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Milk and Minas frescal cheese were evaluated from crossbred Holstein × Gir cows that were fed diets enriched with 0, 33, 66 and 100% inclusion levels of palm kernel cake in a concentrated supplement in replace of soybean meal. Eight crossbred lactating cows were distributed (four animals × four treatments × four periods) in the experimental design of double 4 × 4 Latin squares. The capric (C : 10, P = 0·0270), undecylic (C : 11, P = 0·0134), and lauric (C : 12, P = 0·0342) saturated fatty acid concentrations and CLA (C18 : 2c9t11, P = 0·0164) of the milk fat decreased linearly with an increasing percentage of peanut cake in the diet. The increased peanut cake content (100%) in the diet was associated with a linear decrease in C : 10 (P = 0·0447), C : 12 (P = 0·0002), mirystic (C : 14, P < 0·0001) and palmitic (C : 16, P < 0·0001) saturated fatty acid concentrations and an increase in arachidic, lignoceric, palmitoleic and elaidic acid levels in the Minas frescal cheese fat made from the milk. Both the milk and the Minas frescal cheese showed a linear decrease in the concentration of monosaturated fatty acids (P < 0·0001), atherogenicity index, and thrombogenicity index (P < 0·05), while the hypocholesterolaemic: hypercholesterolaemic and omega 6: omega 3 (P > 0·05) ratios were not influenced by the different peanut cake levels. The inclusion of up to 100% peanut cake as a substitution for soybean meal in the concentrate of grazing lactating cows resulted in changes in the nutritional quality of their milk products, as indicated by the increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids and the decrease of saturated fatty acids (lauric, myristic, and palmitic).

Objetivou-se, avaliar a influência de alguns recursos de climatização na produção e composição do leite e nas variáveis fisiológicas, freqüência respiratória, freqüência cardíaca, temperatura retal. Foram utilizadas 14 vacas da raça Holandesa, em um experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos: sala de espera com sombreamento acrescido de aspersão (climatizado) e sala de espera sem estrutura de climatização (não climatizado), sendo sete vacas por tratamento. Os dados climáticos de cada tratamento foram registrados para calcular o Índice de Temperatura e Umidade. A produção de leite diária foi significativamente superior no tratamento climatizado frente ao não climatizado, 13,97 contra 11,24kg de leite, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os componentes do leite (proteína, extrato seco desengordurado, densidade e gordura). O índice de temperatura e umidade permaneceu dentro da zona de conforto térmico para vacas em lactação (72 a 78) no tratamento climatizado, porém o inverso ocorreu no tratamento não climatizado, 71,34 e 79,76, respectivamente. Os animais que não desfrutaram da climatização apresentaram aumento da temperatura retal, da freqüência respiratória e cardíaca, quando comparados aos animais do tratamento climatizado. It was aimed, to evaluate the influence of some acclimatizated resources in production and composition of milk in physiological variables, respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature. It was used 14 cows of Holstein breed, in an experiment with completely randomized design with two treatments: shading waiting room added with aspersion (conditioned) and waiting room without acclimatized structure (not conditioned), having seven cows per treatment. The climatic data of each treatment were registered to calculate the temperature and humidity index. The daily milk production was significantly superior in conditioned treatment opposite to not conditioned, 13,97 against 11,24kg of milk, respectively. There was not difference among the treatment for milk components (protein, nonfat dry extract, density and fat). The temperature and humidity index remained inside the thermal comfort zone for cows during fosterage (72-78) in conditioned treatment, however the inverse have happened in not conditioned treatment, 71,34 and 79,76, respectively. The animals that did not have acclimatization had presented an increase of rectal temperature, respiratory rate and heart rate, when compared to those animals in conditioned treatment.

The aim of this study was to estimate the chemical composition of maize silage based on the morphological characteristics of maize plants and to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization and the inclusion of a microbial inoculant during the ensiling process on the production of maize silage and its morphological, qualitative and fermentative characteristics. The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilization with urea (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha -1 ) and the inclusion or exclusion of the microbial inoculants during the ensiling process. A completely randomized design was used in a 4×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The maize silage chemical composition was estimated by evaluating the plant height (PH) and ear characteristics (NRE = number of rows per ear; NKE = number of kernels per ear; ELS = ear length with straw; EL = ear length without straw) using the following equations: CP = -12.44 + 5.871 × PH + 0.01814 × NRE² ( R² = 0.89; P < 0.0001); NDF = 587.93-0.78 × NKE-11.67 × ELS-0.47 × EL + 0.0000007 × NKE³ + 0.006 × EL³ (R² = 0.92; P = 0.003); ADF = 41.48 -0.046 × NRE 2 ( R 2 = 0.42; P = 0.02); TDN = 57.81 - 0.0319 × NRE 2 ( R 2 = 0.42; P = 0.02); EDDM = 56.58 + 0.035 × NRE 2 ( R 2 = 0.42; P = 0.02) and NE L = 1.31 + 0.000757 × NRE 2 ( R 2 = 0.41; P = 0.02). In conclusion, nitrogen fertilization increases the silage energy and protein content; while the inclusion of microbial inoculants during the ensiling process does not alter the chemical and fermentative characteristics of the maize silage.

Aditivos alimentares podem aumentar a eficiência dos alimentos e a produção animal, bem como reduzir a produção de metano (CH4) entérico. Com objetivo de avaliar a influência de aditivos orgânicos em duas concentrações (250 e 500ppm) na produção de CH4 (mL), ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e no pH, foi conduzido um experimento “in vitro” gás, tendo dois controles, um negativo sem a presença de aditivo e outro positivo, com à adição de monensina sódica (30ppm). O experimento foi organizado em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. O tratamento com monensina sódica aumentou (p0.05) nos demais parâmetros avaliados em relação ao tratamento sem aditivos. Neste sentido a monensina sódica apresenta características de modulação do ambiente ruminal.

Milk and Minas frescal cheese were evaluated from crossbred Holstein × Gir cows that were fed diets enriched with 0, 33, 66 and 100% inclusion levels of palm kernel cake in a concentrated supplement in replace of soybean meal. Eight crossbred lactating cows were distributed (four animals × four treatments × four periods) in the experimental design of double 4 × 4 Latin squares. The capric (C : 10, P = 0·0270), undecylic (C : 11, P = 0·0134), and lauric (C : 12, P = 0·0342) saturated fatty acid concentrations and CLA (C18 : 2c9t11, P = 0·0164) of the milk fat decreased linearly with an increasing percentage of peanut cake in the diet. The increased peanut cake content (100%) in the diet was associated with a linear decrease in C : 10 (P = 0·0447), C : 12 (P = 0·0002), mirystic (C : 14, P 0·05) ratios were not influenced by the different peanut cake levels. The inclusion of up to 100% peanut cake as a substitution for soybean meal in the concentrate of grazing lactating cows resulted in changes in the nutritional quality of their milk products, as indicated by the increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids and the decrease of saturated fatty acids (lauric, myristic, and palmitic).