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Abstract In the area of online teacher training, asynchronous collaboration faces several challenges such as limited learner engagement and low interaction quality, thereby hindering its overall effectiveness. Drawing on social comparison theory, providing social comparison feedback to teacher-learners in online asynchronous collaborative learning offers benefits, but also has drawbacks. While social comparison has been explored in diverse fields, its role in education remains unclear. In this study, we selected 95 primary and secondary school teachers participating in an online training course. Using randomized controlled trial design, we provided the experimental group with social comparison feedback, while the control group received only self-referential feedback. We used epistemic network analysis, lag sequential analysis, and social network analysis to identify the impact of social comparison feedback on group-regulated focus, group-interactive behaviors, and social network structures. The results showed that social comparison feedback significantly enhanced teachers’ online asynchronous collaborative learning.

Objective To study the regulation of CITED1 in the mice bone metabolism, including osteogenesis/osteoclast balance in vivo to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of osteoporosis. Methods Bone phenotypes such as femur length, bone mass, bone cortex and bone cancellous thickness of KO mice were measured by micro CT. Hematological related parameters of bone metabolism were determined by ELISA. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of bone marker genes to explore the causes of bone metabolism changes after CITED1 gene knockout. Results The expression of CITED1 was low in KO mice, indicating a successful CITED1 knockout. Femoral length, bone mass, bone cortex and bone cancellous thickness were significantly higher in KO mice than those in WT mice. The concentration of type I procollagen peptide (P1NP), osteocalcin (OC) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) in serum of KO mice was significantly higher than those of WT mice, while the concentration of tartaric acid phosphatase (TRAP) was significantly lower. The expression of OC and BALP in KO mice was significantly higher than that in WT mice(P＜0.001). At the same time the expression of TRAP in KO mice was signifi- cantly lower(P＜0.05). Conclusions CITED1 knockout can up-regulate the expression of OC and BALP, and down-regulate the expression of TRAP for promoting bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption.