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Degradation nature of LaOBr:Tb under cathode-ray excitation is caused by reduction in browning of phosphor layer and light generation efficiency. Optical analysis of LaoBr:Tb reveals microscopic development of defects and the dominant bromine ion desorption. Combined doping of phosphor and iodide or chloride reduces the degradation nature of LaoBr:Tb.

It is hypothesized that slow, shallow water habitats benefit larval pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus; however, testing this hypothesis is difficult, given the low number of larval pallid sturgeon present in large rivers. In contrast, relatively large numbers of age-0 shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus have been sampled, providing a potentially useful baseline to assess the importance of slow, shallow water to age-0 sturgeon of both species (hereafter age-0 sturgeon) in the lower Missouri River. Thus, we investigated the potential relationships between the prevalence of shallow water <1.5 m and the age-0 sturgeon catch rates at multiple scales. Age-0 sturgeon were usually sampled in water >1.5 m, and catch rates were usually highest in the upper half [i.e. river kilometre (RKM) 400 to 800] of the lower Missouri River study area, whereas the availability of water <1.5 m was usually highest in the lower half (i.e. RKM 0 to 400). Similarly, there was no relationship between age-0 sturgeon mean catch-per-unit effort and ha/km of water <1.5 m at any studied scale. Our results may suggest that shallow water, as currently defined, may not be a suitable surrogate for assessing efforts to address pallid sturgeon population declines. However, it is still unknown if lack of appropriate habitat is currently limiting pallid sturgeon. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. River Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainbow trout (23.1 ± 0.4 g) were fed either a fishmeal- or plant-based diet supplemented with various levels of zinc (0, 15, 30, 60 or 120 mg kg−1) for 12 weeks. Trout fed the fishmeal diet had significantly higher weight gain than with the plant-based diet. Zinc supplementation in the fishmeal diet had no effect on growth performance, suggesting that additional dietary supplementation of zinc is not required. However, in trout fed the plant-based diet, growth increased significantly up to 30 mg kg−1 zinc after which growth was not affected. Trout fed the plant-based diet containing no zinc exhibited severe growth retardation, and in fish fed the 0 and 15 mg kg−1 zinc diets, cataracts were present. Use of broken-line quadratic modelling suggests that dietary supplementation of zinc needed to prevent deficiency and promote adequate growth in rainbow trout fed the plant-based diet in this study was 30.1 mg kg−1 (80 mg kg−1 total dietary zinc). This is higher than the NRC (2011, Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp) dietary recommended level of 15 mg kg−1 for rainbow trout. Following the NRC recommendation could lead to zinc deficiency in rainbow trout fed a plant-based diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrating juvenile wild Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, collected and loaded onto transport barges at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River, were sampled from barges at John Day Dam, 348 km downstream, at 5 day intervals beginning in late April and ending in late May. An increase in lipid peroxidation and decrease in vitamin E in liver were observed from early to late in the barge transportation season. These changes seemed unrelated to changes in plasma cortisol or corresponding glucose levels, which declined from early to late in the season, or the concentration of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) concentrations in tissue but may be related to water temperature, which increased during the transport season, or other changes associated with the parr–smolt transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the etiopathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may necessitate decomposition of the heterogeneous clinical phenotype into more homogeneous intermediate phenotypes. Reinforcement sensitivity is a promising candidate, but the exact nature of the ADHD-reward relation - including how, for whom, and to which ADHD dimensions atypicalities in reward processing are relevant - is equivocal., Methods: Aims were to examine, in a carefully phenotyped sample of adolescents (N = 305; M age  = 15.30 years, SD = 1.07; 39.7% girls), whether functional dopaminergic polymorphisms implicated in both reward processing and ADHD (1) are differentially associated with event-related potentials (ERPs) of reward anticipation at distinct levels of ADHD risk (n no risk  = 174, n at-risk  = 131, n diagnosed  = 83); and (2) moderate the indirect effect of dispositional affectivity on the association between ERPs and ADHD domains., Results: In adolescents at-risk for or with ADHD, carrying a hypodopaminergic allele was associated with enhanced ERPs of attention allocation to cue and attenuated ERPs of anticipatory attention to feedback. No associations were observed in adolescents not at-risk for or without ADHD. Controlling for age and sex, both the negative indirect effect of positive affectivity (PA) on the association between ERPs and inattention and the positive indirect effect of PA on the association between ERPs and hyperactivity/impulsivity were supported only for those with high activity dopamine transporter (DAT) alleles., Conclusions: Reward and affective processing are promising intermediate phenotypes relevant to disentangling ADHD developmental pathways. Consistent with developmental multifinality, through the successive effects of reward anticipation and positive affectivity, functional dopaminergic variants may confer protection against inattention or risk for hyperactivity/impulsivity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None of the Authors have any biomedical or financial competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We present a Brownian dynamics study of a 2D bath of active particles interacting among each other through usual steric interactions and, additionally, via non-reciprocal avoidant orientational interactions. We motivate them by the fact that the two flagella of the alga Chlamydomonas interact sterically with nearby surfaces such that a torque acts on the alga. As expected, in most cases such interactions disrupt the motility-induced particle clustering in active baths. Surprisingly, however, we find that the active particles can self-organize into collectively moving flocks if the range of non-reciprocal interactions is close to that of steric interactions. We observe that the flocking motion can manifest itself through a variety of structural forms, spanning from single dense bands to multiple moderately-dense stripes, which are highly dynamic. The flocking order parameter is found to be only weakly dependent on the underlying flock structure. Together with the variance of the local-density distribution, one can clearly group the flocking motion into the two separate band and dynamic-stripes states., (© 2022. The Author(s).)