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Blade coating offers a low-cost production method for fabricating perovskite thick-film x-ray detectors. However, due to the preferential nucleation at the gas–liquid interface of a perovskite solution, high-quality perovskite thick films are in such a dilemma, sacrificing either the density of the thick film by forming a porous structure or the thickness of the film through depositing a compact structure. The porous structure will lead to carrier recombination and ion migration while low thickness will cause insufficient x-ray absorption, which will increase the dark current or reduce the sensitivity of the corresponding x-ray detector. In the present work, a scalable ferroelectric dipole–methylamine lead iodide (MAPbI3) coupled x-ray detector is proposed, where the x-ray photoconductor in situ formed on indium tin oxide shows a dense fibrous mesoscopic structure oriented along the charge-carriers transport direction. It is demonstrated that ferroelectric dipoles promise not only strong coupling effects with MAPbI3, driving better crystallinity and denser assemblies, but also excellent passivation to MAPbI3 interfaces, decreasing trap-state densities, leading to improved direct x-ray detection performance. In addition, the enhanced operational stability of the corresponding device suggests a strategy of introducing the localized polarization field for stable perovskite direct x-ray detectors.

This review summarizes the progress in open tubular ion chromatography (OTIC) over the period from 1981 to 2020. Although OTIC columns provide superior column efficiency, require very little sample volumes, and consume a minimum level of eluents compared to regular packed columns, not many reports can be found from the literature mainly due to the difficulties in the preparation of OTIC columns and the harsh system requirements, such as pL-nL injections and extremely small detection volumes. However, technical advances, e.g., capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detectors (C4Ds), hydroxide eluent compatible polymer-based OTIC columns, electrodialytic capillary suppressors, and nanovolume gas-free hydroxide eluent generators (EGs), have removed the obstacles to OTIC. As such, in this review, the author focused on the development of the key components in an OTIC system from the perspective of instrument development. A brief revisit of open tubular (OT) column theory is first presented, followed by a discussion of the system configuration and component development. Attention is given to the advances in the development of the suppressed open tubular ion chromatography (SOTIC) system.

Autophagy is ubiquitously present in eukaryotes. During this process, intracellular proteins and some waste organelles are transported into lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation, which can be reused by the cell to guarantee normal cellular metabolism. However, the function of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in oomycetes is rarely known. In this study, we identified an autophagy-related gene, PlATG6a, encoding a 514-amino-acid protein in Peronophythora litchii, which is the most destructive pathogen of litchi. The transcriptional level of PlATG6a was relatively higher in mycelium, sporangia, zoospores and cysts. We generated PlATG6a knockout mutants using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The P. litchii Δplatg6a mutants were significantly impaired in autophagy and vegetative growth. We further found that the Δplatg6a mutants displayed decreased branches of sporangiophore, leading to impaired sporangium production. PlATG6a is also involved in resistance to oxidative and salt stresses, but not in sexual reproduction. The transcription of peroxidase-encoding genes was down-regulated in Δplatg6a mutants, which is likely responsible for hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Compared with the wild-type strain, the Δplatg6a mutants showed reduced virulence when inoculated on the litchi leaves using mycelia plugs. Overall, these results suggest a critical role for PlATG6a in autophagy, vegetative growth, sporangium production, sporangiophore development, zoospore release, pathogenesis and tolerance to salt and oxidative stresses in P. litchii.

Autophagy is ubiquitously present in eukaryotes. During this process, intracellular proteins and some waste organelles are transported into lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation, which can be reused by the cell to guarantee normal cellular metabolism. However, the function of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in oomycetes is rarely known. In this study, we identified an autophagy-related gene

The progress of open tubular suppressed ion chromatography is reviewed from a broad perspective. Then a suppressed open tubular ion chromatography system, composed mostly of commercial components, is described: A splitless gradient-capable nanopump providing eluent delivery in the 10–1000 nL/min regime, a 7-nL injector integral to the pump, an anion exchange column based on a 25 µm i.d. poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) capillary, and an on-column admittance detector. The membrane suppressor was custom fabricated. Good gradient separation of seven common anions in 9 min is demonstrated using a manually prepared hydroxide eluent.

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the area of open tubular ion chromatography (OTIC). In particular, gradient OTIC has been realized through the development of hydroxide eluent-compatible OTIC columns. This review covers the preparation and characterization of different OTIC columns, ranging from the historic silica-based columns to the newly emerging polymer-based open tubular (OT) columns. The preparation of various OTIC stationary phases, from grafted to latex agglomerated and monolayer to multilayer phases, has been briefly introduced. The characterization of electrostatic latex agglomerated OTIC columns has been extensively discussed, e. g. fluorescent ion displacement chromatography, frontal displacement chromatography, and frontal reaction chromatography have been used to measure the capacities of OT columns, and the results are compared with the theoretical calculation values. The variable

As an evolutionarily conserved pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades function as the key signal transducers that convey information by protein phosphorylation. Here we identified PlMAPK2 as one of 14 predicted MAPKs encoding genes in the plant pathogenic oomycete Peronophythora litchii. PlMAPK2 is conserved in P.litchii and Phytophthora species. We found that PlMAPK2 was up-regulated in sporangium, zoospore, cyst, cyst germination and early stage of infection. We generated PlMAPK2 knockout mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 method. Compared with wild-type strain, the PlMAPK2 mutants showed no significant difference in vegetative growth, oospore production and sensitivity to various abiotic stresses. However, the sporangium release was severely impaired. We further found that the cleavage of the cytoplasm into uninucleate zoospores was disrupted in the PlMAPK2 mutants, and this developmental phenotype was accompanied by reduction in the transcription levels of PlMAD1 and PlMYB1 genes. Meanwhile, the PlMAPK2 mutants exhibited lower laccase activity and reduced virulence to lychee leaves. Overall, this study identified a MAPK that is critical for zoosporogenesis by regulating the sporangial cleavage and pathogenicity of P.litchii, likely by regulating laccase activity.

As an evolutionarily conserved pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades function as the key signal transducers that convey information by protein phosphorylation. Here we identified PlMAPK2 as one of 14 predicted MAPKs encoding genes in the plant pathogenic oomycete Peronophythora litchii. PlMAPK2 is conserved in P. litchii and Phytophthora species. We found that PlMAPK2 was up-regulated in sporangium, zoospore, cyst, cyst germination and early stage of infection. We generated PlMAPK2 knockout mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 method. Compared with wild-type strain, the PlMAPK2 mutants showed no significant difference in vegetative growth, oospore production and sensitivity to various abiotic stresses. However, the sporangium release was severely impaired. We further found that the cleavage of the cytoplasm into uninucleate zoospores was disrupted in the PlMAPK2 mutants, and this developmental phenotype was accompanied by reduction in the transcription levels of PlMAD1 and PlMYB1 genes. Meanwhile, the PlMAPK2 mutants exhibited lower laccase activity and reduced virulence to lychee leaves. Overall, this study identified a MAPK that is critical for zoosporogenesis by regulating the sporangial cleavage and pathogenicity of P. litchii, likely by regulating laccase activity.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and halogen flame retardants (HFRs) are major pollutants in e-waste recycling area. High internal exposure levels of PCBs and HFRs are harmful to human thyroid hormone (TH) equilibrium. To examine their disrupting effects on TH, we conducted a study on children (n = 114) of an e-waste recycling and a control area in South China. Concentrations of PCBs, HFRs, and TH levels were determined in serum samples. TH related proteins and their corresponding gene were also monitored as markers of such disruption. Levels of these chemicals in the exposed group were much greater than those in the control group. Results of the linear regression and generalized additive model indicated the presence of close relationships between the internal exposure levels and the responses of TH related proteins, gene expression. More extensive exposure concentrations of these chemicals led to higher expression of iodothyronine deiodinase I and decreased the concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone, expression of TH receptor α, indicating the exertion of discrepant and even contrary influences on equilibrium of TH, and a compensation of these mechanisms may kept the homeostasis of TH. These results for children warrant further investigation on the health risks of PCBs and HFRs exposure in e-waste area.

A gas-free KOH eluent generator (EG) with 210 nL of internal volume is described. It utilizes a two-membrane configuration where there is a single CEM layer on one side and a single BPM layer on the other side for use in open tubular ion chromatography systems with typical back pressures50 psi. At a flow rate of ∼190 nL/min, the 10-90% gradient rise time is 3.5 min. The device shows good linearity between applied current and concentration of KOH generated, which is stable over extended periods. The overall system reproducibility (that includes contributions from any changes in flow rate), as judged by the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the retention times of individual separated ions in repeat measurements (

We describe both the cation-exchange (CEX) and anion-exchange (AEX) capacity measurements of functionalized cyclic olefin polymer (COP) open tubular (OT) columns. COP capillaries were sulfonated to provide CEX functionality and then coated with AEX latex to provide AEX functionality. We measure functionalization uniformity along the column by (a) separately measuring capacities of two halves of a column, (b) measuring retention factors for several ions in successive 10 cm segments of a column in multiple injections and (c) measuring retention variance of a single ion in different segments of a column from a single injection. Data were collected in both flow directions. Errors in CEX capacity determination arises primarily from uncertainties in titration end point location. AEX capacities are typically 10x higher, reducing the relative measurement error. In the AEX case, both titration end point location error and variations in column internal diameter contribute to the overall uncertainty. Although sulfonation of COP results in nonuniform CEX functionalization, AEX latex coating of this surface results in uniform AEX coverage. Frontal displacement chromatography (using both admittance and optical detection) and acid-base titrimetry were compared for capacity measurement. In a pooled standard deviation based t-test for the data on 8 columns, at the 95% confidence level, CEX capacity differed significantly between two halves of a column. But AEX capacity of AEX columns prepared by coating the same CEX columns with AEX latex did not.

Admittance detection, more commonly called capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection, is widely used. While the true conductance of a solution is linear with concentration up to ∼1 mequiv/L, the admittance signal is nonlinear. In small-bore capillaries and highly resistive solutions, such as in suppressed open tubular ion chromatography (SOTIC), the admittance signal is exponentially related to concentration. Solution contact conductivity detection is common in microfluidics, but no true conductivity measurement efforts have been made with conventional capillaries in the last two decades. We examine five solution contact cell geometries: (A) wire/disk electrodes perpendicular to the flow direction, (B) annular tubular electrodes facing the flow (that exits through the center tube), (C) ring-disk electrodes facing the flow that exits through the annulus, (D) coplanar parallel wire/disk electrodes facing the flow that exits around the electrodes, and (E) planar electrodes separated by a thin insulating layer with a through-hole in which the liquid flows. Present limitations of the available components as well as the designs themselves do not allow type A and B cells to reach low enough dispersion levels. Types C-E all produce the same efficiency for chloride in a SOTIC setup (12000 ± 200 plates/m), limited by dispersion in the suppressor. Further choice and refinement will be dictated by the availability of a lower dispersion suppressor. All such contact conductance results were linear with concentration, and initial results suggest that attainable LODs will be competitive with those from benchtop ICs.

We discuss the reported capacities of available packed ion exchange columns and the different methods used for their measurement. We outline basic considerations related to both packed and open tubular columns based on ion exchange latex particles. There is a large body of information covering the retention behavior of packed ion exchange columns based on ion exchange latex particles. We propose a parameter γiex, which is the ion exchange capacity of a column (packed or open tubular) per unit liquid volume present in the column (including accessible volume within pores) and show that the retention factor for any given ion is directly related to γiex. On this basis, if based on the same type of latex, the behavior of one type of column can be reasonably predicted from the known behavior of the other, even when the absolute capacities differ by more than 5 orders of magnitude.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and new flame retardants (NFRs) are known thyroid hormone (TH) disruptors, but their disrupting mechanisms in humans are not completely understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the disrupting mechanisms of the aforementioned chemicals via examining TH-regulated proteins and gene expression in human serum. Adult participants from an e-waste dismantling (exposed group) and a control region (control group) in South China provided blood samples for the research. Some compounds of PCBs, PBDEs, and NFRs showed strong binding affinity to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin, thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), gene expression of TH receptor α (TRα) and β, and iodothyronine deiodinase I (ID1). The highly exposed individuals had lower levels of TBG, TSH, and expression of TRα, but higher expression of ID1 than those of the control group. The disruption of TH-regulated proteins and gene expression suggested the exertion of different and, at times, even contradictory effects on TH disruption. However, no statistically significant difference was found in the TH levels between the exposed and the control group, implying that the TH disruption induced by these chemicals depends on the combined influence of multiple mechanisms. Gene expression appears to be an effective approach for investigations of TH disruption and the potential health effects.

This paper designs a new AC & DC hybrid power supply system for data centres, which includes photostatic power generation, wind power generation, solar thermal power generation, storage power systems, and different types of loads. According to the above-mentioned, the paper first presents the reliability evaluation indicators and analysis methods applicable to the new AC & DC hybrid power supply system for data centres, which are for solving the problem of the reliability evaluation under uncertain parameters and load parameters of the new data centre power supply system. The paper describes the new power supply system reliability indicators and evaluation methods in detail. The problem of the power supply reliability in the new AC & DC hybrid power supply system in the data centre is analysed in a targeted manner by adopting actual examples, then it is verified that the power supply reliability of the new AC & DC hybrid power supply system can perfectly meet the qualification of the A-class data centre power supply. The reliability of assessment index and analysis methods presented here will be two simple and superior analysing tools.

Downy blight caused by Peronophythora litchii is one of the most destructive diseases of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Early diagnosis of the P. litchii pathogen should be the top priority for addressing disease epidemics and management. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays targeting the M90 gene sequences were developed for specific detection of P. litchii. The detection limit of LAMP assay was 10 pg genomic DNA of P. litchii in 25 μL reaction mixtures. LAMP assay and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay showed higher sensitivity than conventional PCR. The LAMP assay could also detect the presence of P. litchii in infected leaves, fruits and soils. This study provides a simple, highly sensitive, rapid and reliable protocol for the early diagnosis of P. litchii on lychee.

We describe an electrodialytic capillary suppressor for suppressed conductometric open tubular ion chromatography (SC-OTIC). For practical eluent concentrations, suppressor active lengths less than ∼1 mm are adequate. In its preferred embodiment, the suppressor consists of a solid polymer ion exchanger block. Two 0.45-mm-diameter parallel cylindrical passages are provided: these provide for passage of regenerant water and placement of platinum wire electrodes. The suppression channel is made by making a crack in the soft polymer block, using a needle 0.3 mm in diameter. The suppression channel runs parallel to and is flanked by the two aforementioned electrode channels through which water is pumped. The suppressor ends of the separation and the detection capillaries are tapered. The tapered ends of the capillaries are inserted into the suppression channel with the tips 0.4-1.1 mm apart. Using a suppression length of 1 mm, we were able to suppress 100 mM hydroxide @ 100 nL/min (10 neq/min). With such a suppressor coupled to an AS18 latex-coated surface-sulfonated cyclo-olefin polymer (COP) capillary column with an inner diameter (i.d.) of 28 μm and using an on-capillary admittance detector (AD), the feasibility of both isocratic and gradient SC-OTIC was demonstrated. At 170 nL/min (substantially above the Van Deemter optimum), the plate count for fluoride exceeded 70 000 plates/m under isocratic conditions. The dispersion induced by the suppressor could not be determined, because the peak half-widths after suppression were paradoxically less than those without suppression; this apparent negative dispersion is likely an artifact of the detector.

The low biomagnification of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in commercially important marine fish from the south coast of China has been demonstrated through the analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. In this study, levels of THg, MeHg and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were determined. Stable isotope signatures of carbon and nitrogen (13C/12C, 15N/14N) were used to trace the carbon flow and reconstruct trophic interactions. Levels of THg and MeHg in fish muscle samples were

Even though sex hormone disrupting effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely understood, similar effects associated with new flame retardants (NFRs) have not been so well studied. This study aimed to explore the sex hormone disruption of NFRs and their interactions with PCBs and PBDEs through the conduct of an ecological study in an e-waste dismantling and control region in South China. Questionnaires and blood samples were collected from local adult residents. Results of generalized additive model and linear regression analyses indicate that several species of NFRs showed similar disrupting effects with PBDE congeners on female follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and male testosterone. Judged by the curved shape and statistical significance, ΣNFR (sum of 8 species of NFRs) showed stronger disrupting effects on male testosterone and female FSH compared to ΣPBDE (sum of 13 congeners of PBDEs). The interactions induced by NFRs complicated the original sex hormone disruption led by PCBs and PBDEs. The disrupting effects and interactions induced by NFRs decreased female FSH levels in the exposed group. Comprehensive evaluation is needed to provide the evidence base for judging the health risks arising from the increased usage of NFRs.

The urban water ecosystems, such as the landscape ponds are commonly considered under the influence of anthropogenic disturbances, which can lead to the deterioration of the water quality. The prokaryotic communities are considered as one of the best indicators of the water quality. However, there are significant gaps in understanding the ecological processes that shape the composition and function of prokaryotic communities in the urban water ecosystems. Here, we investigated the biogeographic distribution of prokaryotic assemblages in water environments including landscape ponds, drinking water reservoirs, influents (IFs) and effluents (EFs) of wastewater treatment plants of a coastal city (Xiamen), China, by using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Our results indicated that the ponds had higher α-diversity of prokaryotic communities than those in the reservoirs, while there were significant variations in the community compositions among ponds, reservoirs, IFs and EFs. Moreover, ponds harbored a significantly higher proportion of sewage- and fecal-indicator taxa than those in the reservoirs, suggesting the occurrence of exogenous pollution in the urban ponds. Null model analysis revealed that dispersal limitation was the main ecological processes resulting in the divergence of prokaryotic community compositions between ponds and other environments, while dispersal limitation and variable selection played an essential role in the formation of unique prokaryotic assemblages in the reservoirs. Function predication analysis demonstrated that the ponds shared more similar functional profiles with IFs or EFs (e.g., chemoheterotrophy, fermentation, chlorate reducers, nitrate reduction and respiration) than the reservoirs, whereas dominance of photoautotrophy was observed in the reservoirs. Overall, this study provides a profound insight of the ecological mechanisms underlying the responses of prokaryotic communities in the urban landscape ponds to the anthropogenic disturbances.

Introduction: Erythropoietin (EPO) has acute hemodynamic and anti-inflammatory effects in addition to its erythropoietic action. We tested the hypothesis that recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) given at the time of resuscitation with normal saline (NS) or lactated Ringer’s (LR) will improve capillary perfusion and tissue bioenergetics in a hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HS/R) rat model. Methods: Anesthetized rats’ ileal muscular layer was prepared for intra-vital microscopy. The rats were hemorrhaged 30 millitres per kilogram over 10 minutes with uncontrolled mean arterial pressure for 50 minutes. They were then randomized to one of four groups (NS, NS + rHuEPO, LR, and LR + rHuEPO; n = 6/group) and underwent a 60-minute resuscitation period. Intravenous rHuEPO (1,000 U/kg) was given at the start of fluid resuscitation. Gut microcirculation and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH) fluorescence were recorded for off-line analysis at baseline, 50 minutes of shock, and 60 minutes of resuscitation. In a separate HS/R experiment ( n = 10/group), gut permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran and endotoxin levels, tissue damage, and portal vein blood levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were examined. Results: LR alone demonstrated better gut microcirculation and decreased gut injury than NS alone. NS + rHuEPO, compared with NS alone, improved functional capillary density (22.9 ± 0.6 Cap/mm and 20.2 ± 1.0 Cap/mm, respectively; p < 0.01), red blood cell flow scores (2.1 ± 0.2 and 1.3 ± 0.2, respectively; p < 0.01), and tissue NADH fluorescence (54.5 ± 0.3% and 59.7 ± 0.8%, respectively; p < 0.01). Compared with LR, LR + rHuEPO did not result in significant improvement in microcirculation. Adding rHuEPO to NS improved gut permeability, inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF), and tissue injury, but adding it to LR did not. Discussion: LR improved tissue microcirculation, decreased permeability to macromolecules, and reduced mucosal injury in the ileum compared with NS alone. The beneficial effects of rHuEPO administration were mostly observed in the NS resuscitation group.

We describe novel cycloolefin polymer (COP)-based open tubular capillary ion exchange columns. COP capillaries (inner diameter of 19–28 μm) were successfully sulfonated at room temperature using a cocktail of ClSO3H (85–95% w/w) and HOAc or H2SO4. The cation exchange capacity is controlled by the sulfonation time and the sulfonation solution composition and can be as high as 300 pequiv/mm2. Following sulfonation, the capillaries were coated with 65-nm-diameter anion exchanger (AEX) latex nanoparticles that attach electrostatically. The typical anion exchange capacities were ∼20 pequiv/mm2. The chromatographic behavior of the AEX latex-coated COP capillaries are greatly dependent on the degree of sulfonation. When the base is heavily sulfonated, neutrals elute after the anions. The position of the water dip varies with the degree of sulfonation; the elution order is normal (water dip appear before anions) only with lightly sulfonated columns. On silica (−SiOH) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (−COOH) surfaces,...

BACKGROUND Gut injury and bacterial translocation develop and persist after limited periods of hemorrhagic shock. Erythropoietin (EPO) can exert hemodynamic, anti-inflammatory, and tissue protective effects. We tested the hypothesis that EPO given at the time of resuscitation with saline will reduce functional ileal injury 24 hours after shock. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6 per group) were randomized to sham surgery or hemorrhagic shock maintained at mean arterial pressure 40 mm Hg for 60 minutes and then treated with either saline resuscitation (three times the volume of shed blood) or saline + recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) resuscitation. Intravenous rHuEPO (1,000 U/kg) was given at the start of saline resuscitation, and at 24 hours ileal function was evaluated using quantitative cultures of mesenteric lymph nodes to assess for bacterial translocation (colony-forming units per gram of tissue [CFU/g]), determination of portal vein plasma endotoxin levels and histopathological evaluation using semi-thin plastic sections of the distal ileum. In a second series of animals, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4000 (FD-4) was used to assess mucosal permeability of the distal ileum to macromolecules. RESULTS At 24 hours, the saline group had morphologic evidence of intestinal injury when compared with the sham group, and the degree of mucosal injury was less in the saline + rHuEPO when compared with the saline group, which demonstrated significantly reduced bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes (383 CFU/g ± 111 CFU/g vs. 1130 CFU/g ± 297 CFU/g; p < 0.05) and decreased terminal ileum permeability to FD-4 (3.08 μg/mL ± 0.31 μg/mL vs. 5.14 μg/mL ± 0.88 μg/mL; p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the portal vein endotoxin levels between the two groups. Histopathological evaluation demonstrated a trend for decreased enterocyte disarray or disruption and vacuolization in the saline + rHuEPO versus saline group. CONCLUSION Using rHuEPO at time of saline resuscitation resulted in decreased bacterial translocation and permeability to macromolecules 24 hours after shock. These observations suggest that rHuEPO can mediate a protective effect on intestinal mucosal barrier function during ischemic injury.

A new method for the simultaneous determination of fluorine and iodine in urine by ion chromatography (IC) with electrochemical pretreatment has been developed. The pretreatment was performed in a novel electrochemical oxidation–neutralization device (EOND), in which iodide of the sample was oxidized to iodate and the alkaline digestion sample solution was neutralized. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) were 2.5 μg/L for fluoride and 20 μg/L for iodate, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 93–102% for fluoride and 86–98% for iodate.