had an HR = 4.78 [1.07, 21.36] (p = 0.04) for early relapse. In another validation cohort including 78 children with low‐risk ETV6::RUNX1‐negative B‐cell ALL, high TIMD4 expression at diagnosis had an HR = 3.93 [1.31, 11.79] (p = 0.01). Our results suggest high TIMD4 expression at diagnosis in low‐risk B‐cell ALL in children might be associated with high risk for early relapse.

Background: Adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms played a key role in the multiple cancer pathology, However, the expression, prognostic value and function of ADCY5 in Glioblastoma (GBM) have not been reported yet. This research intends to discover the expression, epigenetic alteration and biological function of ADCY5 in GBM and its value on patients' prognosis. Methods: ① Transcriptional level, epigenetic alteration, prognostic value and molecular network of ADCY5 were analyzed by using of public online datasets. ② The mRNA expression profile of ADCY5 was explored by using GEPIA database and protein expression levels were detected by HPA Database. ③ The prognostic value of ADCY5 was determined by Kaplan-Meier Plotter, GEPIA and CGGA database. ④ The epigenetic characteristics of ADCY5 were determined by DiseaseMeth database. ⑤ Identification of genes co-expressed with ADCY5 and potential mechanism analyses were performed by using DAVID cBioPorta and STRING. ⑥ Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, wound-healing scratch and transwell assay were applied to detect relative mRNA expression and biological function of ADCY5 in GMB cells. Results: ADCY5 mRNA and protein were downregulated in GBM compared with normal tissues. Analysis of the genetics and epigenetics of ADCY5 suggested that its expression was negatively correlated with DNA methylation. High expression of ADCY5 was significantly associated with age, grade, IDH mutation, 1p19q_codeletion, radiotherapy and chemotherapy and acted as an independent prognostic factor in GBM. ADCY5 mRNA also down-expressed in GBM cell lines and re-expressed of ADCY5 could inhibit cell proliferation, viability, migration/invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro. In the analysis of genes co-expressed with ADCY5, we found that cAMP/AKT pathway, cGMP-PKG pathway, Wnts pathway were dissimilarly enriched. Conclusion: Our study indicated that ADCY5 could act as an epigenetic biomarker in GBM, as well as a prognosis target in patients with GBM.

Seed size (SS) constitutes a pivotal trait in watermelon breeding. In this study, we present findings from an examination of two watermelon accessions, namely, BW85 and F211. Seeds from BW85 exhibited a significant enlargement compared to those of F211 at 13 days after pollination (DAP), with the maximal disparity in seed length and width manifesting at 17 DAP. A comprehensive study involving both metabolic and transcriptomic analyses indicated a significant enrichment of the ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis KEGG pathways. To detect the genetic region governing seed size, a BSA-seq analysis was conducted utilizing the F2 (BW85 × F211) population, which resulted in the identification of two adjacent QTLs, namely, SS6.1 and SS6.2, located on chromosomes 6. SS6.1 spanned from Chr06:4847169 to Chr06:5163486, encompassing 33 genes, while SS6.2 ranged from Chr06:5379337 to Chr06:5419136, which included only one gene. Among these genes, 11 exhibited a significant differential expression between BW85 and F211 according to transcriptomic analysis. Notably, three genes (Cla97C06G113960, Cla97C06G114180, and Cla97C06G114000) presented a differential expression at both 13 and 17 DAP. Through annotation, Cla97C06G113960 was identified as a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, playing a role in the ubiquitin pathway that mediates seed size control. Taken together, our results provide a novel candidate gene influencing the seed size in watermelon, shedding light on the mechanism underlying seed development.

Abstract Ferroptosis, a therapeutic strategy for tumours, is a regulated cell death characterised by the increased accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides (LPO). Tumour-associated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), when combined with traditional anti-cancer medicines or radiotherapy, can improve efficacy and decrease mortality in cancer. Investigating the role of ferroptosis-related lncRNAs may help strategise new therapeutic options for breast cancer (BC). Herein, we briefly discuss the genes and pathways of ferroptosis involved in iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, including the XC −/GSH/GPX4 system, ACSL4/LPCAT3/15-LOX and FSP1/CoQ10/NAD(P)H pathways, and investigate the correlation between ferroptosis and LncRNA in BC to determine possible biomarkers related to ferroptosis.

Highlights The engineering design principles for enhancing interfacial contact between the electrodes (Li anodes and S cathode) and solid-state electrolytes in solid-state Li–S batteries are classified and discussed. Research progresses of experimental strategies for reducing interfacial impedance in solid-state Li–S batteries are summarized. Challenges and future perspectives of rational interfacial strategies in solid-state Li–S batteries are highlighted.

Abstract Li−I2 batteries have attracted much interest due to their high capacity, exceptional rate performance, and low cost. Even so, the problems of unstable Li anode/electrolyte interface and severe polyiodide shuttle in Li−I2 batteries need to be tackled. Herein, the interfacial reactions on the Li anode and I2 cathode have been effectively optimized by employing a well‐designed gel polymer electrolyte strengthened by cross‐linked Ti–O/Si–O (GPETS). The interpenetrating network‐reinforced GPETS with high ionic conductivity (1.88 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25°C) and high mechanical strength endows uniform Li deposition/stripping over 1800 h (at 1.0 mA cm−2, with a plating capacity of 3.0 mAh cm−2). Moreover, the GPETS abundant in surface hydroxyls is capable of capturing soluble polyiodides at the interface and accelerating their conversion kinetics, thus synergistically mitigating the shuttle effect. Benefiting from these properties, the use of GPETS results in a high capacity of 207 mAh g−1 (1 C) and an ultra‐low fading rate of 0.013% per cycle over 2000 cycles (5 C). The current study provides new insights into advanced electrolytes for Li−I2 batteries.

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease with autoimmune characteristics. Recent research has made significant progress in the field of psoriasis metabolomics. However, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis on metabolomics of psoriasis. The objective of this study is to utilize bibliometrics to present a comprehensive understanding of the knowledge structure and research hotspots in psoriasis within the field of metabolomics. Methods: We conducted a bibliometric analysis by searching the Web of Science Core Collection database for publications on metabolomics in psoriasis from 2011 to 2024. To perform this analysis, we utilized tools such as VOSviewers, CiteSpace, and the R package ''bibliometrix''. Results: A total of 307 articles from 47 countries, with the United States and China leading the way, were included in the analysis. The publications focusing on metabolomics in psoriasis have shown a steady year-on-year growth. The Medical University of Bialystok is the main research institution. The International Journal of Molecular Sciences emerges as the prominent journal in the field, while the Journal of Investigative Dermatology stands out as the highly co-cited publication. A total of 2029 authors contributed to these publications, with Skrzydlewska Elzbieta, Baran Anna, Flisiak Iwona, Murakami Makoto being the most prolific contributors. Notably, Armstrong April W. received the highest co-citation. Investigating the mechanisms of metabolomics in the onset and progression of psoriasis, as well as exploring therapeutic strategies, represents the primary focus of this research area. Emerging research hotspots encompass inflammation, lipid metabolism, biomarker, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and arthritis. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that metabolism-related research is thriving in psoriasis, with a focus on the investigation of metabolic targets and interventions within the metabolic processes. Metabolism is expected to be a hot topic in future psoriasis research.

A proportional plus derivative (PD) adaptive tracking control strategy based on neural sliding mode is proposed for the interference of unknown factors in the mathematical model of four-wheel omnidirectional robots. Firstly, the dynamics model of the robot is analyzed. Secondly, the backstepping trajectory tracking controller is used to obtain the virtual velocity, and the PD controller is designed based on the error between the virtual input and the actual input. Then, the neural network is used to approximate the uncertainty in the dynamics model, and the stability of the system is proved by the Lyapunov theorem. Simulation and experimental results show that the control strategy is effective.

To widen the understanding of tensile failure of reticulated ceramic foams and expand the available mechanical method, a cylindrical splitting test is developed in the present study based on alumina open-cell foams of three different pore densities. The biaxial method is validated by characterization of mechanical parameters, and the in-situ fracture process is validated by a digital image correlation, followed by a formula correction for effective tensile strength with consideration of discrete crack paths. For experimental setup curved loading platens, compliant pad and intermediate quasi-static loading rate are proposed for guaranteeing tensile failure under a radial compressive load. Tensile strength, fracture energy, and brittleness increase with the foam pore density, and the fracture behavior is a balanced result of materials and foam structural support strength. An analytical model of splitting tensile strength with structural parameters is derived, which implies its dependence on cell size and critical stress intensity factor of strut materials.

Al–Ti–O inclusions in aluminum deoxidized and titanium (Ti)-alloyed steel aggravate the submerged nozzle clogging and instability of the continuous casting process, lowering the cleanliness of casting billet. In the present investigation, the removal behavior of the oxide inclusions in aluminum deoxidized IF steel and Ti-alloyed welding wire steel by microporous/fused MgO foam ceramic filter (PMF/FMF) and the improvement of the steel cleanliness were comparatively investigated. It is found that MgO foam ceramic filters immersed in Al deoxidized steel effectively reduced its number density of Al2O3 inclusions and total oxygen (TO) content, by use of forming Al–Mg–O spinel interface reaction layer between the filters and tested steel. Furthermore, the cleanliness increase of Ti-alloyed steel immersed by the filters, due to formation of a more complete and continuous Al–Mg–Ti–O spinel layer on their surface, was bigger compared with that in Ti-free steel, with sporadically distributed Al–Mg–O spinel of interface layer on the surface of filters immersed in Ti-free steel. This is ascribed to the higher Ti content and some liquid inclusion of MgO–Al2O3-TiOX in Ti-alloyed steel, enhancing the reaction of the MgO of aggregates in the filters with Al, Ti, and O and deposition of other solid MgO–Al2O3-TiOX on the surface of the filter, respectively. In addition, the better purification efficiency of the PMF on tested steel compared with the FMF, was due to its higher porosity, roughness and more liquid phase components of the matrix in PMF, which improve the reaction of filter with liquid steel, and raise its adsorption capacity with Al2O3-based inclusions in the steel, forming Al–Mg–O spinel interface layer to removal the oxide inclusions.

Abstract We conducted two‐dimensional numerical simulations to investigate the mechanisms underlying the strong spatiotemporal correlation observed between submarine landslides and gas hydrate dissociation due to glacial sea‐level drops. Our results suggest that potential plastic deformation or slip could occur at localized and small scales in the shallow‐water portion of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). This shallow‐water portion of the GHSZ typically lies within the area enclosed by three points: the BGHSZ–seafloor intersection, the seafloor at ∼600 m below sea level (mbsl), and the base of the GHSZ (BGHSZ) at ∼1,050 mbsl in low‐latitude regions. The deep BGHSZ (>1,050 mbsl) could not slip; therefore, the entire BGHSZ was not a complete slip surface. Glacial hydrate dissociation alone is unlikely to cause large‐scale submarine landslides. Observed deep‐water (much greater than 600 mbsl) turbidites containing geochemical evidence of glacial hydrate dissociation potentially formed from erosion or detachment in the GHSZ pinch‐out zone.

Given the increasingly severe environmental problems caused by water pollution, the degradation of organic dyes can be effectively achieved through the utilization of photocatalysis. In this work, metal alkoxides and a combination of alcohol/hydrophobic solvents are employed to prepare BaTiO3 aerogels via a liquid-phase and template-free synthetic route. The preparation process of the aerogels solely entails facile agitation and supercritical drying, eliminating the need for additional heat treatment. The binary solvent of ethanol and toluene is identified as the optimal choice, resulting in a significantly enhanced surface area (up to 223 m2/g) and an abundant pore structure of BaTiO3 aerogels compared to that of the BaTiO3 nanoparticles. Thus, the removal efficiency of the BaTiO3 aerogel sample for MO is nearly twice as high as that of the BaTiO3 nanoparticles sample. Noble metal Ag nanoparticles’ deposition onto the BaTiO3 aerogel surface is further achieved via the photochemical deposition method, which enhances the capture of photogenerated electrons, thereby ensuring an elevated level of photocatalytic efficiency. As a result, Ag nanoparticles deposited on BaTiO3 aerogel can degrade MO completely after 40 min of illumination, while the corresponding aerogel before modification can only remove 80% of MO after 60 min. The present work not only complements the preparatory investigation of intricate aerogels but also offers a fresh perspective for the development of diverse perovskite aerogels with broad applications.

Abstract Background To assess the anxiety and depression levels in patients with Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) and to determine the potential risk factors. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 195 participants, including 93 PSS patients and 102 healthy controls were recruited. Sociodemographic and clinical information were collected for all participants. Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) was administered to evaluate the anxiety and depression levels. Visual function (VF) and quality-of-life (QOL) questionnaires were administered to assess variables potentially associated with anxiety and depression. Results Increased anxiety level was observed in 22 (23.7%) PSS patients as compared to 10 (9.8%) of controls (P = 0.009). While the frequency of depression between the two groups was not significantly different (P = 0.349). The mean anxiety and depression scores were 6.98 ± 4.20 and 6.44 ± 3.66 in PSS patients as compared to 6.67 ± 3.21 (P = 0.564) and 5.96 ± 2.93 (P = 0.311) in controls. Logistic regression analysis showed mental well-being was significantly associated with anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 0.920, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.881–0.962, P

To explore the risk factors and nursing measures of early surgical site infection (SSI) after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF).

ABSTRACTIn this work, microporous MgO refractory aggregates with nano-sized pores were prepared by in situ decomposition method using Mg(OH)2 as raw material. The effects of firing temperatures (1600–1700°C) and compacting pressures (100–200 MPa) on the microstructures and properties of microporous MgO refractory aggregates were thoroughly studied. The results showed that the microporous MgO refractory aggregates contained two types of pore structures, which were intra-particle pores with pore sizes of 180.0–230.0 nm formed by in situ decomposition of Mg(OH)2 and inter-particle pores with pore sizes of 1.5–3.0 μm derived from particle packing between Mg(OH)2 pseudomorph particles, respectively. Besides, the firing temperatures had a great influence on the intra-particle pore size and microcrystallite size. And the compacting pressures not only influenced the intra-particle pore size via packing behaviors but also affected the inner firing behaviors of the pseudomorph particles due to the increase in H2O vapor pressure. Overall, at a compacting pressure of 150 MPa and firing temperature of 1650°C, the sample had the best comprehensive performance with a bulk density of 1.92 g/cm3, a compressive strength of 11.9 MPa, an apparent porosity of 45.0%, a relative aggregate tube strength of 25.2% and a median pore size of 262.3 nm.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the deterioration mechanism of an optimized Al2O3–MgO refractory castable during industrial trials. After structural optimization, the average corrosion rate of every cycle deceased to 0.29 mm/cycle from 0.46 mm/cycle. Corroded microstructure of the optimized Al2O3–MgAl2O4 refractory castable after server 195 cycles was explored. It was indicated that the structural optimization led to an approximate 36% improvement in corrosion resistance than that of comparison one. An adhered slag layer comprising of (Fe, Mg)Al2O4 spinel was observed on the refractory's surface. Iron beans and iron/manganese oxides mainly occurred in the reaction layer, and several penetrating cracks occurred at the corroded interface which would cause potential structural spalling for refractory lining. Based on the observed microstructural characteristics, a corrosion mechanism of refractory lining in a commercial ladle was proposed.

Probiotic fermented milk is an important carrier of probiotics. It enhances the nutritional and health properties of fermented milk by improving the balance of host intestinal microflora and promoting the metabolism of beneficial ingredients. This review expounds the auxiliary effects of probiotics fermented milk in improving intestinal function, regulating body immunity, assisting in treating metabolic diseases and improving mental system diseases, etc., in order to provide theoretical support for expanding the application of probiotics fermented milk.

Microstructure, texture, mechanical properties, and magnetic properties of low carbon and silicon non-oriented electrical steels annealed at 800 °C, 820 °C, and 860 °C were studied. Fine precipitates (Al, Si, Mn)xNy-P, a small quantity of (Al, Si, Mn)xNy, and the aforementioned composite precipitates containing MnS were detected in the samples annealed at 820 °C and 860 °C. Compared with the samples annealed at 820 °C, the number density of precipitates decreased by 20% and the average size increased by 25 nm in the samples annealed at 860 °C. The average grain size was 22 μm, 26 μm and 46 μm in the samples annealed at 800 °C, 820 °C, and 860 °C, respectively. The magnetic induction increased by 0.027 T after the annealing temperature of the samples increased from 800 °C to 820 °C. The iron loss reduced 0.94 W/kg when the annealing temperature increased from 800 °C to 860 °C. The tensile strength and yield strength of the samples decreased by 21 MPa and 40 MPa when the annealing temperature increased. The loss iron was 4.27 W/kg(P1.5/50) and magnetic induction was 1.764 T(B50) for the samples annealed at 860 °C. Magnetic properties of the experimental samples were superior to the same grade of commercially available steels.

Abstract Objectives To explore the incidence of retained embryos (REs) in embryo transfer (ET) cycles and its effects on pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods This was a matched retrospective cohort study involving 29,160 ET cycles conducted from March 2016 to February 2021, in which ET cycles without RE were matched to the RE group at a 2:1 ratio. Clinical pregnancy, implantation, miscarriage, and live birth rates were compared between the with-RE and without-RE groups. Results Our study showed that the overall incidence of REs was 0.33% (95/29,160). There was a statistically significant difference in RE rate among the operators (P

Cenozoic dolomitization of reefal carbonates has been widely found on many tropical islands worldwide. However, most ages and geochemical data obtained from bulk samples prevent a clear understanding of the previous complex diagenetic processes of these island dolostones due to a lack of in situ age and fluid composition. In this study, one deep borehole penetrated Cenozoic carbonates on Meiji Island in the southern South China Sea and massive dolostones with thicknesses over 400 m were uncovered. The in situ U–Pb geochronology and elemental analysis were conducted on the lower Nanwan Formation (upper Miocene) comprising undolomitized calcite (bioclast), replacive dolomite, and dolomite cement. Strontium isotope ages and U–Pb dates show that the penecontemporaneous replacive dolomitization occurred at 11.0–8.5 Ma, close to the deposition of precursor limestone. The dolomite cement precipitated at 8.5–6.0 Ma. In situ elemental analyses indicate that the formation of replacive dolomite and dolomite cement in the Nanwan Formation was probably controlled by seawater. The higher Mg/Ca ratio and lower Mn and Sr contents in dolomite cements show that their fluid underwent more evaporation. The dolomite content is positively related to the porosity of reefal limestones in the Nanwan Formation, suggesting that primary voids play an important role in fluid transportation during following dolomitization. Coralline algae and lime mud with algal fragments are beneficial for the rapid nucleation of dolomite. This study demonstrates that in situ elemental analysis using laser ablation has great potential for identifying the source of multistage dolomitizing fluids and can help refine the existing dolomitization model of isolated atolls.

Abstract Introduction To evaluate the clinical characteristics and multimodal biometric parameters from ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and IOL Master biometry of patients with acute secondary angle-closure due to lens subluxation (ASAC-LS), acute primary angle-closure (APAC), and cataract. Methods This retrospective study included 22 eyes with ASAC-LS, 27 eyes with APAC, and 39 eyes with cataract. Gender, age, affected eye, best corrected visual acuity, axial length, central corneal thickness, and anterior chamber depth (ACD) assessed by UBM and IOL Master were measured and compared between the three groups. In addition, we compared the ratio of ACD (ACD ratio) and the difference of ACD (ACD difference) measured by the two instruments. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the predictive factors for lens subluxation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to obtain a suitable cutoff value of biometric parameters to separate ASAC-LS cases from APAC and cataract cases. Results In the ASAC-LS group, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) ACD measured by IOL Master was 2.47 (IQR 1.85–2.92) mm while the median ACD measured by UBM was 3.11 (IQR 2.60–3.76) mm. The difference of ACD measured by the two instruments was statistically significant in the ASAC-LS group (P

Chronic exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) causes respiratory damage in humans owing to oxidative stress and inflammation. Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitamura (CZL) has been used in traditional medicine to treat several inflammatory diseases; however, studies on inflammatory pulmonary diseases are scarce. This study investigated the protective effects of CZL extract against PM10-induced lung injury in BALB/c mice. Cell type specific signaling pathways were explored using A549 and RAW264.7 cell lines. CZL extract noticeably attenuated PM10-induced lung injury and inflammatory cell infiltration in a mouse model. Protein markers, such as p-AKT, p-ERK, and p-NF-κB for PM10 induced lung inflammation were effectively reduced in CZL extract-treated mice and cells. Furthermore, CZL extracts considerably reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in cells. Collectively, CZL extract effectively reduced PM10-induced lung injury by suppressing pulmonary inflammation, potentially due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Abstract Background Childhood obesity was associated with retinochoroidal microvascular changes using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), but obesity duration was neglected. Obesity is chronic and progressive and obesity duration is related to microvascular function. Thus, it is important to identify microvascular changes in obese children timely to allow possible interventions with the increase in the number of obese children. This pilot study aimed to characterize retinochoroidal microvascular changes in newly developed obese children compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Methods Forty newly developed obese children and 40 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. All subjects completed comprehensive eye examinations, including axial length, cycloplegic refraction, optical coherence tomography angiography scans (AngioVue; Optovue Inc), etc. Results There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of month age (P = 0.927), spherical equivalent refraction (P = 0.753) and axial length (P = 0.196). Newly developed obese children had lower vessel density (VD) in the inferior parafovea (P = 0.026), nasal parafovea (P = 0.038) and temporal perifovea (P = 0.026) of deep vascular complex (DVC), higher VD in the fovea of superficial vascular complex (P = 0.021) and the fovea of DVC (P = 0.016), and smaller foveal avascular zone (P = 0.003) when compared to controls. Also, no apparent differences in any quadrant of total retinal thickness, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and choriocapillaries fow voids were detected (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Retinochoroidal microvascular changes had already occurred in newly developed obese children, so early screening and close follow-up eye examinations were recommended; Retinal microvascular insult may precede its structural change and that retina may be a better candidate to predict the onset of retinochoroidal microvascular changes than choroid in obese children.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) induced by high glucose. Methods The viability of neutrophils treated with TMP of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μmol/L for 4 h was measured by CCK-8 assay. Neutrophils were divided into Control group (1.5 g/L glucose), TMP group (40 μmol/L TMP), HG group (4.5 g/L glucose), HG+TMP group (40 μmol/L TMP+4.5 g/L glucose), HG+TMP+ML385 group (4.5 g/L glucose+40 μmol/L TMP+10 μmol/L ML385), HG+ML385 group (4.5 g/L glucose+10 μmol/L ML385) and HG+DPI group (4.5 g/L glucose+10 μmol/L DPI). The structure of NETs was observed with immunofluorescence assay. The contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide anions were detected using dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay and dihydroethidine (DHE) method. MPO-DNA and dsDNA in the culture medium was measured with ELISA and Pico-Green kit, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the intracellular expression of H3-cit, NRF2, HO-1, and NOX2 proteins. Results TMP of 80 μmol/L had significant effect on neutrophil (P < 0.01), but no such effects were seen in TMP at other doses viability. Compared with the Control group, the expression levels of NRF2 and HO-1 were increased significantly in TMP group (P < 0.01), while that of H3-cit was obviously decreased after TMP treatment (P < 0.05), and the contents of dsDNA and MPO-DNA in the medium were decreased notably (P < 0.01). NETs formation was not observed by immunofluorescence assay in the HG+TMP group. The productions of ROS and superoxide anions in the HG+TMP group were significantly lower than those produced in the HG group (P < 0.01). The effects of TMP on the expression of H3-cit, NRF2, and HO-1 were reversed after treatment with NRF2 inhibitor ML385. Compared with the HG+TMP group, the contents of dsDNA and MPO-DNA were increased significantly (P < 0.01), and the contents of intracellular ROS and superoxide anions were elevated remarkably in HG+TMP+ML385 group (P < 0.01). Conclusion TMP can activate the NRF2/HO-1 pathway and then suppress the production of ROS, and thus inhibit the NETs formation induced by high glucose.

Abstract Background To describe the distribution of corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), and to explore its correlation with birth weight (BW), anthropometric parameters, and ocular biometric parameters in Chinese school children. Methods In the population-based cross-sectional Nanjing Eye Study, children were measured for anthropometric information, for ECD by the noncontact specular microscope and for ocular biometric parameters by the optic low-coherent reflectometer. Data from right eyes were analyzed to illustrate the distribution of ECD and for determining correlated factors with ECD using univariate and multiple linear regression analysis. Comparisons among three different BW groups were performed using a one-way ANOVA analysis followed by the Bonferroni correction for pairwise comparisons. Results Of 1171 children, the mean (± standard deviation) ECD was 2875.34 ± 195.00 cells/mm2. In the Multiple Linear Regression analysis, BW, gender and central corneal thickness were significantly associated with ECD. The ECD increased by 36.16 cells/mm2 with BW increasing by 1 kg (P = 0.001) and increased by 0.44 cells/mm2 for every additional 1 mm in central corneal thickness (P = 0.01). The ECD of girls was 54.41 cells/mm2 higher than boys (P

Accurate water level prediction is of great importance for water infrastructures such as dams, embankments, and agriculture. However, the water level has nonlinear characteristics, which make it very challenging to accurately predict the water level. This study proposes a combined model based on variational mode decomposition (VMD), a genetic algorithm–the ELMAN neural network–VMD–the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model (GA–ELMAN–VMD–ARIMA). Firstly, VMD preprocesses the original water level and predicts each subsequence with the GA–ELMAN model. Then the error sequence is decomposed by VMD and predicted by the ARIMA model. Finally, the predicted water level is corrected. Using three groups of data from different sites, 10 models are established to compare the performance of the model. The results show that the combination of the VMD algorithm and the GA–ELMAN model can improve the performance of prediction on datasets. In addition, it also shows that the VMD double processing can greatly improve the prediction accuracy. HIGHLIGHTS The variational mode decomposition (VMD) double processing is used for water level prediction.; A genetic algorithm is used to optimize the hyperparameters of the ELMAN neural network.; The error correction method is used to improve the prediction accuracy.;

Abstract A hybrid chaotic mapping algorithm(HCM) based on 1‐DCM (one‐dimensional chaotic map) and Lorenz is proposed to address the security issues of low‐dimensional chaotic systems and the complexity of high‐dimensional chaotic systems. Firstly, the color images are divided into three high 4‐bit planes (BP) and low 4‐bit planes. By optimizing the parameters and structure of trigonometric function, the new arcsine‐sine (AS) function is designedto generate the 1‐DCM and permutation matrix, which is constructed to change the plane position and pixel position of the high 12BP to obtain the scrambling plane, which is encrypted by Lorenz chaotic system to produce the selfencryption matrix, with which the low 12BP is encrypted to generate the low bit encryption planes. Then, the ciphertext image is obtained by combining the high bit scrambling plane and low bit encryption plane. The SHA function is also used as the chaotic system's parameter generator, which improves the correlation between plaintext images and the key and resists selective plaintext attacks. The simulation results show that by modularizing the image's high and low bit planes, the encryption process is simplified and improved. The security and reliability of color image transmission are also improved.

A novel route was proposed to decrease the pore size and enhance the strength of microporous corundum-mullite refractory aggregates, which were fabricated by using the vacuum impregnation treatment of porous Al2O3 powder with silica sol. The effect of the SiO2 content (0–23.6 wt. %) on the phase composition, microstructures and physical properties of the refractory aggregates was studied. It was found that the sub-micron pore structure inside the pseudomorph particles was effectively preserved due to the volume expansion effect of mullite and the mullite sintering neck formation between the α-Al2O3 microcrystallites. With the SiO2 content increasing from 0 to 13.0 wt. %, the pseudomorph particles containing a large number of sub-micron pores formed in the refractory aggregates resulting from the introduction of silica sol. This resulted in the decrease of intra-particle pore size as well as the development of mullite sintering necks between the pseudomorph particles. The strength of the refractory aggregates was therefore enhanced. With a further increase of SiO2 content to 16.4 and 23.6 wt. %, the inter-particle pore sizes increased due to the mullite volume expansion between the pseudomorph particles, which was responsible for the decrease of strength. Overall, the optimized product is the microporous corundum-mullite refractory aggregates with the addition of 13.0 wt. % SiO2, which showed an apparent porosity of 45.4% and a high compressive strength of 56.4 MPa. Significantly, it also had a median pore size of only 1.24 μm and contained a large number of sub-micron pores.

Objective To study the change of serum bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and BMP-4 during the development of sepsis and its mechanisms. Methods Blood was collected for quantifying serum BMP-2 and BMP-4 from patients with sepsis (sepsis group), patients without sepsis (non-sepsis group) in 24 hours of ICU admission and from healthy volunteers (control group). Concentration of serum BMP-2 and BMP-4 was determined by ELISA. The expression of BMP-2, pSmad1/5, and BMPRⅡ of lip polysaccharide (LPS)-treated rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (RPMECs) was detected by Western blot. Results Serum BMP-2 and BMP-4 were significantly increased in sepsis group (P＜0.05) and the level of BMP-2 was significantly higher in sepsis group than that in non-sepsis group (P＜0.05). BMP-2 was found to be a marker for differential diagnosis of separating sepsis LPS may significantly increase the expression of BMP-2 of RPMECs but decrease the expression of phosphorylated Smad1/5 (pSmad1/5) and BMP receptor Ⅱ (BMPRⅡ) (P＜0.05). Conclusions BMP-2 is a potential diagnostic marker and act as apro-inflammatory factor in early phase of sepsis.

Abstract Background So far, few data are available on the relationship between allergic conjunctivitis (AC) and ocular fundus. Whether retinal parameters change in patients with AC remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the influence of AC on retinal thickness and vessel density among 7-years-old school-age children. Methods This large population-based study is part of the Nanjing Eye Study (NES). Comprehensive examinations including anthropometric parameters, refraction, ocular biometric parameters, intraocular pressure and retinal parameters were conducted on each child. Retinal thickness and vessel density were assessed using the optical coherence tomography angiography. Information on AC was obtained from a comprehensive questionnaire. Results A total of 739 children (mean age ± SD: 7.40 ± 0.29 years) had complete eye examination and questionnaire data we needed. Ninety-four children (12.7%) had AC, among which, 5 children had the history of corticosteroid use and were excluded from the final analysis. Spherical equivalent, axial length, body mass index and birth weight were correlated with retinal parameters. After adjusting for sex, age, spherical equivalent, axial length, body mass index, birth weight and premature history, children with AC had thinner retinal nerve fiber layer thickness for average (117.39 versus 120.97 μm, p = 0.007), temporal (80.73 versus 84.34 μm, p = 0.001), nasal (98.82 versus 102.18 μm, p = 0.049) and inferior (152.68 versus 157.06 μm, p = 0.034) quadrants than the control group. Conclusions Children with AC tended to have thinner retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. More attention is needed to fundus condition of children with AC.

Abstract Icon size is one of the key factors affecting the efficiency of information search. The advent of the era of intelligent interaction has made it difficult for icon design to meet the requirements of noncontact, large information volume, and high precision proposed by natural interaction technology in the future. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of display technology, the display resolution has been increased from 720 P to 8 K. Different sizes of display carriers use different resolutions. In order for icons to have efficient recognition at different display resolutions, it is necessary to obtain the best proportional relationship between icon size and display resolution. This paper summarizes the existing relevant research, calculates the ratio of recommended icon size and display resolution as the research variables, and comprehensively evaluates the recommended optimal ratio range of 1:641–1:334 through eye movement, EEG and behavioral response experiments and entropy‐weight TOPSIS method, providing a reference for icon design in various forms of interactive interfaces in the future.

The lack of long-term records of coral community composition restricts our understanding of the contemporary ecological states of tropical reefs. Here we integrated paleo-ecological reconstruction, historical mortality evidence, and ecological survey data to determine the temporal variability in reef resilience of the Nansha atolls in the tropical western Pacific. Subfossil coral assemblages extracted from the reef cores exhibited no evidence of community shifts attributable to centennial-scale changes in El Niño variability during the last millennium, suggesting long-term stability in community structure and persistence of reef resilience. By contrast, ecological surveys revealed a major collapse in the reef ecosystem, and high-precision U-series dating of dead Acropora fragments indicated that this collapse occurred in recent decades and was especially relevant to several strong/extreme El Niño episodes. Frequent and intensive El Niño−Southern Oscillation and marine heatwaves have overwhelmed the reefs’ resistive and recovery capacity, thereby impairing reef resilience.

The compression wave speed and physical properties of seafloor sediments are significant in marine engineering and marine acoustics. Although most regression equations can be satisfactorily fitted to the data and provide a useful predictive method, there is little insight into the influence of physical properties on the compression wave speed of seafloor sediment in the South China Sea (SCS). To characterize the compression wave speed and physical properties of seafloor sediments, the compression wave speed, porosity, density, and mean grain size were measured and calculated for forty-two samples collected from the South China Sea. The results show that the RMS roughness of seafloor sediment in the South China Sea ranges from 0.2 to 15 μm, and the porosity and density are determined by the RMS roughness and mean grain size. The relationships between the compression wave speed and physical properties of seafloor sediments are consistent with the intergranular friction model. When we have the physical parameters but no compression wave speed, therefore, the intergranular friction model can be used to predict the compression wave speed of seafloor sediment. Compared with the Wood model curve, we also reveal that the intergranular friction of seafloor sediment is an important parameter in determining the compression wave speed.

Small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a heterogeneous disease, consisting of intratumoral and intertumoral neuroendocrine (ASCL1 and/or NEUROD1), mesenchymal‐like, and YAP‐driven transcriptional states. Lysine‐specific demethylase 1 (LSD1; also known as KDM1A) inhibitors have recently been progressed to clinical trials in SCLC based on a promising preclinical antitumor activity. A potential clinical limitation of LSD1 inhibitors is the heterogeneous drug responses that have been observed in SCLC cell lines and patient‐derived models. Based on these observations, we studied molecular and transcriptional signatures that predict patient response to this class of drug. Employing SCLC patient‐derived transcriptional signatures, we define that SCLC cell lines sensitive to LSD1 inhibitors are enriched in neuroendocrine transcriptional markers, whereas cell lines enriched in a mesenchymal‐like transcriptional program demonstrate intrinsic resistance to LSD1 inhibitors. We have identified a reversible, adaptive resistance mechanism to LSD1 inhibitors through epigenetic reprogramming to a TEAD4‐driven mesenchymal‐like state. Our data suggest that only a segment of SCLC patients, with a defined neuroendocrine differentiation state, will likely benefit from LSD1 inhibitors. It provides novel evidence for the selection of a TEAD4‐driven mesenchymal‐like subpopulation resistant to LSD1 inhibitors in SCLC patients that may require effective drug combinations to sustain effective clinical responses.

The nonisolated multiphase dc–dc converter (NMDC) has important research value and broad application prospect in fields such as smart grid and new energy vehicles because of its high power density and low output ripple. However, with the increase of the phase number, the parameter inconsistency among each phase will make the NMDC model quite complex. Moreover, parameter uncertainty and quadratic nonlinearity in the small-signal model can degrade control system performance, leading to a big challenge in controller design. In this paper, the generalized robust control model and the method of robust controller designing of NMDC concerning parameter uncertainty and quadratic nonlinearity is developed. Firstly, parameter uncertainty is described by convex polyhedra model. Secondly, the Lyapunov theorem is applied to solve the linear and quadratic nonlinearity of the control model. Finally, with the method of Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) region pole configuration, the analytical solution of the control model is achieved. Based on the proposed model, the independent control of NMDC with reduced sensors, including current sharing, flexible power distribution and robust control of the NMDC are realized. Both simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the controller. Compared with traditional controller, the controller proposed in this paper can be stable in more complicated working conditions, and has a faster adjustment time, suitable for multiple topologies as well.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality worldwide and imposes a significant social burden on many countries. Methods: This study assessed the health and economic benefits of omega-3 associated with CVD. The meta-analysis estimated the risk ratio (RR) and absolute risk reduction (ARR), and the economic impact was calculated using direct and indirect costs related to CVD treatments in Korean adults. Results: A total of 33 studies were included in the meta-analysis on CVD outcomes, with 80,426 participants in the intervention group and 80,251 participants in the control group. The meta-analysis determined a significant reduction in omega-3 in CVD (RR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.86~0.97) and ARR (1.48%). Additionally, the subgroup analysis indicated that higher doses and the long-term consumption of omega-3 could further enhance these effects. After applying ARR from meta-analysis to the target population of about 1,167,370 in 2021, the Republic of Korea, it was estimated that omega-3 consumption could result in an economic benefit of KRW 300 billion by subtracting the purchase expenses of omega-3 supplements from the total social cost savings. Conclusion: Omega-3 supplements can help to reduce the risk of CVD and subsequent economic benefits in the Republic of Korea.

Abstract Background There is a high incidence of injury to the lateral ligament of the ankle in daily living and sports activities. The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) is the most frequent types of ankle injuries. It is of great clinical significance to achieve intelligent localization and injury evaluation of ATFL due to its vulnerability. Methods According to the specific characteristics of bones in different slices, the key slice was extracted by image segmentation and characteristic analysis. Then, the talus and fibula in the key slice were segmented by distance regularized level set evolution (DRLSE), and the curvature of their contour pixels was calculated to find useful feature points including the neck of talus, the inner edge of fibula, and the outer edge of fibula. ATFL area can be located using these feature points so as to quantify its first-order gray features and second-order texture features. Support vector machine (SVM) was performed for evaluation of ATFL injury. Results Data were collected retrospectively from 158 patients who underwent MRI, and were divided into normal (68) and tear (90) group. The positioning accuracy and Dice coefficient were used to measure the performance of ATFL localization, and the mean values are 87.7% and 77.1%, respectively, which is helpful for the following feature extraction. SVM gave a good prediction ability with accuracy of 93.8%, sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 100%, precision of 100%, and F1 score of 94.2% in the test set. Conclusion Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is reliable in diagnosing ATFL injury. This study may provide a potentially viable method for aided clinical diagnoses of some ligament injury.

Marine mud deposits contain rich information on past interactions between riverine sediment fluxes and marine processes. Massive mud deposits attached to a major river from South China, the Pearl River, are distributed on the north-western shelf of the South China Sea. This study examines the evolution history using cores penetrating through Holocene strata and deciphers its response to the river system, sea-level change, monsoon variations, human activities, etc. Geochemical and sedimentological data constrained by robust radiocarbon data show the difference in the evolution of mud deposits in shallow waters and on the middle shelf. Muddy wedges in shallow waters along the coast have formed since 7 ka BP, when modern current systems were established during the middle Holocene sea-level highstand. However, wide-spread muddy deposits in the middle shelf initiated after 3 ka BP which are associated with enhanced sediment fluxes and strengthened winter monsoon. Human activities on recent millennia have play a significant role in influencing the mud deposition on the north-west shelf of the South China Sea, as evidenced by the enrichment of heavy metals in marine sediments.

Algal cell proliferation has posed significant problems for traditional water treatment facilities; these problems are attributed to surface hydrophilicity and electrostatic repulsion. Biological aerated filters (BAFs) have been extensively used in wastewater treatment to remove pollutants such as algal cells by utilizing the adsorption and separation capabilities of the filter media. In this study, a BAF was supplemented with biological filter medium (Marchantia polymorpha) to assess its effectiveness of pretreating aquaculture wastewater. In terms of process performance, steady and consistent treatment was achieved by the BAF with M. polymorpha (BAF2) under an algal cell density as high as 1.65 × 108 cell/L, with average removal rates for NH4+-N and algae cells of 74.4% and 81.9%, respectively. The photosynthetic activity parameters (rETRmax, α, Fv/Fm, and Ik) of the influent and effluent were quantitatively assessed, and M. polymorpha was found to remove algae by disrupting the photosynthetic system of the algal cells. Furthermore, the addition of the M. polymorpha filter medium enhanced the community structure of the functional microbes in the BAF system. The highest microbial community richness and diversity were observed in the BAF2. Meanwhile, M. polymorpha promoted an increase in the abundance of denitrifying bacteria, including Bdellovibrio and Pseudomonas. Overall, this work offers a unique perspective on the aquaculture wastewater pretreatment process and BAF design.

This study proposed a novel adaptive interval Type-II fuzzy fault-tolerant control for constrained uncertain 2-DOF robotic multi-agent systems with an active fault-detection algorithm. This control method can realize the predefined-accuracy stability of multi-agent systems under input saturation constraint, complex actuator failure and high-order uncertainties. Firstly, a novel active fault-detection algorithm based on pulse-wave function was proposed to detect the failure time of multi-agent systems. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that an active fault-detection strategy had been used in multi-agent systems. Then, a switching strategy based on active fault detection was presented to design the active fault-tolerant control algorithm of the multi-agent system. In the end, based on the interval type-II fuzzy approximated system, a novel adaptive fuzzy fault-tolerant controller was proposed for multi-agent systems to deal with system uncertainties and redundant control inputs. Compared with other relevant fault-detection and fault-tolerant control methods, the proposed method can achieve predefinition of stable accuracy with smoother control input. The theoretical result was verified by simulation.

Abstract Identification of fossil corals is often limited due to poor preservation of external skeleton morphology, especially in the genus Acropora which is widespread across the Indo‐Pacific. Based on skeleton characteristics from thin section, we here develop a link between the internal skeleton structure and external morphology. Ten characteristics were summarized to distinguish Acropora and five related genera, including the type and differentiation of corallites, the skeleton nature of corallites (septa, columellae, dissepiments, wall), and calcification centers within septa. Acropora is distinctive for its dimorphic corallites: axial and radial. Isopora is similar to Acropora but possess more than a single axial corallites. Montipora and Astreopora (family Acroporidae) have monomorphic corallites and a synapticular ring wall, with clustered calcification center in the former and medial lines in the latter. Pocillopora and Porties are classified by distinctive dissepiments, columellae and septa. These microstructural skeleton characteristics were effective in the genus identification of fossil corals from drilled cores in the South China Sea. Eighteen detailed characteristics (ten of axial corallites, four of radial corallites, and four of coenosteum) were used in the Acropora species classification. The axial corallites size and structure (including corallite diameter, synapticular rings, and septa), the septa of radial corallites, and the arrangement of coenosteum were critical indicators for species identification. This identification guide can help paleoenvironmental and paleoecological analyses and modern coral reef conservation and restoration.

Living systems exhibit self-organization, a phenomenon that enables organisms to perform functions essential for life. The interior of living cells is a crowded environment in which the self-assembly of cytoskeletal networks is spatially constrained by membranes and organelles. Cytoskeletal filaments undergo active condensation in the presence of crosslinking motor proteins. In past studies, confinement has been shown to alter the morphology of active condensates. Here, we perform simulations to explore systems of filaments and crosslinking motors in a variety of confining geometries. We simulate spatial confinement imposed by hard spherical, cylindrical, and planar boundaries. These systems exhibit non-equilibrium condensation behavior where crosslinking motors condense a fraction of the overall filament population, leading to coexistence of vapor and condensed states. We find that the confinement lengthscale modifies the dynamics and condensate morphology. With end-pausing crosslinking motors, filaments self-organize into half asters and fully-symmetric asters under spherical confinement, polarity-sorted bilayers and bottle-brush-like states under cylindrical confinement, and flattened asters under planar confinement. The number of crosslinking motors controls the size and shape of condensates, with flattened asters becoming hollow and ring-like for larger motor number. End pausing plays a key role affecting condensate morphology: systems with end-pausing motors evolve into aster-like condensates while those with non-end-pausing crosslinking motor proteins evolve into disordered clusters and polarity-sorted bundles.

Although submarine slope failures and occurrence of gas hydrates are well known in the Dongsha area of the South China Sea the potential relationship between the aforementioned phenomena has not been clearly understood yet. Herein, we present carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of benthic foraminifera and sulfur isotopic composition of chromium reducible sulfur (CRS; δ34SCRS) from two cores from the Dongsha slope, aiming at identifying gas hydrate dissociation events in geological history. The geochemical data indicated that a large amount of gas hydrate dissociated at the beginning of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Meanwhile, disturbances in the sedimentary strata revealed that a submarine landslide occurred at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. Moreover, the associated abrupt increase of benthic foraminifera abundance implies that the submarine landslide was probably caused by an intense methane releasing from gas hydrate dissociation. A smaller scale submarine landslide related to gas hydrate dissociation was also recorded in core 973-5, retrieved from the flat area at the base of the slope.

The cytoskeleton – a collection of polymeric filaments, molecular motors, and crosslinkers – is a foundational example of active matter, and in the cell assembles into organelles that guide basic biological functions. Simulation of cytoskeletal assemblies is an important tool for modeling cellular processes and understanding their surprising material properties. Here, we present aLENS (a Living Ensemble Simulator), a novel computational framework designed to surmount the limits of conventional simulation methods. We model molecular motors with crosslinking kinetics that adhere to a thermodynamic energy landscape, and integrate the system dynamics while efficiently and stably enforcing hard-body repulsion between filaments. Molecular potentials are entirely avoided in imposing steric constraints. Utilizing parallel computing, we simulate tens to hundreds of thousands of cytoskeletal filaments and crosslinking motors, recapitulating emergent phenomena such as bundle formation and buckling. This simulation framework can help elucidate how motor type, thermal fluctuations, internal stresses, and confinement determine the evolution of cytoskeletal active matter.

The excess carbon dioxide emissions generated by the use of fossil fuels cause serious environmental problems and hinder the sustainable development of our society [...]