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Abstract Coral reconstruction often serves as a major proxy of high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) variability beyond the instrumental era. However, coral reconstructions are sparse and are usually studied for interannual variability, with few studies on the monthly features. In this study, we reconstruct the monthly SST spatial field by applying the paleoclimate data assimilation method to the coral records of the latest CoralHydro2k data set for the instrument period of 1880–2000. A comparison with observed SST variability shows that our assimilated tropical SST variability performs reasonably well for the seasonal cycle and monthly ENSO characteristics, notably the phase-locking and onset timing, and more realistic spatial fields relative to the model simulations. This study suggests the feasibility of applying paleoclimate data assimilation to reconstruct the monthly SST in the historical period.

Abstract Future projections indicate that Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) faces a “wetter and more variable” climate. However, the reasons remain uncertain. The Last Interglacial (LIG) climate provides a potential analog for future warming. Investigating ISMR responses to these two warming scenarios could help understand the causes of ISMR changes. Using PMIP4 simulations, we find that ISMR became “wetter and more stable” during the LIG, contrasting the future climate. The opposing changes in ISMR variability are related to divergent changes in the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitudes, ENSO‐ISMR relationships, and ENSO‐induced large‐scale atmospheric circulation anomalies. During the LIG, orbital forcing weakened ENSO variability and its impacts on ISMR. A westward positioning of ENSO shifted the atmospheric circulation anomalies westward, suppressing extreme ISMR anomalies. These processes are supported by atmospheric model simulations. Our results suggest that different warming patterns (dynamic effects) are more critical than moisture‐increasing effects in controlling regional climate variability.

Abstract Background In China, about 18.70% of the population aged 60 years and older are at risk of low personal mastery as well as anxiety and depression for a variety of reasons. The purpose of this study was to construct a symptom network model of the relationship between anxiety, depression, and personal mastery in community-dwelling older adults and to identify central and bridge symptoms in this network. Methods Depression, anxiety, and personal mastery were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and Personal Mastery Scale (PMS), respectively. A total of 501 older adults in 16 communities in Changzhou and Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China, were surveyed by using a combination of stratified sampling and convenience sampling methods. The R language was used to construct the network. Results (1) The network structure of anxiety–depression–personal mastery was stable, with “Nervousness” (node GAD1, strength = 1.38), “Sad mood” (node PHQ2, strength = 1.22), " Inability to change” (node PMS2, strength = 1.01) and “Involuntarily” (node PMS3, strength = 0.95) as the central symptoms. (2) “Irritability” (node GAD6, bridge strength = 0.743), “Sad mood” (node PHQ2, bridge strength = 0.655), and “Trouble relaxing” (node GAD4, bridge strength = 0.550) were the bridge symptoms connecting anxiety, depressive symptoms, and personal mastery. (3) In the network comparison test (NCT), residence, somatic chronic comorbidity and gender had no significant effect on network structure. Conclusions The construction of the anxiety–depression–personal mastery network structure opens up new possibilities for mechanisms of action and intervention formulation for psychological disorders in community-dwelling older adults. The identification of central symptoms (e.g., nervousness, sad mood, inability to change, involuntarily) and bridge symptoms (e.g., irritability, sad mood, trouble relaxing) in community-dwelling older adults with anxiety, depression, and low sense of mastery can provide a scientific basis for the development of precise interventions.

The cause of intracranial calcification is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was to identify factors associated with intracranial calcification and to determine whether these factors differ in calcification of different sites. A total of 404 community-dwelling people aged 65 or older were included in the study. All subjects underwent brain computed tomography (CT), blood tests, and a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Intracranial calcifications were scored using CT. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to examine factors associated with intracranial calcification, with each calcification score used as a dependent variable. Independent variables included age, gender, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), dyslipidemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), smoking, serum iron, ferritin, and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH). Stepwise regression analysis detected male gender as a predictor of pineal gland calcification and intact PTH as a predictor of basal ganglia calcification. Age and lifestyle diseases were identified as predictors of calcification of the falx cerebri, internal carotid arteries, and vertebral arteries. These results indicate that the mechanisms of calcifications of the pineal gland and basal ganglia might differ from that of artery calcification, and that causes of intracranial calcification might be classified using factors that are and are not related to atherosclerosis.

Objective The number of primary hip arthroplasty (PHA) has increased sharply in recent years. Whether the epidemiological characteristics and trends of PHA have changed are unknown. This study aims to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trends of those patients are urgent for public health institutions. Methods The data of patients who underwent PHA in five tertiary hospitals from January 2011 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 21,898 patients were included, most of whom were aged 60–69 years (25.1% males and 31.5% females). According to the hospitalization date, the patients were divided into two groups (Group A and Group B). The patients admitted between January 2011 and December 2015 were designated as Group A (7862), and those admitted between January 2016 and December 2020 were designated as Group B (14036). The patient data of the two groups, including sex, age, disease causes, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, surgical procedures, hospital stay duration, and hospitalization costs, were analyzed by Pearson chi‐Square test, Student t test or Mann–Whitney U test. Results More women were included in Group B than in Group A (58.5% vs 52.5%, P

ObjectiveIn this study, we explore the core and bridge symptoms of demoralization in female cancer patients in China, and provide a basis for precise psychological intervention among female cancer patients.MethodsThis study used a cross-sectional survey. Participants were recruited from three third-class hospitals in Jiangsu Province from June 2022 to June 2023 using the convenience sampling method. The severity of each symptom of demoralization was investigated in female cancer patients using the Demoralization Scale (DS). Network analysis was performed using the R language to identify core and bridge symptoms in the network and further explore some characteristic edge connections in the network.ResultsThe network structure model of demoralization had strong accuracy and stability. In the network, the symptoms with the highest strength centrality were “Discouragement” (C3, strength=2.19), “No self-worth” (A3, strength=1.21), “Don’t want to live” (A5, strength=1.20), “Hopeless” (D4, strength=0.81), and “Vulnerability” (B3, strength=0.74), respectively. The bridge strength analysis identified “Hopeless” (D4, bridge strength=0.92), “Discouragement” (C3, bridge strength=0.85), “No self-worth” (A3, bridge strength=0.75), “Poor spirits” (E2, bridge strength=0.71), and “Vulnerability” (B3, bridge strength=0.69) as the bridge symptoms. The strongest edge connections of all dimensions were “No self-worth” and “Worthless” (A3—E6, edge weighting=0.27), “Poor spirits” and “Loss of emotional control” (E2—D1, edge weighting=0.22), “Discouragement” and “Vulnerability” (C3—B3, edge weighting=0.14), and “Hopeless” and “No meaning of survival” (D4—A4, edge weighting=0.12).Conclusion“Discouragement (C3)”, “No self-worth (A3)”, “Hopeless (D4)”, and “Vulnerability (B3)” are both core symptoms and bridge symptoms. These symptoms can not only trigger a patient’s demoralization but also stimulate more severe symptom clusters through interactions. The early recognition of and intervention regarding these symptoms could be important for the prevention and treatment of demoralization among female cancer patients.

The remote forcing from land surface changes in the Sahara is hypothesized to play a pivotal role in modulating the intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) through ocean-atmospheric teleconnections. This modulation has far-reaching consequences, particularly in facilitating societal shifts documented in northern China. Here, we present a well-dated lake-level record from the Daihai Lake Basin in northern China, providing quantitative assessments of Holocene monsoonal precipitation and the consequent migrations of the northern boundary of the EASM. Our reconstruction, informed by a water-and-energy balance model, indicates that annual precipitation reached ∼700 mm during 8–5 ka, followed by a rapid decline to ∼550 mm between 5 and 4 ka. This shift coherently aligns with a significant ∼300 km northwestward movement of the EASM northern boundary during the Middle Holocene (MH), in contrast to its current position. Our findings underscore that these changes cannot be entirely attributed to orbital forcing, as corroborated by simulation tests. Climate model simulations deployed in our study suggest that the presence of the Green Sahara during the MH significantly strengthened the EASM and led to a northward shift of the monsoon rainfall belt. Conversely, the Sahara’s reversion to a desert landscape in the late Holocene was accompanied by a corresponding southward retraction of monsoon influence. These dramatic hydroclimate changes during ∼5–4 ka likely triggered or at least contributed to a shift in Neolithic cultures and societal transformation in northern China. With decreasing agricultural productivity, communities transitioned from millet farming to a mixed rainfed agriculture and animal husbandry system. Thus, our findings elucidate not only the variability of the EASM but also the profound implications of a remote forcing, such as surface transformations of the Sahara, on climatic changes and cultural evolution in northern China.

Purpose: Controversy remains regarding the optimal treatment for stage III Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). This study presents, for the first time, the precise treatment of stage III ONFH using the “substitute the beam for a pillar” technique and performs a comparative finite element analysis with other hip-preserving procedures.Methods: A formalin-preserved femur of male cadavers was selected to obtain the CT scan data of femur. The proximal femur model was reconstructed and assembled using Mimics 20.0, Geomagic, and UG-NX 12.0 software with four different implant types: simple core decompression, fibula implantation, porous tantalum rod implantation, and partial replacement prosthesis. The finite element simulations were conducted to simulate the normal walking gait, and the stress distribution and displacement data of the femur and the implant model were obtained.Results: The peak von Mises stress of the femoral head and proximal femur in the partial replacement of the femoral head (PRFH) group were 22.8 MPa and 37.4 MPa, respectively, which were 3.1%–38.6% and 12.8%–37.4% lower than those of the other three surgical methods.Conclusion: The PRFH group exhibits better mechanical performance, reducing stress and displacement in the ONFH area, thus maintaining femoral head stability. Among the four hip-preserving approaches, from a biomechanical perspective, PRFH offers a new option for treating ONFH.

This study conducted numerical investigations on solitary wave attenuation by a vertical plate-type flexible breakwater constructed using hyperelastic neo-Hookean material. The wave attenuation performance and elastic behaviors of the flexible breakwater were discussed systematically by considering the effects of three prominent factors: mass coefficient, stiffness coefficient, and Poisson’s ratio. It is indicated that more compressible and flexible materials are beneficial for enhancing efficiency in mitigating solitary wave energy and protecting the structure from damage. In addition, the performance of the hyperelastic neo-Hookean material model was compared with that of a linear elastic isotropic material model coupled with linear and nonlinear geometry analysis (LGEOM and NLGEOM) by evaluating several key targets: wave reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, horizontal tip displacement, and wave load. Our findings revealed that the hyperelastic neo-Hookean material model showed almost the same predictions as the linear elastic isotropic material model with NLGEOM, but significantly diverged from that with LGEOM. The linear elastic isotropic material model with LGEOM cannot capture the nonlinear variations in structural geometry and stress–strain relationship, resulting in the underestimation and overestimation of horizontal tip displacement under moderate and extreme wave loads, respectively. Moreover, it underestimates the damage inflicted by solitary waves due to inaccurately predicted wave reflection and transmission.

Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been shown to be carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and endocrine disruptive, so it is important to understand the levels of OPFRs in human body as well as the modes of external exposure. In this study, we investigated the levels of 13 OPFRs and 7 phosphodiester metabolites in paired human blood and urine, as well as the influencing factors (region, age and gender), and studied the relationship between OPFRs and oxidative stress by urinary metabolites. We found that the concentrations of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) in the blood of urban populations were higher than those of rural populations, and that younger populations suffered higher TPhP and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) exposures than older populations. In addition, we found that tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tributyl phosphate (TnBP), TPhP and EHDPP exposure induced oxidative stress. The results of the internal load principal component analysis indicated that dust ingestion, skin exposure, respiration and dietary intake may be the most important sources of TCEP, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and TEHP, respectively, and dust ingestion and skin exposure may be the main sources of TPhP for humans.

Many research studies focus on intestinal microbiota-related depression induced by the usage of antibiotics, but the use of antibiotics is fairly different. To construct an effective antibiotic-induced depression mice model and explore the effect of intestinal microbiota in antibiotic-induced depression, we used several kinds of antibiotic mixtures to induce mice depression and used depression-related behavioral tests and neurobiological factors to evaluate the construction of the antibiotic-induced depression mice model. SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the above data, and the optimal model was selected according to the stability of the results and the simplicity of the modeling methods. Metagenomic analysis and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of intestinal microbiota from antibiotic-induced depression mice were performed to analyze the effect of intestinal microbiota. The results showed that antibiotic mixture A (1.25 μg/mL natamycin, 5 mg/mL neomycin sulfate, and 5 mg/mL bacitracin), antibiotic mixture B (24 mg/mL bacitracin, 24 mg/mL neomycin sulfate, 9.6 mg/mL ampicillin, 4.8 mg/mL meropenem, and 1.47 mg/mL vancomycin), and antibiotic solution D (only containing 5 mg/mL neomycin sulfate) could induce depression-like behavior in mice. By using these antibiotics, the concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mice hippocampus and prefrontal cortex tissues were significantly decreased. All the above results were consistent with those of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression mice. The FMT results showed that fecal microbiota from antibiotic-induced depressed mice transplanted into normal mice (8 weeks-old male C57BL/6J SPF mice) also could induce depression-like behavior and cause similar changes in neurobiological factors. Metagenomic analysis showed that the community structure of microbiota in the intestinal tract of antibiotic-induced depression mice was significantly different from that in control mice, the intestinal microbiota species diversity in antibiotic-induced depression mice was lower, the lipoic acid metabolism pathway was significantly activated, and the abundance of functional gene lipA was explicitly increased. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) further verified the abundance of enriched bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of antibiotic-induced depression mice. In summary, the specific antibiotic mixtures can induce depression by causing changes in intestinal microbiota in mice. Antibiotic-induced depressed mice show differences in intestinal microbiota abundance, high enrichment of the unique metabolic pathway, and the functional gene.

Abstract Objective To explore changes in the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients who underwent knee arthroplasty (KA) over a 10-year period in China. Methods Medical records of patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA), who underwent primary unilateral KA in 5 level I center hospitals in China between January 2011 and December 2020, were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. To more clearly define changes over the years, patients were divided into two groups according to time of admission at 5-year intervals. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Kellgren–Lawrence (K–L) classification, comorbid diseases, surgical procedures, hospital stay, and hospitalization costs were compared between the two groups. Results A total of 23,610 patients with KOA (5400 male and 18,210 females; mean age: 65.7 ± 7.6 years) who underwent primary unilateral KA were included. The number of KAs increased in recent years (group A, n = 7606 vs. group B, n = 16,004). Significant differences were noted in age, sex, BMI, K–L classification, comorbidities, surgical procedures, hospital stay, and hospitalization costs between the two periods (P

This paper proposes a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to predict the power degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and in order to promote the performance of the LSTM network, the ant colony algorithm (ACO) is introduced to optimize the hyperparameters of the LSTM network. First, the degradation mechanism of PEMFCs is analyzed. Second, the ACO algorithm is used to set the learning rate and dropout probability of the LSTM network combined with partial aging data, which can show the characteristics of the dataset. After that, the aging prediction model is built by using the LSTM and ACO (ACO-LSTM) method. Moreover, the convergence of the method is verified with previous studies. Finally, the fuel cell aging data provided by the Xiangyang Da’an Automotive Testing Center are used for verification. The results show that, compared with the traditional LSTM network, ACO-LSTM can predict the aging process of PEMFCs more accurately, and its prediction accuracy is improved by about 35%, especially when the training data are less. At the same time, the performance of the model trained by ACO-LSTM is also excellent under other operating conditions of the same fuel cell, and it has strong versatility.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have considerable potential in promoting energy efficiency and carbon neutrality. State of health (SOH) estimations for battery systems can be effective for avoiding accidents involving EVs. However, existing methods have rarely been developed using real driving data. The complex working environments of EVs and their limited data acquisition capability increase the challenges for estimating SOH. In this study, a novel battery SOH definition for EVs was established by analyzing and extracting six potential SOH indicators from driving data. The definition proposed using the entropy weight method (EWM) described the degradation trend for different EV batteries. Combined with a denoising autoencoder, a novel long short-term memory neural network model was established for SOH prediction. It can learn robust features using noisy input data without being affected by different environments or driver behaviors. The network achieved a maximum mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.8827% and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.9802%. The results have shown that the proposed method has a higher level of accuracy and is more robust than existing methods in the field.

Introduction: Knowledge of precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau, often referred to as the “Asian water tower”, is crucial for water resource management, infrastructure planning, and disaster mitigation. However, the decadal variability of Tibetan Plateau precipitation in response to the 11-year solar cycle remains unknown.Methods: Here, we used observational data obtained between 1901 and 2013, together with proxy-based reconstructions of the past five centuries, and discovered a notable summer wet condition over the central‒southern Tibetan Plateau, accompanied by a dry condition over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, during peaks in the 11-year solar cycle. Using an ensemble mean of four solar-only sensitivity experiments from the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM‒LME), we further demonstrated that the 11-year solar cycle can induce this anomalous pattern of a wet central‒southern and dry southeastern Tibetan Plateau.Results and discussion: The modeling results indicated that, under a solar maximum, a substantial surface warming occurs over the Asian continent, especially the Tibetan Plateau region; this causes an anomalous Tibetan Plateau–Indian Ocean thermal contrast, which enhances the Indian summer monsoon. The additional Tibetan Plateau heating also enhances and causes a northward shift of the South Asian High, which further intensifies the Indian summer monsoon. The enhanced Indian summer monsoon transports water vapor to the northern Indian continent, which rises upon reaching the central‒southern Tibetan Plateau, substantially increasing precipitation. Meanwhile, a negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation-like sea surface temperature pattern occurs under a solar maximum, leading to a large-scale anticyclonic anomaly over the Yangtze River basin, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, and southern Japan, substantially decreasing precipitation in these regions.

ObjectivesThis study aims to quantitatively evaluate the femoral–tibial contact pressure on the knee under certain malrotaional degrees.MethodsFemoral–tibial contact pressure was carried out on 14 fixed rotational knee models under 200/400/600 N vertical load using ultra-low-pressure sensitive film technology, rotation angles including neutral position (0°, anatomically reduced), 5°, 10°, and 15° internally and externally. Data were collected and analyzed with SPSS software.ResultsThere are significant statistical differences between the medial contact pressure among rotational deformities (including neutral position) (P 0.05). In the comparison of medial to lateral contact pressures, no statistically significant differences were found in neutral and 5° internal rotation under 200/400 N, neutral, 5° internal rotation, and 15° external rotation under 600 N. In contrast, medial contact pressures were higher than lateral at other angles (P

Power distribution and battery thermal management are important technologies for improving the energy efficiency of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In response to the global optimization of integrated energy thermal management strategy (IETMS) for PHEVs, a dynamic programming algorithm based on adaptive grid optimization (AGO–DP) is proposed in this paper to improve optimization performance by reducing the optimization range of SOC and battery temperature, and adaptively adjusting the grid distribution of state variables according to the actual feasible region. The simulation results indicate that through AGO–DP optimization, the reduction ratio of the state feasible region is more than 30% under different driving conditions. Meanwhile, the algorithm can obtain better global optimal driving costs more rapidly and accurately than traditional dynamic programming algorithms (DP). The computation time is reduced by 33.29–84.67%, and the accuracy of the global optimal solution is improved by 0.94–16.85% compared to DP. The optimal control of the engine and air conditioning system is also more efficient and reasonable. Furthermore, AGO–DP is applied to explore IETMS energy-saving potential for PHEVs. It is found that the IETMS energy-saving potential range is 3.68–23.74% under various driving conditions, which increases the energy-saving potential by 0.55–3.26% compared to just doing the energy management.

Under the background of global warming, the frequency and intensity of extreme climate have increased, especially extreme high temperatures. In order to correctly predict the changes in the extreme high temperatures in summer in China in this century, it is urgent to deepen the understanding of the characteristics and physical mechanisms of the extreme high temperatures in summer on the centennial timescale. Many researchers have explored the mechanism of the influences of the variability of the solar cycle on climate change, while the mechanism of the influences of the centennial variation of solar activity on climate change remains elusive. Here, we use the outputs from the Control (CTRL) experiment, Total solar irradiance and Orbital (TSI_ORB) experiment, and Orbital (ORB) experiment from Nanjing Normal University-Holocene (NNU-Hol) experiments to study the extreme high temperatures in summer in China during the Holocene. On the basis of verifying the consistency of the centennial period between the TSI (TSI_ORB minus ORB plus CTRL) experiment and the reconstructed data, we compared the centennial variation characteristics of the summer extreme high temperature in the CTRL experiment and the TSI experiment. It shows that under the modulation of total solar irradiance, the centennial spatial pattern of the summer extreme high temperatures changed from dipole mode to uniform mode, with 300-year and 500-year periodicity, compared to the influence of only internal variability. On the centennial time scale, the greatest difference is located in northeast China. The subsidence movement and the reduction of cloud cover caused by the anticyclone under the control of high-pressure lead to the increase of downward solar radiation, thus making a positive center is showed in northeast China on the impacts of total solar irradiance. Furthermore, the center of the Rossby wave train in the barotropic structure of the upper circulation related to the summer extreme high temperature significantly moves northward. This barotropic structure is composed of continuous pressure ridges from Eurasia to North America and the North Atlantic, which is conducive to the increase of the summer extreme high temperatures. Furthermore, we investigated the underlying physical mechanisms. Under the influence of total solar irradiance, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) with the same centennial cycle as extreme high temperatures lead to obvious subsidence movement and increase of radiation flux, causing an increase in extreme high temperatures over northeast China.

This study reviews recent literature on interoception directing decision-making in Alzheimer's disease (AD). According to the somatic marker hypothesis, signals from the internal body direct decision-making and involve the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). After reviewing relevant studies, we summarize the brain areas related to interoception and decision-making (e.g., vmPFC, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, and insular cortex) and their roles in and relationships with AD pathology. Moreover, we outline the relationship among interoception, the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and AD pathology. We discuss that impaired interoception leads to decreased decision-making ability in people with AD from the perspective of brain neural underpinning. Additionally, we emphasize that anosognosia or reduced self-awareness and metacognition in AD are remarkably congruent with the malfunction of the autonomic nervous system regulating the interoceptive network. Furthermore, we propose that impaired interoception may contribute to a loss in the decision-making ability of patients with AD. However, there still exist empirical challenges in confirming this proposal. First, there has been no standardization for measuring or improving interoception to enhance decision-making ability in patients with AD. Future studies are required to better understand how AD pathology induces impairments in interoception and decision-making.

Durability is the key issue for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell application and its commercialization. Current research usually uses the accelerated stress test to decrease the experiment time, whereas the performance evolution—especially the internal state evolution—under real use may be different from that under the accelerated stress test. In addition, studies rarely report this kind of durability in real decay scenarios. This paper investigates the seldom-reported impact of dry–wet cycles on durability in terms of open circuit voltage (OCV), inner resistance, and hydrogen crossover current at the condition of 20,000 cycles or the equivalent 400 h, while simultaneously running the test for the same time interval in the control experiment. The mechanical and chemical test is independent. Frequent dry–wet cycles make the OCV decay over 14% compared to 6.9% under the normal decay. Meanwhile, the dry–wet cycle helps to alleviate deterioration in terms of the inner resistance decline (61% vs. 37%) and in terms of the hydrogen crossover current increase (−64% vs. 15%). The inner state evolution is irregular and against common sense. The relationship between the crack, platinum transfer, and the moisture which heals the crack is the potential reason for the above-mentioned phenomena. These findings are beneficial to navigating fuel cell storage.

The development of connected and automated vehicles (CAV) technology not only helps to reduce traffic accidents and improve traffic efficiency, but also has significant potential for energy saving and emission reduction. Using the dynamic traffic flow information around the vehicle to optimize the vehicle trajectory is conducive to improving the energy efficiency of the vehicle. Therefore, an energy-efficient driving method for CAVs based on reinforcement learning is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a set of vehicle trajectory prediction models based on long and short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks are developed, which integrate driving intention prediction and lane change time prediction to improve the prediction accuracy of surrounding vehicle trajectories. Secondly, an energy-efficient driving model is built based on Proximity Policy Optimization (PPO) reinforcement learning. The model takes the current states and predicted trajectories of surrounding vehicles as input information, and outputs energy-saving control variables while taking into account various constraints, such as safety, comfort, and travel efficiency. Finally, the method is tested by simulation on the NGSIM dataset, and the results show that the proposed method can save energy consumption by 9–22%.

The proportion of people with dementia has been increasing yearly, and the decision-making capacity of these people has become a major concern in fields such as the financial industry and in medical settings. In this narrative review, we discuss decision-making in people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and we propose the support for decision-making in people with AD, especially financial and medical decision-making. We summarize several hypotheses and theories on the decision-making capacity of people with AD. These include the frontal lobe hypothesis, physiological theory, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and the Person-Task-Fit (PTF) framework. Both internal and external factors can affect decision-making by people with AD. Internal factors are affected by changes in the brain and neurotransmitters, as well as alterations in cognitive ability and emotion. External factors include task characters, task contents, and situation influence. Since feedback has a significant effect on decision-making capacity, a series of suggestions may be helpful to improve this capacity, such as explicit advice, simple options, pleasant rewards, the Talking Mats approach, memory and organizational aid, support by caregivers, cognitive training and feedback. Thus, in providing decision-making support for people with AD, it is important to identify the internal and external factors that impair this process and to deal with these factors.

As one of the most appealing options for large-scale energy storage systems, the commercialization of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) has received considerable attention due to their cost effectiveness and inherent safety. A potential cathode material for the commercialization of AZIBs is the manganese-based cathode, but it suffers from poor cycle stability, owing to the Jahn–Teller effect, which leads to the dissolution of Mn in the electrolyte, as well as low electron/ion conductivity. In order to solve these problems, various strategies have been adopted to improve the stability of manganese-based cathode materials. Among those, the doping strategy has become popular, where the dopant is inserted into the intrinsic crystal structures of electrode materials, which would stabilize them and tune the electronic state of the redox center to realize high ion/electron transport. Herein, we summarize the ion doping strategy from the following aspects: (1) synthesis strategy of doped manganese-based oxides; (2) valence-dependent dopant ions in manganese-based oxides; (3) optimization mechanism of ion doping in zinc-manganese battery. Lastly, an in-depth understanding and future perspectives of ion doping strategy in electrode materials are provided for the commercialization of manganese-based zinc-ion batteries.

With the popularity of electric vehicles (EV), the charging technology has become one of the bottleneck problems that limit the large-scale deployment of EVs. In this paper, a charging method using multi-stage constant current based on SOC (MCCS) is proposed, and then the charging time, charging capacity and temperature increase of the battery are optimized by multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm. The influence of the number of charging stages, the cut-off voltage, the combination of different target weight factors and the ambient temperature on the charging strategy is further compared and discussed. Finally, according to the ambient temperature and users’ requirements of charging time, a charging strategy suitable for the specific situation is obtained by adjusting the weight factors, and the results are analyzed and justified on the basis of the experiments. The results show that the proposed strategy can intelligently make more reasonable adjustments according to the ambient temperature on the basis of meeting the charging demands of users.

In this study, the role of AD 1258 Samalas mega volcanic eruption in the summer hydroclimate change over Europe and the corresponding mechanisms are investigated through multi-member ensemble climate simulation experiments based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM). The results show that the CESM simulations are consistent with the reconstructed Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the historical records of European climate. Europe experiences significant summer cooling in the first three years after the Samalas mega volcanic eruption, peaking at −3.61 °C, −4.02 °C, and −3.21 °C in year 1 over the whole Europe, Southern Europe, and Northern Europe, respectively. The summer surface air temperature (SAT, °C) changes over the European continent are mainly due to the direct weakening of shortwave solar radiation induced by volcanic aerosol. The summer precipitation over the European continent shows an obvious dipole distribution characteristic of north-south reverse phase. The precipitation increases up to 0.42 mm/d in year 1 over Southern Europe, while it decreases by −0.28 mm/d in year 1 over Northern Europe, respectively. Both simulations and reconstructions show that the centers with the strongest increase in precipitation have always been located in the Balkans and Apennine peninsulas along the Mediterranean coast over Southern Europe, and the centers with the strongest precipitation reduction are mainly located in the British Isles and Scandinavia over northwestern Europe. The negative response of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) with significant positive sea level pressure (SLP) anomaly in the north and negative SLP anomaly in the south is excited in summer. The low tropospheric wind anomaly caused by the negative phase of NAO in summer affects the water vapor transport to Europe, resulting in the distribution pattern of summer precipitation in Europe, which is drying in the north and wetting in the south. The knowledge gained from this study is crucial to better understand and predict the potential impacts of single mega volcanic eruption on the future summer hydroclimate change in Europe.

A low temperature environment will lead to the decrease of chemistry reaction rate and increase of the internal resistance of the lithium battery. In addition, the excessive charging current will cause the lithium to separate out and even the permanent attenuation of battery capacity. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a low-temperature charging heating combined control strategy, which takes the temperature acceptable charging current of the battery at low temperature as the charging current constraint and the maximum output power of the system as the power constraint. Firstly, a scheme of combined charging and heating control system is put forward. Secondly, the low temperature charging control strategy based on adaptive fuzzy control is established and then the model is simulated and analyzed in MATLAB software. At last, a Chroma 72,001 charge and discharge tester is used to conduct a low temperature test on 18,650 lithium iron phosphate battery monomers. The results show that the low-temperature charging control strategy proposed in this paper has a more stable temperature control effect on the battery, the constant current charging time of the battery is reduced by 14% compared with the traditional threshold control method, and the overall charging energy consumption is reduced by 5.6%.

In this study, the influences on persistent droughts over Eastern China from tropical volcanic eruptions with three categories of magnitudes, i.e., 25 Tg, 50 Tg, and 100 Tg, were investigated through three groups of volcanic sensitivity experiments based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM). The results showed that, the 25 Tg tropical volcanic eruptions are too weak to significantly influence the regional precipitation changes over Eastern China, while the 50 Tg tropical volcanic eruptions can strongly intensify droughts and prolong the drought conditions for about five years. Both the extension and intensification of the drought conditions induced by 100 Tg tropical volcanic eruption are the largest among the three sensitivity experiments. These drought conditions are mainly caused by the weakened East Asia Summer Monsoon (EASM), and their extension and intensification depend on the strength of the volcanic eruptions. The intensities of weakened EASMs after volcanic eruptions are associated with the distinct ocean−land thermal contrast after eruptions. The ocean−land thermal contrast is the largest after the 100 Tg tropical volcanic eruptions, while it is much weaker after the 25 Tg volcanic eruptions. The durations of drought extensions are determined by the recovery rates of the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), which are associated with the magnitudes of the volcanic eruptions.

Laser microdissection followed by mass spectrometry has been successfully used for amyloid typing. However, sample contamination can interfere with proteomic analysis, and overnight digestion limits the analytical throughput. Moreover, current quantitative analysis methods are based on the spectrum count, which ignores differences in protein length and may lead to misdiagnoses. Here, we developed a microwave-assisted filter-aided sample preparation (maFASP) method that can efficiently remove contaminants with a 10-kDa cutoff ultrafiltration unit and can accelerate the digestion process with the assistance of a microwave. Additionally, two parameters (P- and D-scores) based on the exponentially modified protein abundance index were developed to define the existence of amyloid deposits and those causative proteins with the greatest abundance. Using our protocol, twenty cases of systemic amyloidosis that were well-typed according to clinical diagnostic standards (training group) and another twenty-four cases without subtype diagnoses (validation group) were analyzed. Using this approach, sample preparation could be completed within four hours. We successfully subtyped 100% of the cases in the training group, and the diagnostic success rate in the validation group was 91.7%. This maFASP-aided proteomic protocol represents an efficient approach for amyloid diagnosis and subtyping, particularly for serum-contaminated samples.

Pyrolusite leaching slag is a Fe-containing slag generated from pyrolusite leaching process with SO2. Recovery of iron from the slag not only has economic benefit, but also prevents the secondary pollution to the environment. A novel lab-scale cyclic process for recovering iron from pyrolusite leaching slag was introduced. The process contains two steps: (1) iron was leached with oxalic acid and [Fe(C2O4)n](3−2n)+ solution was generated; (2) the [Fe(C2O4)n](3−2n)+ solution was irradiated by ultraviolet and ferrous oxalate precipitation were obtained. The effect of operation parameter on leaching and irradiation process were studied separately. In the leaching process, the optimal solid/liquid ratio, oxalic acid concentration, leaching temperature, stirring rate, and leaching time are 1:50, 0.40 mol/L, 95 °C, 300 r/min, and 3 h, respectively. In the irradiation process, the best irradiation wavelength, Fe/oxalic acid molar ratio and irradiation time are 254 nm, 1:4, and 30 min. Besides, a test of 9 continuous cycles was carried out and the performance and material balance of the combined process were investigated. The results showed that the cyclic process is entirely feasible and prove to be stable producing, and ferrous oxalate of 99.32% purity. Material balance indicated that 95.17% of iron was recovered in the form of FeC2O4·2H2O, and the recovery efficiency of oxalic acid was 58.52%.

Charging performance affects the commercial application of electric vehicles (EVs) significantly. This paper presents an optimal charging strategy for Li-ion batteries based on the voltage-based multistage constant current (VMCC) charging strategy. In order to satisfy the different charging demands of the EV users for charging time, charged capacity and energy loss, the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is employed and the influences of charging stage number, charging cut-off voltage and weight factors of different charging goals are analyzed. Comparison experiments of the proposed charging strategy and the traditional normal and fast charging strategies are carried out. The experimental results demonstrate that the traditional normal and fast charging strategies can only satisfy a small range of EV users’ charging demand well while the proposed charging strategy can satisfy the whole range of the charging demand well. The relative increase in charging performance of the proposed charging strategy can reach more than 80% when compared to the normal and fast charging dependently.

To meet the requirements of integrated testing and performance calibration for the early development of electric vehicle thermal management, this paper conducted research on the configuration scheme design of the electric vehicle thermal management integrated testing platform and simulation and optimization of the air supply system flow field. Firstly, a requirement analysis of the testing environment and the overall design of the testing platform was performed. Secondly, simulation techniques were applied to optimize the uniformity of the intake air-flow field in the test section, which was then validated through real testing. Finally, a comparative study of the tested system was conducted through CFD simulations in two different environments, the testing platform and the actual vehicle underhood. The results indicate that the intake air-flow field uniformity in the test section falls within ±3%. The intake flow rate errors for the radiator and condenser, compared to those in the actual vehicle, were found to be 0.039% and 2.116%, respectively. These findings confirm that the testing platform offers good consistency with the flow field in real vehicle testing scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]