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Ferroptosis is a form of regulatory cell death distinct from caspase-dependent apoptosis and visualization of its process based on fluorescence imaging technology is important for life entities.

A new therapeutic probe for detecting and inhibiting ONOO− in senescent cells.

Human serum albumin (HSA) is an essential protein for maintaining human health. Accurate detection and quantification of HSA are of great significance for disease diagnosis and biochemical research. Here, a new HSA fluorescent probe BNPE based on the 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore was designed and synthesized. The probe could recognize HSA through a twisted intramolecular charge transfer mechanism, effectively avoid the interference of most substances, and realize HSA fluorescence imaging in living cells.

Hydrazine is widely used in industrial and agricultural production, but excessive hydrazine possesses a serious threat to human health and environment. Here two new ratiometric fluorescence probes

Lung cancer is still a disease cause of human beings mortality. Lung cancer is divided into numerous kinds, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for up to 85% of cases. KRAS,ALK,HER2, and PD-1 are currently identified targets for NSCLC therapy. And the therapy of lung cancer, molecular-targeted medicines have recently demonstrated encouraging outcomes and NSCLC was treated with a variety of molecular targeted drugs. In NSCLC, EGFR mutations are also quite prevalent. The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to the HER receptor family. When epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF) and other ligands combine with EGFR, the downstream signaling pathway is activated, thereby regulating cell growth, proliferation, migration, anti-apoptosis. EGFR-TKI-targeted medicines are currently the most common treatment for NSCLC with an EGFR mutation. EGFR-TKI medicines of the first and second generations, such as erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatinib are used to treat EGFR NSCLC as first-line drugs. However, due to the emergence of medication resistance, a novel EGFR mutation -T790M has emerged. As a result, the EGFR-TKI medication has been upgraded to the third generation. The most representative of the three generations of medicines is osimertinib. It inhibits EGFR growth by targeting both EGFR and T790M mutant sites. Osimertinib also lessens some drug toxicity when compared to earlier first- and second-generation medicines. In this review paper, we will provide background information about EGFR NSCLC and the three generations of medications used to treat it.

Inflammation is associated with many diseases, so the development of an excellent near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) and photoacoustic (PA) dual-modality probe is crucial for the accurate diagnosis and efficacy evaluation of inflammation. However, most of the current NIRF/PA scaffolds are based on repurposing existing fluorescent dye platforms that exhibit non-optimal properties for both NIRF and PA signal outputs. Herein, we developed a novel dye scaffold

As an important cellular microenvironmental parameter, viscosity could reflect the status of living cells. Small molecular fluorescent probes are a vital tool to measure the change of viscosity in living cells. A novel fluorescence probe ZL-1 with a large Stokes shift (in methanol it reached to 153 nm and in glycerol it reached to 125 nm) and excellent sensitivity toward viscosity was developed. The sharp enhancement of the emission intensity for the probe ZL-1 from low viscous methanol to high viscous glycerol indicated that the probe ZL-1 could respond to the viscosity variations. Moreover, the probe ZL-1 has been successfully utilized to detect of the viscosity variations in living cells.

The opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) plays a fundamental role in cell apoptosis regulation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the molecular tools for detecting mPTP open in cellular native status have not been reported yet. Herein, we

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a highly invasive malignant tumor of the liver, which is the main cause of cancer-related death. The cancerization of hepatocytes may lead to the changes of cell microenvironment, active substances, and enzymes. Viscosity is one of the important parameters of cell microenvironment. Therefore, the study of the change in the viscosity of hepatocytes is very important for the detection and treatment of liver cancer. However, the hepatocyte-specific fluorescent probes which can detect viscosity have not been developed yet. Herein, the first hepatocyte-specific fluorescent probe (

We have designed a new fluorescent probe (HFOAc) for detecting N2H4 in solution, steam, and the biological system.

We have designed a novel mitochondrion-targeted fluorescent probe (CSS-1) for detecting viscosity in living cells and zebrafishes.

Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as phosgene and nerve agents pose serious threats to our lives and public security, but no tools can simultaneously screen multiple CWAs in seconds. Here, we rationally designed a robust sensing platform based on 8-cyclohexanyldiamino-BODIPY (BODIPY-DCH) to monitor diverse CWAs in different emission channels.

We present the first Golgi-targeted fluorescent probe Gol-NTR for NTR detection in living HeLa cells and tumor tissue slices of mice.

Neutrophil elastase (NE) plays a key role in chronic inflammation and acute responses to infection and injury. Effective diseases interventions thus call for precise identification of NE to aid clinical application of such diseases. However, the detection process suffers from this interference of structural changes of NE. Herein, we introduce a molecular probe with high biocompatibility to overcome the interference, which was achieved by combining theoretical calculation and experimental that permits highly specific and sensitive detection of NE in cells and in vivo. The upregulated NE accumulation was specifically measured in inflammation by ratiometric photoacoustic and near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and providing a new method for developing more specific fluorogenic probes for other enzymes.

Organelles are dynamic yet highly organized to preserve cellular homeostasis. However, the absence of time-resolved molecular tools for simultaneous dual-signal imaging of two organelles has prevented scientists from elucidating organelle interaction regulatory mechanisms on a nanosecond timescale. To date, the regulatory mechanisms governing the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and autophagosomes are unknown. In this study, we propose a strategy for developing dual-fluorescence lifetime probes localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and autophagosomes to investigate their interaction regulatory mechanisms. Using the robust probe

The mortality rate of pneumonia increases significantly with the prolongation of illness. In the pursuit of a tool to accurately diagnose pneumonia in its early stages, we designed and synthesized a two-photon near-infrared fluorescent probe (DCQN) to identify increased concentrations of the inflammation marker SO

Compared to normal cells, cancer cells require more energy supply during proliferation and metabolism. In living cells, in addition to mitochondria, lipid droplets are also an important organelle for providing energy. Studies have shown that the number and distribution of lipid droplets change significantly during the production of lesions in cells. At this stage, the predisposing factors for the development of cellular lesions are not clear, thus leading to limitations in the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as liver injury, fatty liver, and hepatitis. To meet the urgent challenge, we used a near-infrared emission fluorescent probe SSR-LDs based on the intramolecular charge transfer effect (ICT) to detect polarity changes within intracellular lipid droplets. The probe SSR-LDs has ultra-sensitive polarity sensitivity, excellent chemical stability and photo-stability. In addition, by comparing normal and cancer cells through cell imaging experiments, we found that the robust probe has the ability to sensitively monitor the changes in lipid droplet polarity in the living cells. More importantly, using the constructed fluorescent probe, we have achieved an

Apoptosis plays a crucial role in the occurrence of cancer and other diseases. Real-time monitoring of the cell apoptosis process has great significance for cell viability and drug screening. Herein, a novel fluorescent probe was constructed based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer mechanism, which track the sensitivity of polarity changes, as well as detect the drug-induced cell apoptosis process in a dual-color mode. Importantly, the change of cellular microenvironmental polarity makes it possible to dynamically visualize the process of drug-induced cell apoptosis. More significantly, the designed probe targeted the lysosomes in the living cells to give a blue emission, and it accumulated on the plasma membrane to display red fluorescence during the drug-induced cell apoptosis process. Thus, cell viability could be monitored by both the localization and emission colors of the robust probe. We expect that the unique probe can provide a new blueprint for evaluating and screening apoptosis-related drugs.

The visualization of cell membrane and mitochondrial behavior in living cells is of great life science value, but challenging due to the lack of ideal probes. In this work, two novel fluorescent probes based on different lengths of alkyl chains were reported for selective targeting of cell membranes or mitochondria of living cells. The probe CTM (1-Octadecyl-4-[9-ethyl-6-(diphenylamino)-9H-carbazol-3-yl] pyridinium) achieved cell membrane-specific staining in cells. Moreover, the probe CTM could monitor cell membrane damage through subcellular migration. Once the cell membrane was damaged, the probe CTM migrated into the mitochondria as a signal reporter. In addition, the probe MTM (1-Dodecly-4-[9-ethyl-6-(diphenylamino)-9H-carbazol-3-yl] pyridinium) with the shorter alkyl chain bearing the same skeleton structure penetrated the cell membrane and exhibited high affinity to mitochondria. This work will provide a useful tool to visualize the behavior of cell membranes and mitochondria in living cells.

Cooperation between organelles is essential to maintain the normal operation of the cell. A lipid droplet (LD), a dynamic organelle, is specialized in lipid storage and can interact physically with mitochondria in several cell types. However, an appropriate method for in situ studying the interaction relationships of mitochondria-LDs is still lacking. Herein, a charge-dependent strategy is proposed for the first time by considering adequately the charge difference between mitochondria and LDs. According to the novel strategy, we have developed a unique fluorescent probe Mito-LD based on the cyclization and ring-opening conversion. Mito-LD could simultaneously stain mitochondria and LDs and emit a red and green fluorescence, respectively. More importantly, with the probe Mito-LD, the in situ interaction relationships of mitochondria-LDs were investigated in detail from LD accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, lower environmental temperatures, and four aspects of apoptosis. The experimental results showed that mitochondria played an important role in LD accumulation, and the numbers and size of LDs would increase after mitochondrial dysfunction that may be due to excess liposomes. In addition, as an energy storage organelle, LDs played an important role in helping to coordinate mitochondrial energy supply in response to cold. In addition, the Mito-LD revealed that the polarity of mitochondria was higher than that of LDs. In a word, the probe Mito-LD could serve as a potential tool for further exploring mitochondria-LD interaction mechanisms, and importantly, the charge-dependent strategy is valuable for designing robust new probes in imaging multiple organelles.

Unraveling the changing rule of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) polarity is of significance for liver injury. However, the rule of the ER polarity changes during the occurrence and progression of liver injury remains a mystery. Toward that, a unique fluorescent probe

Sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) is one of the reactive sulfur species, which has significant physiological functions in cells. Some physiological processes are closely related to SO2 in organisms, and the high concentration of SO2 in living cells can cause many diseases. In order to investigate the unique function of sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) in subcellular level, developing a molecular tool which could detect of SO2 within organelles is imperative. Hence, we developed a cationic dye named HQ-SO2 as a new fluorescent probe to specifically monitor SO2 , which was easy to obtain through one-step reaction. It took Michael addition reaction as the mechanism of reaction for detection of SO2 . In addition, this probe showed a series of highly favorable properties such as rapid response rate, low cytotoxicity, high selectivity, low detection limit, and good photostability, which enabled the probe to track SO2 in living cells.

Effective and noninvasive cancer diagnosis is expected to ease the burden of continued increased deaths worldwide. Herein, we proposed viscosity of the tumor microenvironment as a biomarker and further develop a versatile optical agent, TBM-V, for monitoring tumor microenvironmental viscosity alterations to achieve cancer diagnosis, therapeutic effect tracking, and anticancer drug screening. When in highly viscous media, near-infrared signals of TBM-V are specifically activated, endowing the probe with the capacity of avoiding biological autofluorescence and achieving high signal-to-noise ratio imaging. The results of vascular imaging disclosed higher fluorescence of the blood vessels in the tumor than the normal ones, implying tumors being pointed out with brighter fluorescence. With the assistance of fluorescence imaging technology, TBM-V achieved noninvasively identifying cancer in vivo with high signal-to-noise ratio imaging. In addition, the capability of TBM-V to evaluate anticancer drug efficacy with viscosity as a robust biomarker was explored. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, screening of the anticancer drugs is also realized through in situ monitoring of the microenvironmental viscosity fluctuations of the tumor with TBM-V. Note that this proposed fluorescence imaging method outperforms the clinical hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining assay with the advantageous features of noninvasive and in vivo characteristics. We expected that this unique strategy will reinvigorate the continued perfection of the cancer diagnosis systems.

Autophagy is the process of lysosomal degradation and removal of abnormal or damaged organelles, which plays a pivotal role in a variety of physiological states and involves a variety of pathological processes. Moreover, acidic pH environments of lysosomes can induce and promote autophagy levels. Therefore, it is significant to distinguish between neutral and acidic lysosomes in the process of autophagy. Herein, a dual-channel signal fluorescent probe RD based on two fluorophores was developed for detecting lysosomal pH changes in living cells during the starvation-induced autophagy process. The dual fluorophores of the probe RD made the detection of lysosomal pH changes during autophagy more accurate and visual. More importantly, the probe RD realizes the visualization of distinguishing between natural lysosomes and acidic lysosomes during autophagy in living cells.

Mitochondria are important organelles in cells, which play an important role in metabolism and many other vital biological events. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) is a significant biological parameter participating in various procedures. However, fluorescent probes for monitoring MMP are rarely reported, which greatly limited the related studies. Herein, we present the rational design, synthesis, and living cell imaging studies of a fluorescent probe REP for monitoring MMP changes based on organic cationic fluorophores. In live cells with high MMP levels, REP can exclusively light up mitochondria with intense fluorescence. Upon the loss of MMP, the emission of intracellular REP evidently decreased. The reversible changes in MMP have been successfully monitored by REP, and the oxidative damages to live cells have been detected with the probe. The probe is expected to serve as a desired tool in studying MMP and related areas.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a significant signaling molecule, is associated with diverse physiological and pathological processes. However, it's still a challenge to explore outstanding tools for detecting endogenous H2S in vivo. Thus, a simple "off-on" H2S fluorescent probe CMHS has been reasonably designed, and it is based on coumarin as the fluorophore group. The probe CMHS displayed a crucial turn-on fluorescence enhancement (180-fold), rapid reaction time, high selectivity, and a low limit of detection (2.31 × 10-7 M). Additionally, probe CMHS could be applied to visualize exogenous and endogenous H2S successfully in HeLa cells with low cytotoxicity and good permeability.