Search

The squeezed cross-bispectrum \bispeconed\ between the gravitational lensing in the Cosmic Microwave Background and the 1D \lya\ forest power spectrum can constrain bias parameters and break degeneracies between $\sigma_8$ and other cosmological parameters. We detect \bispeconed\ with $4.8\sigma$ significance at an effective redshift $z_\mathrm{eff}=2.4$ using Planck PR3 lensing map and over 280,000 quasar spectra from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument's first-year data. We test our measurement against metal contamination and foregrounds such as Galactic extinction and clusters of galaxies by deprojecting the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. We compare our results to a tree-level perturbation theory calculation and find reasonable agreement between the model and measurement., Comment: 13 pages excluding references, 8 figures

We present cosmological results from the measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in galaxy, quasar and Lyman-$\alpha$ forest tracers from the first year of observations from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), to be released in the DESI Data Release 1. DESI BAO provide robust measurements of the transverse comoving distance and Hubble rate, or their combination, relative to the sound horizon, in seven redshift bins from over 6 million extragalactic objects in the redshift range $0.1-1$ and $w_a<0$. This preference is 2.6$\sigma$ for the DESI+CMB combination, and persists or grows when SN~Ia are added in, giving results discrepant with the $\Lambda$CDM model at the $2.5\sigma$, $3.5\sigma$ or $3.9\sigma$ levels for the addition of Pantheon+, Union3, or DES-SN5YR datasets respectively. For the flat $\Lambda$CDM model with the sum of neutrino mass $\sum m_\nu$ free, combining the DESI and CMB data yields an upper limit $\sum m_\nu < 0.072$ $(0.113)$ eV at 95% confidence for a $\sum m_\nu>0$ $(\sum m_\nu>0.059)$ eV prior. These neutrino-mass constraints are substantially relaxed in models beyond $\Lambda$CDM. [Abridged.], Comment: This DESI Collaboration Key Publication is part of the 2024 publication series using the first year of observations (see https://data.desi.lbl.gov/doc/papers). Typos corrected and a new figure and discussion added to Appendix A

We present the measurement of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) from the Lyman-$\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$) forest of high-redshift quasars with the first-year dataset of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our analysis uses over $420\,000$ Ly$\alpha$ forest spectra and their correlation with the spatial distribution of more than $700\,000$ quasars. An essential facet of this work is the development of a new analysis methodology on a blinded dataset. We conducted rigorous tests using synthetic data to ensure the reliability of our methodology and findings before unblinding. Additionally, we conducted multiple data splits to assess the consistency of the results and scrutinized various analysis approaches to confirm their robustness. For a given value of the sound horizon ($r_d$), we measure the expansion at $z_{\rm eff}=2.33$ with 2\% precision, $H(z_{\rm eff}) = (239.2 \pm 4.8) (147.09~{\rm Mpc} /r_d)$ km/s/Mpc. Similarly, we present a 2.4\% measurement of the transverse comoving distance to the same redshift, $D_M(z_{\rm eff}) = (5.84 \pm 0.14) (r_d/147.09~{\rm Mpc})$ Gpc. Together with other DESI BAO measurements at lower redshifts, these results are used in a companion paper to constrain cosmological parameters., Comment: This DESI Collaboration Key Publication is part of the 2024 publication series using the first year of observations (see https://data.desi.lbl.gov/doc/papers)

We present the DESI 2024 galaxy and quasar baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) measurements using over 5.7 million unique galaxy and quasar redshifts in the range 0.1

We present LyMAS2, an improved version of the "Lyman-{\alpha} Mass Association Scheme" aiming at predicting the large-scale 3d clustering statistics of the Lyman-{\alpha} forest (Ly-{\alpha}) from moderate resolution simulations of the dark matter (DM) distribution, with prior calibrations from high resolution hydrodynamical simulations of smaller volumes. In this study, calibrations are derived from the Horizon-AGN suite simulations, (100 Mpc/h)^3 comoving volume, using Wiener filtering, combining information from dark matter density and velocity fields (i.e. velocity dispersion, vorticity, line of sight 1d-divergence and 3d-divergence). All new predictions have been done at z=2.5 in redshift-space, while considering the spectral resolution of the SDSS-III BOSS Survey and different dark matter smoothing (0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 Mpc/h comoving). We have tried different combinations of dark matter fields and found that LyMAS2, applied to the Horizon-noAGN dark matter fields, significantly improves the predictions of the Ly-{\alpha} 3d clustering statistics, especially when the DM overdensity is associated with the velocity dispersion or the vorticity fields. Compared to the hydrodynamical simulation trends, the 2-point correlation functions of pseudo-spectra generated with LyMAS2 can be recovered with relative differences of ~5% even for high angles, the flux 1d power spectrum (along the light of sight) with ~2% and the flux 1d probability distribution function exactly. Finally, we have produced several large mock BOSS spectra (1.0 and 1.5 Gpc/h) expected to lead to much more reliable and accurate theoretical predictions., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS (one iteration with the referee) - 29 pages

The APOGEE Open Cluster Chemical Abundances and Mapping (OCCAM) survey is used to probe the chemical evolution of the s-process element cerium in the Galactic disk. Cerium abundances were derived from measurements of Ce II lines in the APOGEE spectra using the Brussels Automatic Code for Characterizing High Accuracy Spectra (BACCHUS) in 218 stars belonging to 42 open clusters. Our results indicate that, in general, for Ages $<$ 4 Gyr, younger open clusters have higher [Ce/Fe] and [Ce/$\alpha$-element] ratios than older clusters. In addition, metallicity segregates open clusters in the [Ce/X]-Age plane (where X can be H, Fe, and the $\alpha$-elements O, Mg, Si, or Ca). These metallicity-dependant relations result in [Ce/Fe] and [Ce/$\alpha$] ratios with age that are not universal clocks. Radial gradients of [Ce/H] and [Ce/Fe] ratios in open clusters, binned by age, were derived for the first time, with d[Ce/H]dR$_{GC}$ being negative, while d[Ce/Fe]/dR$_{GC}$ is positive. [Ce/H] and [Ce/Fe] gradients are approximately constant over time, with the [Ce/Fe] gradient becoming slightly steeper, changing by $\sim$+0.009 dex-kpc$^{-1}$-Gyr$^{-1}$. Both the [Ce/H] and [Ce/Fe] gradients are shifted to lower values of [Ce/H] and [Ce/Fe] for older open clusters. The chemical pattern of Ce in open clusters across the Galactic disk is discussed within the context of s-process yields from AGB stars, $\sim$Gyr time delays in Ce enrichment of the interstellar medium, and the strong dependence of Ce nucleosynthesis on the metallicity of its AGB stellar sources., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, Accepted to ApJ

We present measurements of the radial profiles of the mass and galaxy number density around Sunyaev-Zel'dovich-selected clusters using both weak lensing and galaxy counts. The clusters are selected from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope Data Release 5 and the galaxies from the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 dataset. With signal-to-noise of 62 (43) for galaxy (weak lensing) profiles over scales of about $0.2-20h^{-1}$ Mpc, these are the highest precision measurements for SZ-selected clusters to date. Because SZ selection closely approximates mass selection, these measurements enable several tests of theoretical models of the mass and light distribution around clusters. Our main findings are: 1. The splashback feature is detected at a consistent location in both the mass and galaxy profiles and its location is consistent with predictions of cold dark matter N-body simulations. 2. The full mass profile is also consistent with the simulations; hence it can constrain alternative dark matter models that modify the mass distribution of clusters. 3. The shapes of the galaxy and lensing profiles are remarkably similar for our sample over the entire range of scales, from well inside the cluster halo to the quasilinear regime. This can be used to constrain processes such as quenching and tidal disruption that alter the galaxy distribution inside the halo, and scale-dependent features in the transition regime outside the halo. We measure the dependence of the profile shapes on the galaxy sample, redshift and cluster mass. We extend the Diemer \& Kravtsov model for the cluster profiles to the linear regime using perturbation theory and show that it provides a good match to the measured profiles. We also compare the measured profiles to predictions of the standard halo model and simulations that include hydrodynamics. Applications of these results to cluster mass estimation and cosmology are discussed., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures (main) + 3 pages, 6 figures (appendix), submitted to MNRAS

Two decades after its discovery, cosmic acceleration remains the most profound mystery in cosmology and arguably in all of physics. Either the Universe is dominated by a form of dark energy with exotic physical properties not predicted by standard model physics, or General Relativity is not an adequate description of gravity over cosmic distances. WFIRST emerged as a top priority of Astro2010 in part because of its ability to address the mystery of cosmic acceleration through both high precision measurements of the cosmic expansion history and the growth of cosmic structures with multiple and redundant probes. We illustrate in this white paper how mission design changes since Astro2010 have made WFIRST an even more powerful dark energy facility and have improved the ability of WFIRST to respond to changes in the experimental landscape. WFIRST is the space-based probe of DE the community needs in the mid-2020s., Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, Astro2020 Science White Paper

We describe the design and performance of the near-infrared (1.51--1.70 micron), fiber-fed, multi-object (300 fibers), high resolution (R = lambda/delta lambda ~ 22,500) spectrograph built for the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). APOGEE is a survey of ~ 10^5 red giant stars that systematically sampled all Milky Way populations (bulge, disk, and halo) to study the Galaxy's chemical and kinematical history. It was part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) from 2011 -- 2014 using the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico. The APOGEE-2 survey is now using the spectrograph as part of SDSS-IV, as well as a second spectrograph, a close copy of the first, operating at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. Although several fiber-fed, multi-object, high resolution spectrographs have been built for visual wavelength spectroscopy, the APOGEE spectrograph is one of the first such instruments built for observations in the near-infrared. The instrument's successful development was enabled by several key innovations, including a "gang connector" to allow simultaneous connections of 300 fibers; hermetically sealed feedthroughs to allow fibers to pass through the cryostat wall continuously; the first cryogenically deployed mosaic volume phase holographic grating; and a large refractive camera that includes mono-crystalline silicon and fused silica elements with diameters as large as ~ 400 mm. This paper contains a comprehensive description of all aspects of the instrument including the fiber system, optics and opto-mechanics, detector arrays, mechanics and cryogenics, instrument control, calibration system, optical performance and stability, lessons learned, and design changes for the second instrument., Comment: 81 pages, 67 figures, PASP, accepted

This report describes the 2014 study by the Science Definition Team (SDT) of the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) mission. It is a space observatory that will address the most compelling scientific problems in dark energy, exoplanets and general astrophysics using a 2.4-m telescope with a wide-field infrared instrument and an optical coronagraph. The Astro2010 Decadal Survey recommended a Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope as its top priority for a new large space mission. As conceived by the decadal survey, WFIRST would carry out a dark energy science program, a microlensing program to determine the demographics of exoplanets, and a general observing program utilizing its ultra wide field. In October 2012, NASA chartered a Science Definition Team (SDT) to produce, in collaboration with the WFIRST Study Office at GSFC and the Program Office at JPL, a Design Reference Mission (DRM) for an implementation of WFIRST using one of the 2.4-m, Hubble-quality telescope assemblies recently made available to NASA. This DRM builds on the work of the earlier WFIRST SDT, reported by Green et al. (2012) and the previous WFIRST-2.4 DRM, reported by Spergel et. (2013). The 2.4-m primary mirror enables a mission with greater sensitivity and higher angular resolution than the 1.3-m and 1.1-m designs considered previously, increasing both the science return of the primary surveys and the capabilities of WFIRST as a Guest Observer facility. The addition of an on-axis coronagraphic instrument to the baseline design enables imaging and spectroscopic studies of planets around nearby stars., Comment: This report describes the 2014 study by the Science Definition Team of the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope mission. 319 pages; corrected a misspelled name in the authors list and a typo in the abstract

The past three decades have seen prodigious advances in astronomy and astrophysics. Beginning with the exploration of our solar system and continuing through the pioneering Explorers and Great Observatories of today, NASA missions have made essential contributions to these advances. This roadmap presents a science-driven 30-year vision for the future of NASA Astrophysics that builds on these achievements to address some of our most ancient and fundamental questions: Are we alone? How did we get here? How does the universe work? The search for the answers constitutes the Enduring Quests of this roadmap. Building on the priorities identified in New Worlds, New Horizons, we envision future science investigations laid out in three Eras, with each representing roughly ten years of mission development in a given field. The immediate Near-Term Era covers ongoing NASA-led activities and planned missions. This will be followed by the missions of the Formative Era, which will build on the preceding technological developments and scientific discoveries, with remarkable capabilities that will enable breakthroughs across the landscape of astrophysics. These will then lay the foundations for the Daring Visions of the Visionary Era: missions and explorations that will take us deep into unchartered scientific and technological terrain. The roadmap outlined herein will require the vision and wherewithal to undertake highly ambitious programs over the next 30 years. The discoveries that emerge will inspire generations of citizen scientists young and old, and inspire all of humanity for decades to come., Comment: A direct link to the roadmap is at: http://go.nasa.gov/1gGVkZY

Infrared modifications of General Relativity (GR) can be revealed by comparing the mass of galaxy clusters estimated from weak lensing to that from infall kinematics. We measure the 2D galaxy velocity distribution in the cluster infall region by applying the galaxy infall kinematics (GIK) model developed by Zu and Weinberg (2013) to two suites of f(R) and Galileon modified gravity simulations. Despite having distinct screening mechanisms, namely, the Chameleon and the Vainshtein effects, the f(R) and Galileon clusters exhibit very similar deviations in their GIK profiles from GR, with ~ 100-200 k/s enhancement in the characteristic infall velocity at r=5 Mpc/h and 50-100 km/s broadening in the radial and tangential velocity dispersions across the entire infall region, for clusters with mass ~ 10^{14} Msol/h at z=0.25. These deviations are detectable via the GIK reconstruction of the redshift--space cluster-galaxy cross-correlation function, xi_cg^s(r_p,r_\pi), which shows ~ 1-2 Mpc/h increase in the characteristic line-of-sight distance r_\pi^c at r_p<6 Mpc/h from GR predictions. With overlapping deep imaging and large redshift surveys in the future, we expect that the GIK modelling of xi_cg^s, in combination with the stacked weak lensing measurements, will provide powerful diagnostics of modified gravity theories and the origin of cosmic acceleration., Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, comments welcom

The American Physical Society's Division of Particles and Fields initiated a long-term planning exercise over 2012-13, with the goal of developing the community's long term aspirations. The sub-group "Dark Energy and CMB" prepared a series of papers explaining and highlighting the physics that will be studied with large galaxy surveys and cosmic microwave background experiments. This paper summarizes the findings of the other papers, all of which have been submitted jointly to the arXiv., Comment: Report from the "Dark Energy and CMB" working group for the American Physical Society's Division of Particles and Fields long-term planning exercise ("Snowmass") [updated references, updated CMB figure]

In this report, we present a wide variety of ways in which information from multiple probes of dark energy may be combined to obtain additional information not accessible when they are considered separately. Fundamentally, because all major probes are affected by the underlying distribution of matter in the regions studied, there exist covariances between them that can provide information on cosmology. Combining multiple probes allows for more accurate (less contaminated by systematics) and more precise (since there is cosmological information encoded in cross-correlation statistics) measurements of dark energy. The potential of cross-correlation methods is only beginning to be realized. By bringing in information from other wavelengths, the capabilities of the existing probes of dark energy can be enhanced and systematic effects can be mitigated further. We present a mixture of work in progress and suggestions for future scientific efforts. Given the scope of future dark energy experiments, the greatest gains may only be realized with more coordination and cooperation between multiple project teams; we recommend that this interchange should begin sooner, rather than later, to maximize scientific gains., Comment: Report from the "Dark Energy and CMB" working group for the American Physical Society's Division of Particles and Fields long-term planning exercise ("Snowmass")

The Astro2010 Decadal Survey recommended a Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) as its top priority for a new large space mission. The report of the WFIRST-AFTA Science Definition Team (SDT) presents a Design Reference Mission for WFIRST that employs one of the 2.4-m, Hubble-quality mirror assemblies recently made available to NASA. The 2.4-m primary mirror enables a mission with greater sensitivity and higher angular resolution than the smaller aperture designs previously considered for WFIRST, increasing both the science return of the primary surveys and the capabilities of WFIRST as a Guest Observer facility. The option of adding an on-axis, coronagraphic instrument would enable imaging and spectroscopic studies of planets around nearby stars. This short article, produced as a companion to the SDT report, summarizes the key points of the WFIRST-2.4 DRM. It highlights the remarkable opportunity that the 2.4-m telescope affords for advances in many fields of astrophysics and cosmology, including dark energy, the demographics and characterization of exoplanets, the evolution of galaxies and quasars, and the stellar populations of the Milky Way and its neighbors., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, Companion article to the SDT report, arXiv:1305.5422, added pointer to WFIRST-AFTA SDT report and corrected line color description in Figure 2 caption

The Astro2010 Decadal Survey recommended a Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) as its top priority for a new large space mission. As conceived by the decadal survey, WFIRST would carry out a dark energy science program, a microlensing program to determine the demographics of exoplanets, and a general observing program utilizing its ultra wide field. In October 2012, NASA chartered a Science Definition Team (SDT) to produce, in collaboration with the WFIRST Project Office at GSFC and the Program Office at JPL, a Design Reference Mission (DRM) for an implementation of WFIRST using one of the 2.4-m, Hubble-quality mirror assemblies recently made available to NASA. This DRM builds on the work of the earlier WFIRST SDT, reported by Green et al. (2012). The 2.4-m primary mirror enables a mission with greater sensitivity and higher angular resolution than the 1.3-m and 1.1-m designs considered previously, increasing both the science return of the primary surveys and the capabilities of WFIRST as a Guest Observer facility. The option of adding an on-axis, coronagraphic instrument would enable imaging and spectroscopic studies of planets around nearby stars. This document presents the final report of the SDT., Comment: 190 pages, 118 figures, 15 tables, For a short summary of the report highlights, see arXiv:1305.5425, added pointer to the summary of this report and corrected line labels in the caption of Figure 2-2

In December 2010, NASA created a Science Definition Team (SDT) for WFIRST, the Wide Field Infra-Red Survey Telescope, recommended by the Astro 2010 Decadal Survey as the highest priority for a large space mission. The SDT was chartered to work with the WFIRST Project Office at GSFC and the Program Office at JPL to produce a Design Reference Mission (DRM) for WFIRST. Part of the original charge was to produce an interim design reference mission by mid-2011. That document was delivered to NASA and widely circulated within the astronomical community. In late 2011 the Astrophysics Division augmented its original charge, asking for two design reference missions. The first of these, DRM1, was to be a finalized version of the interim DRM, reducing overall mission costs where possible. The second of these, DRM2, was to identify and eliminate capabilities that overlapped with those of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (henceforth JWST), ESA's Euclid mission, and the NSF's ground-based Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (henceforth LSST), and again to reduce overall mission cost, while staying faithful to NWNH. This report presents both DRM1 and DRM2., Comment: 102 pages, 57 figures, 17 tables

BigBOSS is a Stage IV ground-based dark energy experiment to study baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and the growth of structure with a wide-area galaxy and quasar redshift survey over 14,000 square degrees. It has been conditionally accepted by NOAO in response to a call for major new instrumentation and a high-impact science program for the 4-m Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak. The BigBOSS instrument is a robotically-actuated, fiber-fed spectrograph capable of taking 5000 simultaneous spectra over a wavelength range from 340 nm to 1060 nm, with a resolution R = 3000-4800. Using data from imaging surveys that are already underway, spectroscopic targets are selected that trace the underlying dark matter distribution. In particular, targets include luminous red galaxies (LRGs) up to z = 1.0, extending the BOSS LRG survey in both redshift and survey area. To probe the universe out to even higher redshift, BigBOSS will target bright [OII] emission line galaxies (ELGs) up to z = 1.7. In total, 20 million galaxy redshifts are obtained to measure the BAO feature, trace the matter power spectrum at smaller scales, and detect redshift space distortions. BigBOSS will provide additional constraints on early dark energy and on the curvature of the universe by measuring the Ly-alpha forest in the spectra of over 600,000 2.2 < z < 3.5 quasars. BigBOSS galaxy BAO measurements combined with an analysis of the broadband power, including the Ly-alpha forest in BigBOSS quasar spectra, achieves a FOM of 395 with Planck plus Stage III priors. This FOM is based on conservative assumptions for the analysis of broad band power (kmax = 0.15), and could grow to over 600 if current work allows us to push the analysis to higher wave numbers (kmax = 0.3). BigBOSS will also place constraints on theories of modified gravity and inflation, and will measure the sum of neutrino masses to 0.024 eV accuracy., Comment: This report is based on the BigBOSS proposal submission to NOAO in October 2010, and reflects the project status at that time with minor updates

We have run two completely independent weak lensing analysis pipelines on a set of realistic simulated images of a massive galaxy cluster with a singular isothermal sphere profile (galaxy velocity dispersion sigma_v=1250 km/ sec). The suite of images was constructed using the simulation tools developed by the Dark Energy Survey. We find that both weak lensing pipelines can accurately recover the velocity dispersion of our simulated clusters, suggesting that current weak lensing tools are accurate enough for measuring the shear profile of massive clusters in upcoming large photometric surveys. We also demonstrate how choices of some cuts influence the final shear profile and sigma_v measurement. Analogously to the STEP program, we make all of these cluster simulation images publically available for other groups to analyze through their own weak lensing pipelines., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures. Images available at: [http://ccapp.osu.edu/DEScluster]. Submitted to MNRAS

We measure the large-scale real-space power spectrum P(k) using luminous red galaxies (LRGs) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and use this measurement to sharpen constraints on cosmological parameters from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). We employ a matrix-based power spectrum estimation method using Pseudo-Karhunen-Loeve eigenmodes, producing uncorrelated minimum-variance measurements in 20 k-bands of both the clustering power and its anisotropy due to redshift-space distortions, with narrow and well-behaved window functions in the range 0.01h/Mpc < k < 0.2h/Mpc. Results from the LRG and main galaxy samples are consistent, with the former providing higher signal-to-noise. Our results are robust to omitting angular and radial density fluctuations and are consistent between different parts of the sky. They provide a striking confirmation of the predicted large-scale LCDM power spectrum. Combining only SDSS LRG and WMAP data places robust constraints on many cosmological parameters that complement prior analyses of multiple data sets. The LRGs provide independent cross-checks on Om and the baryon fraction in good agreement with WMAP. Within the context of flat LCDM models, our LRG measurements complement WMAP by sharpening the constraints on the matter density, the neutrino density and the tensor amplitude by about a factor of two, giving Omega_m=0.24+-0.02 (1 sigma), sum m_nu < 0.9 eV (95%) and r<0.3 (95%). Baryon oscillations are clearly detected and provide a robust measurement of the comoving distance to the median survey redshift z=0.35 independent of curvature and dark energy properties. Within the LCDM framework, our power spectrum measurement improves the evidence for spatial flatness, sharpening the curvature constraint Omega_tot=1.05+-0.05 from WMAP alone to Omega_tot=1.003+-0.010. Assuming Omega_tot=1, the equation of state parameter is constrained to w=-0.94+-0.09, indicating the potential for more ambitious future LRG measurements to provide precision tests of the nature of dark energy. All these constraints are essentially independent of scales k>0.1h/Mpc and associated nonlinear complications, yet agree well with more aggressive published analyses where nonlinear modeling is crucial., Comment: Matches accepted PRD version. SDSS data, likelihood code, Markov chains and ppt figures available at http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/sdss.html 36 journal pages, 25 figs. CosmoMC plugin at http://cosmologist.info/cosmomc/

The host galaxies of the five local, z<0.25, long-duration gamma-ray bursts, each of which had a well-documented associated supernova, are all faint and metal-poor compared to the population of local star-forming galaxies. We quantify this statement by using a previous analysis of star-forming galaxies (z<0.2) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to estimate the fraction of local star formation as a function of host galaxy oxygen abundance. We find that only a small fraction (<25%) of current star formation occurs in galaxies with oxygen abundance 12+log(O/H)<8.6, i.e., about half that of the Milky Way. However, all five low-z GRB hosts have oxygen abundance below this limit, in three cases very significantly so. If GRBs traced local star formation independent of metallicity, the probability of obtaining such low abundances for all five hosts would be P~0.1%. We conclude that GRBs trace only low-metallicity star formation, and that the Milky Way has been too metal rich to host long GRBs for at least the last several billion years. This result has implications for the potential role of GRBs in mass extinctions, for searches for recent burst remnants in the Milky Way and other large galaxies, for non-detections of late radio emission from local core-collapse supernovae, and for the production of cosmic rays in the local Universe. We also find that the isotropic energy release of these five GRBs, E_iso, steeply decreases with increasing host oxygen abundance, suggesting an upper metallicity limit for ``cosmological'' GRBs at ~0.15 Z_solar. (Abridged), Comment: To be published in Acta Astronomica. 16 pages, 3 figures; several small changes

We study the luminosity and color dependence of the galaxy 2-point correlation function in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, starting from a sample of 200,000 galaxies over 2500 deg^2. We concentrate on the projected correlation function w(r_p), which is directly related to the real space \xi(r). The amplitude of w(r_p) grows continuously with luminosity, rising more steeply above the characteristic luminosity L_*. Redder galaxies exhibit a higher amplitude and steeper correlation function at all luminosities. The correlation amplitude of blue galaxies increases continuously with luminosity, but the luminosity dependence for red galaxies is less regular, with bright red galaxies more strongly clustered at large scales and faint red galaxies more strongly clustered at small scales. We interpret these results using halo occupation distribution (HOD) models assuming concordance cosmological parameters. For most samples, an HOD model with two adjustable parameters fits the w(r_p) data better than a power-law, explaining inflections at r_p ~ 1-3 Mpc/h as the transition between the 1-halo and 2-halo regimes of \xi(r). The implied minimum mass for a halo hosting a central galaxy above a luminosity threshold L grows as M_min ~ L at low luminosities and more steeply above L_*. The mass at which an average halo has one satellite galaxy brighter than L is M_1 ~ 23 M_min(L). These results imply a conditional luminosity function (at fixed halo mass) in which central galaxies lie far above a Schechter function extrapolation of the satellite population. HOD models nicely explain the joint luminosity-color dependence of w(r_p) in terms of the color fractions of central and satellite populations as a function of halo mass. The inferred HOD properties are in good qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions., Comment: 64 pages, 24 figures. Minor changes to match accepted ApJ version

We analyze the SDSS Ly-alpha forest P_F(k,z) measurement to determine the linear theory power spectrum. Our analysis is based on fully hydrodynamic simulations, extended using hydro-PM simulations. We account for the effect of absorbers with damping wings, which leads to an increase in the slope of the linear power spectrum. We break the degeneracy between the mean level of absorption and the linear power spectrum without significant use of external constraints. We infer linear theory power spectrum amplitude Delta^2_L(k_p=0.009s/km,z_p=3.0)=0.452_{-0.057-0.116}^{+0.069+0.141} and slope n_eff=-2.321_{-0.047-0.102}^{+0.055+0.131} (possible systematic errors are included through nuisance parameters in the fit - a factor >~5 smaller errors would be obtained on both parameters if we ignored modeling uncertainties). The errors are correlated and not perfectly Gaussian, so we provide a chi^2 table to accurately describe the results. The result corresponds to sigma_8=0.85, n=0.94, for a LCDM model with Omega_m=0.3, Omega_b=0.04, and h=0.7, but is most useful in a combined fit with the CMB. The inferred curvature of the linear power spectrum and the evolution of its amplitude and slope with redshift are consistent with expectations for LCDM models, with the evolution of the slope, in particular, being tightly constrained. We use this information to constrain systematic contamination, e.g., fluctuations in the UV background. This paper should serve as a starting point for more work to refine the analysis, including technical improvements such as increasing the size and number of the hydrodynamic simulations, and improvements in the treatment of the various forms of feedback from galaxies and quasars., Comment: Improved presentation, including fit results for (z). Simple code to produce LyaF chi^2 given linear power spectrum available at: http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~pmcdonal/code.html

We combine the constraints from the recent Ly-alpha forest and bias analysis of the SDSS with previous constraints from SDSS galaxy clustering, the latest supernovae, and WMAP . Combining WMAP and the lya we find for the primordial slope n_s=0.98\pm 0.02. We see no evidence of running, dn/d\ln k=-0.003\pm 0.010, a factor of 3 improvement over previous constraints. We also find no evidence of tensors, r<0.36 (95% c.l.). A positive correlation between tensors and primordial slope disfavors chaotic inflation type models with steep slopes: V \propto \phi^4 is outside the 3-sigma contour. For the amplitude we find sigma_8=0.90\pm 0.03 from the lyaf and WMAP alone. We find no evidence of neutrino mass: for the case of 3 massive neutrino families with an inflationary prior, \sum m_{\nu}<0.42eV and the mass of lightest neutrino is m_1<0.13eV at 95% c.l. For the 3 massless + 1 massive neutrino case we find m_{\nu}<0.79eV for the massive neutrino, excluding at 95% c.l. all neutrino mass solutions compatible with the LSND results. We explore dark energy constraints in models with a fairly general time dependence of dark energy equation of state, finding Omega_lambda=0.72\pm 0.02, w(z=0.3)=-0.98^{+0.10}_{-0.12}, the latter changing to w(z=0.3)=-0.92^{+0.09}_{-0.10} if tensors are allowed. We find no evidence for variation of the equation of state with redshift, w(z=1)=-1.03^{+0.21}_{-0.28}. These results rely on the current understanding of the lyaf and other probes, which need to be explored further both observationally and theoretically, but extensive tests reveal no evidence of inconsistency among different data sets used here., Comment: 21 pages, 17 figures, submitted to PRD

We study the soft X-ray emission (0.1 - 1 keV) from the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) in a hydrodynamic simulation of a Cold Dark Matter universe. Our main goal is to investigate how such emission can be explored with a combination of imaging and spectroscopy, and to motivate future X-ray missions. We first present high resolution images of the X-ray emission in several energy bands, in which emission from different ion species dominates. We pick three different areas to study the high resolution spectra of X-rays from the warm-hot IGM: (a) a galaxy group; (b) a filament and (c) an underluminous region. By taking into account the background X-ray emission from AGNs and foreground emission from the Galaxy, we compute composite X-ray spectra of the selected regions. We briefly investigate angular clustering of the soft-X-ray emission, finding a strong signal. Most interestingly, the combination of high spectral resolution and angular information allows us to map the emission from the WHIM in 3 dimensions. We cross-correlate the positions of galaxies in the simulation with this redshift map of emission and detect the presence of six different ion species (Ne IX, Fe XVII, O VII, O VIII, N VII, C VI) in the large-scale structure traced by the galaxies. Finally we show how such emission can be detected and studied with future X-ray satellites, with particular attention to a proposed mission, the Missing Baryon Explorer, or MBE. We present simulated observations of the WHIM gas with MBE., Comment: 17 pages, 17 figures. Revised version, accepted by ApJ

We measure cosmological parameters using the three-dimensional power spectrum P(k) from over 200,000 galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) in combination with WMAP and other data. Our results are consistent with a ``vanilla'' flat adiabatic Lambda-CDM model without tilt (n=1), running tilt, tensor modes or massive neutrinos. Adding SDSS information more than halves the WMAP-only error bars on some parameters, tightening 1 sigma constraints on the Hubble parameter from h~0.74+0.18-0.07 to h~0.70+0.04-0.03, on the matter density from Omega_m~0.25+/-0.10 to Omega_m~0.30+/-0.04 (1 sigma) and on neutrino masses from <11 eV to <0.6 eV (95%). SDSS helps even more when dropping prior assumptions about curvature, neutrinos, tensor modes and the equation of state. Our results are in substantial agreement with the joint analysis of WMAP and the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, which is an impressive consistency check with independent redshift survey data and analysis techniques. In this paper, we place particular emphasis on clarifying the physical origin of the constraints, i.e., what we do and do not know when using different data sets and prior assumptions. For instance, dropping the assumption that space is perfectly flat, the WMAP-only constraint on the measured age of the Universe tightens from t0~16.3+2.3-1.8 Gyr to t0~14.1+1.0-0.9 Gyr by adding SDSS and SN Ia data. Including tensors, running tilt, neutrino mass and equation of state in the list of free parameters, many constraints are still quite weak, but future cosmological measurements from SDSS and other sources should allow these to be substantially tightened., Comment: Minor revisions to match accepted PRD version. SDSS data and ppt figures available at http://www.hep.upenn.edu/~max/sdsspars.html

We measure the large-scale real-space power spectrum P(k) using a sample of 205,443 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, covering 2417 square degrees with mean redshift z~0.1. We employ a matrix-based method using pseudo-Karhunen-Loeve eigenmodes, producing uncorrelated minimum-variance measurements in 22 k-bands of both the clustering power and its anisotropy due to redshift-space distortions, with narrow and well-behaved window functions in the range 0.02 h/Mpc < k < 0.3h/Mpc. We pay particular attention to modeling, quantifying and correcting for potential systematic errors, nonlinear redshift distortions and the artificial red-tilt caused by luminosity-dependent bias. Our final result is a measurement of the real-space matter power spectrum P(k) up to an unknown overall multiplicative bias factor. Our calculations suggest that this bias factor is independent of scale to better than a few percent for k<0.1h/Mpc, thereby making our results useful for precision measurements of cosmological parameters in conjunction with data from other experiments such as the WMAP satellite. As a simple characterization of the data, our measurements are well fit by a flat scale-invariant adiabatic cosmological model with h Omega_m =0.201+/- 0.017 and L* galaxy sigma_8=0.89 +/- 0.02 when fixing the baryon fraction Omega_b/Omega_m=0.17 and the Hubble parameter h=0.72; cosmological interpretation is given in a companion paper., Comment: 41 ApJ pages, 40 figs. Power spectrum data, likelihood software and ppt pics available at http://www.hep.upenn.edu/~max/sdsspower.html

Using photometry and spectroscopy of 144,609 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we present bivariate distributions of pairs of seven galaxy properties: four optical colors, surface brightness, radial profile shape as measured by the Sersic index, and absolute magnitude. In addition, we present the dependence of local galaxy density (smoothed on 8 h^{-1} Mpc scales) on all of these properties. Several classic, well-known relations among galaxy properties are evident at extremely high signal-to-noise ratio: the color-color relations of galaxies, the color-magnitude relations, the magnitude-surface brightness relation, and the dependence of density on color and absolute magnitude. We show that most of the i-band luminosity density in the universe is in the absolute magnitude and surface brightness ranges used. Some of the relationships between parameters, in particular the color--magnitude relations, show stronger correlations for exponential galaxies and concentrated galaxies taken separately than for all galaxies taken together. We provide a simple set of fits of the dependence of galaxy properties on luminosity for these two sets of galaxies., Comment: 36 pages, including 14 figures, 1 table, submitted to ApJ

We describe techniques for comparing spectra extracted from cosmological simulations and observational data, using the same methodology to link Lyman-alpha properties derived from the simulations with properties derived from observational data. The eventual goal is to measure the coherence or clustering properties of Lyman-alpha absorbers using observations of quasar pairs and groups. We quantify the systematic underestimate in opacity that is inherent in the continuum fitting process of observed spectra over a range of resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. We present an automated process for detecting and selecting absorption features over the range of resolution and signal-to-noise of typical observational data on the Lyman-alpha "forest". Using these techniques, we detect coherence over transverse scales out to 500 h^{-1}_{50} kpc in spectra extracted from a cosmological simulation at z = 2., Comment: 52 pages, includes 14 figures, to appear in ApJ v566 Feb 2002

This paper discusses a semi-numerical method of investigating the enrichment of the intergalactic medium by galactic winds. We find that most galaxies at z >~ 3 should be driving winds, and that (if these winds are similar to those at low-z) these winds should escape to large distances. Our calculations -- which permit exploration of a large region of model parameter space -- indicate that the wind velocity, the mass of the wind-driving galaxies, the fraction of ambient material entrained, and the available time (between wind launch and the observed redshift) all affect wind propagation significantly; other physical effects can be important but are sub-dominant. We find that under reasonable assumptions, the enrichment by 3 <~ z <~ 6 galaxies could account for the quantity of metals seen in the Ly-alpha forest, though it is presently unclear whether this enrichment is compatible with the intergalactic medium's detailed metal distribution or relative quiescence., Comment: 7 pages, 4 ps figures; to appear in "Chemical Enrichment of Intracluster and Intergalactic Medium", Vulcano, Italy, 14-18 May 2001, ASP Conference Series

We describe the target selection and resulting properties of a spectroscopic sample of luminous, red galaxies (LRG) from the imaging data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). These galaxies are selected on the basis of color and magnitude to yield a sample of luminous, intrinsically red galaxies that extends fainter and further than the main flux-limited portion of the SDSS galaxy spectroscopic sample. The sample is designed to impose a passively-evolving luminosity and rest-frame color cut to a redshift of 0.38. Additional, yet more luminous, red galaxies are included to a redshift of 0.5. Approximately 12 of these galaxies per square degree are targeted for spectroscopy, so the sample will number over 100,000 with the full survey. SDSS commissioning data indicate that the algorithm efficiently selects luminous (M_g=-21.4), red galaxies, that the spectroscopic success rate is very high, and that the resulting set of galaxies is approximately volume-limited out to z=0.38. When the SDSS is complete, the LRG spectroscopic sample will fill over 1h^-3 Gpc^3 with an approximately homogeneous population of galaxies and will therefore be well suited to studies of large-scale structure and clusters out to z=0.5., Comment: 30 pages, LaTeX. Accepted to the Astronomical Journal

We present the analysis of a suite of simulations of a Virgo mass galaxy cluster. Undertaken within the framework of standard cold dark matter cosmology, these simulations were performed at differing resolutions and with increasingly complex physical processes, with the goal of identifying the effects of each on the evolution of the cluster. We focus on the cluster at the present epoch and examine properties including the radial distributions of density, temperature, entropy and velocity. We also map `observable' projected properties such as the surface mass density, X-ray surface brightness and SZ signature. We identify significant differences between the simulations, which highlights the need for caution when comparing numerical simulations to observations of galaxy clusters. While resolution affects the inner density profile in dark matter simulations, the addition of a gaseous component, especially one that cools and forms stars, affects the entire cluster. We conclude that both resolution and included physical processes play an important role in simulating the formation and evolution of galaxy clusters. Therefore, physical inferences drawn from simulations that do not include a gaseous component that can cool and form stars present a poor representation of reality. (Abridged), Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. Several changes from previous version, including new material

We propose a new method of analysis for the \lya forest, namely to measure the 1-point and 2-point joint probability distribution of the transmitted flux. The results for a sample of seven observed quasars and from two simulations of structure formation are shown and compared. Statistically significant differences in the 2-point function between the results of the numerical simulations and the observations are easily found. The analysis we suggest is very simple to apply to observed data sets, and we discuss its superiority over the traditional Voigt-profile fitting algorithms for accurate comparison to the predictions of theoretical models., Comment: 7 pages, 3 postscript figures, uses conf_iap.sty. To appear in Proceedings of 13th IAP Colloquium: Structure and Evolution of the IGM from QSO Absorption Line Systems, eds. P. Petitjean, S. Charlot

We have measured the distribution function of the flux decrement caused by Lyman alpha forest absorption in a new sample of high resolution QSO spectra. The observations are compared to the results from two simulations of the Lya forest: an Eulerian Lambda-CDM model, and an SPH standard CDM model. Good agreement between the shapes of simulated and observed distributions is achieved by globally scaling the optical depth to match the mean flux decrements. This procedure amounts to a measurement of the parameter Omega_b^2 h^3 / Gamma (where Omega_b is the baryonic matter density and Gamma is the HI ionization rate). Estimating a lower limit Gamma > 7 10^{-13} s^{-1} from the abundance of known QSOs, we derive a lower limit to the baryon density, Omega_b h^2>0.021(0.017) for the Lambda-CDM (SCDM) model. In both cases the large values are inconsistent with some recent D/H determinations (Rugers & Hogan 1996a,b), favoring a low deuterium abundance as reported by Tytler, Fan & Burles (1996). Adopting a fixed Omega_b, we can determine the evolution of the ionizing radiation field. Our models predict the intensity to be approximately constant with redshift, consistent with the assumption that the ionizing background is produced by known quasars for z < 3. However, additional sources of ionizing photons are required at higher redshift., Comment: 35 pages latex (uses aaspp4 and psfig.sty), 10 postscript figures; submitted to ApJ. The complete paper can also be retrieved at http://astro.caltech.edu/~mr/preprints/fluxdec.ps.gz

We describe an accurate, one-dimensional, spherically symmetric, Lagrangian hydrodynamics/gravity code, designed to study the effects of radiative cooling and photo-ionization on the formation of protogalaxies. The code can treat an arbitrary number of fluid shells (representing baryons) and collisionless shells (representing cold dark matter). As a test of the code, we reproduce analytic solutions for the pulsation behavior of a polytrope and for the self-similar collapse of a spherically symmetric, cosmological perturbation. In this paper, we concentrate on the effects of radiative cooling, examining the ability of collapsing perturbations to cool within the age of the universe. In contrast to some studies based on order-of- magnitude estimates, we find that cooling arguments alone cannot explain the sharp upper cutoff observed in the galaxy luminosity function., Comment: 33 pages, uuencoded compressed postscript with figures, Ap.J. (in press), corrections to axes in Fig 1

We analyze the properties of a sample of galaxies identified in a 21-cm, HI-line survey of selected areas in the Perseus-Pisces supercluster and its foreground void. Twelve fields were observed in the supercluster, five of them (target fields) centered on optically bright galaxies, and the other seven (blank fields) selected to contain no bright galaxies. We detected nine previously uncataloged, gas-rich galaxies, six of them in the target fields. We also detected HI from seven previously cataloged galaxies in these fields. Observations in the void covered the same volume as the twelve supercluster fields at the same HI-mass sensitivity, but no objects were detected. Combining our HI data with optical broad-band and H-alpha imaging, we conclude that the properties of HI-selected galaxies do not differ substantially from those of late-type galaxies found in optical surveys. In particular, the galaxies in our sample do not appear to be unusually faint for their HI mass, or for their circular velocity. The previously cataloged, optically bright galaxies in our survey volume dominate the total HI mass density and cross-section; the uncataloged galaxies contribute only 19% of the mass and 12% of the cross-section. Thus, existing estimates of the density and cross-section of neutral hydrogen, most of which are based on optically-selected galaxy samples, are probably accurate., Comment: 24 pages w/o figures, uuencoded postscript. Version w/ figs available as compressed postscript file (1 Mb compressed, 20 Mb [!] uncompressed) by anon ftp from eku.ias.edu. Directory /pub, file pp_dwarfs.ps.Z. Accepted by AJ, IAS preprint AST-94/18

We quantitatively compare a particle implementation of the adhesion approximation to fully non--linear, numerical nbody simulations. Our primary tool, cross--correlation of nbody simulations with the adhesion approximation, indicates good agreement, better than that found by the same test performed with the Zel'dovich approximation (hereafter ZA). However, the cross--correlation is not as good as that of the truncated Zel'dovich approximation (TZA), obtained by applying the Zel'dovich approximation after smoothing the initial density field with a Gaussian filter. We confirm that the adhesion approximation produces an excessively filamentary distribution. Relative to the nbody results, we also find that: (a) the power spectrum obtained from the adhesion approximation is more accurate than that from ZA or TZA, (b) the error in the phase angle of Fourier components is worse than that from TZA, and (c) the mass distribution function is more accurate than that from ZA or TZA. It appears that adhesion performs well statistically, but that TZA is more accurate dynamically, in the sense of moving mass to the right place. Subject Heading: Galaxies, formation, clustering--large--scale structure of the Universe, Comment: TeX, 7 pages excluding figures (contact melott@kusmos.phsx.ukans.edu). submitted to ApJ

We challenge a widely accepted assumption of observational cosmology: that successful reconstruction of observed galaxy density fields from measured galaxy velocity fields (or vice versa), using the methods of gravitational instability theory, implies that the observed large-scale structures and large-scale flows were produced by the action of gravity. This assumption is false, in that there exist non-gravitational theories that pass the reconstruction tests and gravitational theories with certain forms of biased galaxy formation that fail them. Gravitational instability theory predicts specific correlations between large-scale velocity and mass density fields, but the same correlations arise in any model where (a) structures in the galaxy distribution grow from homogeneous initial conditions in a way that satisfies the continuity equation, and (b) the present-day velocity field is irrotational and proportional to the time-averaged velocity field. We demonstrate these assertions using analytical arguments and N-body simulations of gravitational and non-gravitational models. We also show examples of gravitational and non-gravitational models that {\it fail} reconstruction tests because galaxy formation is modulated (``biased'') in a way that violates the continuity equation. We discuss the relation between the value of $\Omega$ inferred from velocity-density comparisons and the true cosmological value., Comment: plain tex, 34 pp; postscript version w/ 17 figures available by anonymous ftp; to appear in ApJ; IAS preprint #93-67

We calculate the cosmological evolution of the 1-point probability distribution function (PDF), using an analytic approximation that combines gravitational perturbation theory with the Edgeworth expansion of the PDF. Our method applies directly to a smoothed mass density field or to the divergence of a smoothed peculiar velocity field, provided that rms fluctuations are small compared to unity on the smoothing scale, and that the primordial fluctuations that seed the growth of structure are Gaussian. We use this `Edgeworth approximation' to compute the evolution of $<\delta|\delta|>$ and $<|delta|>$; these measures are similar to the skewness and kurtosis of the density field, but they are less sensitive to tails of the probability distribution, so they may be more accurately estimated from surveys of limited volume. We compare our analytic calculations to cosmological N-body simulations in order to assess their range of validity. When $\sigma \ll 1$, the numerical simulations and perturbation theory agree precisely, demonstrating that the N-body method can yield accurate results in the regime of weakly non-linear clustering. We show analytically that `biased' galaxy formation preserves the relation $<\delta^3> \propto <\delta^2>^2$ predicted by second-order perturbation theory, provided that the galaxy density is a local function of the underlying mass density., Comment: Tex + epsf, 29 pages incl. 10 eps figures, subm. to ApJ, IAS preprint