130 results on '"Weijma, J."'
Search Results
2. High-rate biological selenate reduction in a sequencing batch reactor for recovery of hexagonal selenium
- Author
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Song, B., Tian, Z., van der Weijden, R.D., Buisman, C.J.N., and Weijma, J.
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Use of biogenic sulfide for ZnS precipitation
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Esposito, G., Veeken, A., Weijma, J., and Lens, P.N.L.
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- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Expanding the bioscorodite process for As(III) wastewater remediation
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Buisman, C.J.N., Weijma, J., Vega Hernandez, Silvia, Buisman, C.J.N., Weijma, J., and Vega Hernandez, Silvia
- Abstract
Arsenic (As), is the 20th most abundant natural element in the earth’s crust. Furthermore, an important source of drinking water contamination and undesirable element overproduced during the extraction of valuable metals from low-grade ores.To date, ferric arsenate, scorodite is the most appropriate carrier for long-term arsenic fixation in metallurgical processes. Previously, the biological scorodite crystallization (bioscorodite) from diluted As(V) streams demonstrated being cost-efficient and sustainable solution for the treatment of diluted As(V) solutions.Since As(III) is predominant in acid effluents and scorodite needs the As to be in the As(V) an oxidation previous oxidation step is required.In this work entitled Expanding the bioscorodite process for As(III) wastewater remediation, we explored at laboratory scale, the possibilities of arsenic immobilization from the treatment acid As(III)-bearing solutions through the biological oxidation and precipitation in a single unit process aiming to broaden the range of application of the bioscorodite concept.In this thesis, the proof of principle, reactor selection and operational conditions of the bioscorodite crystallization were studied. The main findings of this research demonstrated the feasibility of the simultaneous As(III) oxidation catalyzed by granular activated carbon (GAC) and biological Fe(II) oxidation and precipitation in a singles system leading as the main product the formation of highly stable scorodite crystals with low arsenic leachability. Furthermore, the predominance of thermoacidophilic archaea and identification of EPS like-structures indicated that scorodite formation is mediated by the microbial surface or by the exopolymeric organic components. The use of alternative Fe(II) sources such as pyrite and abundant mineral in hydrometallurgical processes was successfully tested indicating the potential of this cheaper source towards reducing the cost of the process. Besides the use of GAC as a
- Published
- 2020
5. Effect of the sludge retention time on H 2 utilization in a sulphate reducing gas-lift reactor
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Esposito, G, Weijma, J, Pirozzi, F, and Lens, P.N.L
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- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Fertile cities : Nutrient flows from new sanitation to urban agriculture
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Zeeman, G., Oenema, O., Weijma, J., Wielemaker, Rosanne, Zeeman, G., Oenema, O., Weijma, J., and Wielemaker, Rosanne
- Abstract
Developments in urban agriculture and new sanitation systems bring about new narratives to the status quo of both food production and human excreta management, and reintroduce the opportunity to partially close nutrient cycles at the urban scale. Urban agriculture is the production of food in and around (peri-urban) a city. New sanitation systems collect, transport and treat streams containing human excreta and aim to recover valuable resources from those streams. The recognition of the mutual benefit for nutrient exchange between urban agriculture and new sanitation has increased. In this regard, urban agriculture has a demand for nutrients and new sanitation a supply of nutrients, which if matched, can facilitate nutrient recycling and thereby minimize nutrient losses. Nevertheless, numerous challenges remain to match nutrient flows between urban agriculture and new sanitation. Not only do the quantities and qualities of nutrient demand and supply need to be matched – taking into account parameters for plant requirements, as well as human hygiene and environmental safety (e.g. pathogens, heavy metals) – but also spatial and temporal dynamics of demand and supply (e.g. when and where fertilizers are needed and when and where nutrients are excreted) need to be optimized for coupling of nutrient flows. This thesis contributes to uncovering the potential of integrating urban agriculture and new sanitation so as to establish nutrient recirculation between the two. Specific objectives include (i) an analysis of nutrient demand and supply, (ii) an evaluation of spatial and temporal aspects of supply and demand matching, and (iii) a reflection on trade-offs for improved nutrient recycling within the urban environment. This thesis primarily focuses on the three macronutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), as well as organic matter (OM), although, other macro- and micronutrients are tangentially discussed.Chapter 2 presents a first exploration of closing, Het doel van dit onderzoek is bij te dragen aan het begrijpen van het potentieel om de recirculatie van nutriënten tussen nieuwe sanitatie en stadslandbouw tot stand te brengen. Specifieke doelstellingen zijn (i) een analyse van de vraag naar en het aanbod van nutriënten, (ii) een evaluatie van ruimtelijke en temporele aspecten van de koppeling tussen vraag en aanbod, en (iii) een reflectie op de mogelijke afwegingen van het hergebruik van nutriënten in de stedelijke omgeving. Dit proefschrift richt zich voornamelijk op de drie macronutriënten stikstof (N), fosfor (P) en kalium (K), evenals organische stof (OM); andere macro- en micronutriënten worden in beperkte mate besproken. De centrale vraag van dit proefschrift is: ‘wat is het potentieel om nutriënten die aanwezig zijn in menselijke ontlasting als meststof her te gebruiken in de stadslandbouw’.
- Published
- 2019
7. Recycling Food System Nutrients in a Circular Economy
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Derikx, Piet, Oenema, O., Vellinga, Th.V., Verloop, Koos, Weijma, J., Zwanenburg, Wyno, de Wolf, P.L., and de Bie, Linda
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Sustainable Soil Use ,WIMEK ,Programmamanagement ,OT Team Agriculture & Society ,Emissie & Mestverwaarding ,PE&RC ,BU Authenticiteit & Bioassays ,BU Authenticity & Bioassays ,WIAS ,Life Science ,Emissions & Manure Valorisation ,Duurzaam Bodemgebruik ,Directieraad ,Agro Field Technology Innovations ,OT Team Landbouw & Samenleving ,Biological Recovery & Re-use Technology - Abstract
Planet Earth already exists for over 5 billion years, while humans have been around for only a million years.The impact of human activity on the natural ecosystem has increased dramatically over the last few hundred years, mainly through agriculture, industry, and urbanisation, resulting in the consumption of natural resources at high rate. Modern agriculture, with the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals, has increased productivity drastically and has loosened the connection between location of food production and location of food consumption. As a result local/regional accumulation of nutrients occurs in terms of waste streams with negative impact on the environment, in combination with regional depletion elsewhere.The circular economy has been generally accepted now by most scientists, policy makers and entrepreneurs, as concept and new paradigm for organizing the food production –consumption cycle. As a consequence any stream of material within that cycle should be considered as an input elsewhere in the cycle. The main question addressed in this paper is ‘how to organize the recycling of food system nutrients effectively and efficiently’?As socio-economic, environmental and cultural conditions differ from one place to the other on the planet there is not one single solution that fits all food systems for organizing a circular economy. Therefore, a mix of several solutions may occur side by side. This diversity will contribute positively to the robustness of the system towards fluctuations due to impacts generated either by nature or by mankind. An important constraints to modifications to food systems is that the modifications and recycling are acceptable by the stakeholders involved. Therefore, initiatives have to be taken to bring together different stakeholders in order to exchange ideas and to explore common grounds for future cooperation. Position papers are written to stimulate partners to move away from their own comfort zone and think about new types of solutions. As the world changes, new techniques become available and new generations prefer to make different choices. What was good in the past might no longer be good enough for the future. Here the first results from this forward-looking and integrated approach are reported.
- Published
- 2018
8. Data from: X-Ray Diffraction of Iron Containing Samples: the Importance of a Suitable Configuration
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Mos, Y.M., Vermeulen, Arnold C., Buisman, C.J.N., Weijma, J., Mos, Y.M., Vermeulen, Arnold C., Buisman, C.J.N., and Weijma, J.
- Abstract
RD results belonging to paper ‘X-Ray Diffraction of Iron Containing Samples: the Importance of a Suitable Configuration’
- Published
- 2018
9. Thiosulphate conversion in a methane and acetate fed membrane bioreactor
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Suarez Zuluaga, D.A., Timmers, P.H.A., Plugge, C.M., Stams, A.J.M., Buisman, C.J.N., Weijma, J., Suarez Zuluaga, D.A., Timmers, P.H.A., Plugge, C.M., Stams, A.J.M., Buisman, C.J.N., and Weijma, J.
- Abstract
The use of methane and acetate as electron donors for biological reduction of thiosulphate in a 5-L laboratory membrane bioreactor was studied and compared to disproportionation of thiosulphate as competing biological reaction. The reactor was operated for 454 days in semi-batch mode; 30 % of its liquid phase was removed and periodically replenished (days 77, 119, 166, 258, 312 and 385). Although the reactor was operated under conditions favourable to promote thiosulphate reduction coupled to methane oxidation, thiosulphate disproportionation was the dominant microbial process. Pyrosequencing analysis showed that the most abundant microorganisms in the bioreactor were phototrophic green sulphur bacteria (GSB) belonging to the family Chlorobiaceae and thiosulphate-disproportionating bacteria belonging to the genus Desulfocapsa. Even though the reactor system was surrounded with opaque plastic capable of filtering most of the light, the GSB used it to oxidize the hydrogen sulphide produced from thiosulphate disproportionation to elemental sulphur. Interrupting methane and acetate supply did not have any effect on the microbial processes taking place. The ultimate goal of our research was to develop a process that could be applied for thiosulphate and sulphate removal and biogenic sulphide formation for metal precipitation. Even though the system achieved in this study did not accomplish the targeted conversion using methane as electron donor, it does perform microbial conversions which allow to directly obtain elemental sulphur from thiosulphate
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- 2016
10. A case in support of implementing innovative bio-processes in the metal mining industry
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Sanchez Andrea, I., Stams, A.J.M., Weijma, J., Gonzalez Contreras, P.A., Dijkman, H., Rozendal, R.A., Johnson, D.B., Sanchez Andrea, I., Stams, A.J.M., Weijma, J., Gonzalez Contreras, P.A., Dijkman, H., Rozendal, R.A., and Johnson, D.B.
- Abstract
The metal mining industry faces many large challenges in future years, among which is the increasing need to process low-grade ores as accessible higher grade ores become depleted. This is against a backdrop of increasing global demands for base and precious metals, and rare earth elements. Typically about 99% of solid material hauled to, and ground at, the land surface currently ends up as waste (rock dumps and mineral tailings). Exposure of these to air and water frequently leads to the formation of acidic, metal-contaminated run-off waters, referred to as acid mine drainage, which constitutes a severe threat to the environment. Formation of acid drainage is a natural phenomenon involving various species of lithotrophic (literally 'rock-eating') bacteria and archaea, which oxidize reduced forms of iron and/or sulfur. However, other microorganisms that reduce inorganic sulfur compounds can essentially reverse this process. These microorganisms can be applied on industrial scale to precipitate metals from industrial mineral leachates and acid mine drainage streams, resulting in a net improvement in metal recovery, while minimizing the amounts of leachable metals to the tailings storage dams. Here, we advocate that more extensive exploitation of microorganisms in metal mining operations could be an important way to green up the industry, reducing environmental risks and improving the efficiency and the economy of metal recovery
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- 2016
11. Autogenerative high pressure digestion: Future potentials and constraints
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Lindeboom, R.E.F., Zagt, C.E., Shin, S.G., Weijma, J., Plugge, C.M., and van Lier, J.B.
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biogas upgrading ,acid neutralizing capacity ,kinetics ,microbial diversity ,pressure digestion ,population dynamics ,mineral supplementation - Abstract
Biogas generated in waste (water) treatment facilities is increasingly regarded as an important source of renewable energy. However, generally, the CH4 content in biogas ranges between 55-70%, depending waste(water) composition, and cannot be applied directly for high grade applications such as gas grid injection or vehicle fuel. Conventional biogas upgrading technologies are only cost-efficient when treating biogas flows exceeding 100 Nm3/h. Therefore, cost-effective external biogas upgrading, to remove H2O, CO2, H2S and other trace impurities, was assumed to pose a major challenge for the further dissemination of small-scale decentralized anaerobic digestion technology. Consequently, an integrated CO2-scrubbing mechanism, denominated as Autogenerative High Pressure Digestion (AHPD) was introduced. Previous work already showed that working pressures up to 90 bar and >95% CH4-content of the biogas are feasible. This work explores the future potential of AHPD by discussing constraints on the requirement of Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC), and the role of mineral addition. Although not the main focus of this work, insights on kinetics and population dynamics are used to support the findings. The fact that a continuous AHPD 1.5 m3 reactor is currently in operation brings the technology very close to practice.
- Published
- 2013
12. Handelingsperspectief circulaire economie Amsterdam - Gezamenlijke oplossingen en kansen voor betere kringloopsluiting in Metropoolregio Amsterdam (MRA) - Factsheets bij het visiedocument
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Thoden Van Velzen, E.U., Weijma, J., Sukkel, W., Vader, J., Reinhard, A.J., and Oliemans, W.J.
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cycling ,new sanitation ,amsterdam ,urban agriculture ,LEI Regionale Economie en Ruimtegebruik ,recovery ,terugwinning ,LEI Regional economy & land use ,duurzaamheid (sustainability) ,FBR Fresh Supply Chains ,Agricultural Economics and Rural Policy ,reststromen ,kringlopen ,Green Economy and Landuse ,phosphate ,Agrarische Economie en Plattelandsbeleid ,nieuwe sanitatie ,biobased economy ,sustainability ,OT Team Bedrijfssyst.onderz./Bodemkwaliteit ,stadslandbouw ,food supply ,Groene Economie en Ruimte ,afvalverwerking ,residual streams ,fosfaat ,voedselvoorziening ,Environmental Technology ,Milieutechnologie ,LEI Regionale Economie & Ruimtegebruik ,waste treatment - Abstract
Als resultaat van de samenwerking met de Metropoolregio Amsterdam benoemt Wageningen UR in dit document voor vier kringlopen actuele mogelijkheden en bijbehorende maatregelen om de kringlopen zo goed mogelijk te sluiten. In de vorm van factsheets wordt voor elke maatregel uitgewerkt wat deze oplevert voor de dimensies people, planet, profit en proces en wat de kosten, de risico’s en de randvoorwaarden daarbij zijn. De vier kringlopen zijn fosfaat, water, afval en voedsel.
- Published
- 2013
13. Synergie RWZI en mestverwerking
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Bisschops, I., Timmerman, M., Weijma, J., van Eekert, M.H.A., de Buisonjé, F.E., and Spanjers, H.
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LR - Environment ,LR - Milieu ,Life Science ,Environmental Technology ,Milieutechnologie - Published
- 2012
14. Explorative research on innovative nitrogen recovery
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van Eekert, M.H.A., Weijma, J., Verdoes, N., de Buisonje, F.E., Reitsma, B.A.H., and van den Bulk, J.
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stikstofmeststoffen ,LR - Environment ,afvalwaterbehandeling ,LR - Milieu ,stikstofkringloop ,purification plants ,nitrogen ,rioolwaterzuivering ,zuiveringsinstallaties ,nitrogen fertilizers ,recovery ,terugwinning ,waste water treatment ,stikstof ,nitrogen cycle ,Environmental Technology ,Milieutechnologie ,sewage treatment - Abstract
This report comprises the results of an explorative study on innovative nitrogen recovery from side streams of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Netherlands. The main objective of the study was to identify promising new technologies for recovery of nitrogen which can be subsequently used as an artificial fertilizer. This shortcircuits the global nitrogen cycle and thereby reduces the environmental impact of the nitrogen cycle that has been distorted by human influence (eutrophication, greenhouse gases).
- Published
- 2012
15. Bioscorodite crystallization for arsenic removal
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Gonzalez-Contreras, P.A., Huisman, J., Weijma, J., and Buisman, C.J.N.
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WIMEK ,Bio-crystallization ,Environmental Technology ,Milieutechnologie ,Bioscorodite ,Biohydrometallurgy ,Arsenic - Abstract
In the bio-scorodite process, arsenic is precipitated as crystalline iron arsenate, i.e. scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O). This is a more economic and more environmentally friendly method for arsenic immobilization than the chemical production of iron- or calcium arsenate, as fewer chemicals are needed. Moreover, scorodite is an attractive medium for arsenic control and immobilization because it is stable, compact and has a very low solubility. Therefore it is regarded as the most ideal form for long-term arsenic storage. We have demonstrated that bio-crystallization of arsenic into scorodite crystals is possible with the aid of microorganisms. The operational conditions of the bio-scorodite process allow for a fast growth of the microorganisms and facilitate the crystallization of scorodite, avoiding the precipitation of other iron oxides or amorphous iron arsenates. The bio-scorodite process brings several advantages compared to chemical crystallization such as the lower required temperature (70°C), the control of supersaturation by biological oxidation and no need for crystal parents or seeds to begin the crystallization. Arsenic concentrations are removed to ppm level with starting concentrations ranging from 1000 to 2000 mg L-1. The produced bioscorodite crystals are very similar to the scorodite mineral found in nature. By control of the iron feed and the pH, the production of other iron precipitates is avoided. The latter facilitates easy separation of the solid product. Based on their highly crystalline nature, the biogenic scorodite crystals seem very suitable for safe disposal. At present the research has started with the continuous production of scorodite in bioreactors. The follow-up challenges are focused on the selection of a suitable reactor configuration.
- Published
- 2011
16. Arsenic Biomineral Formation Leads to Partial Encrustation of Thermoacidophilic Archaeon
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Gonzalez-Contreras, P.A., Weijma, J., and Buisman, C.J.N.
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inorganic chemicals ,WIMEK ,Life Science ,Environmental Technology ,Milieutechnologie - Abstract
Acidophilic iron oxidizing Sulfolobales spp. can mediate the formation of jarosite nanoprecipitates and precursors of the arsenic biomineral scorodite [1]. In batch experiments, scorodite formation by Sulfolobales spp. was induced at a pH of 1 and 75°C [2]. At these conditions, we observed incomplete encrustation of Sulfolobales spp. cells with precursors (nuclei) of scorodite, formed on the cell surface. The low pH in these experiments is expected to prevent encrustation of the archaeal cells by ferric iron precipitates, which stays in solution below pH 2. Therefore, we suggest that the mechanism of scorodite formation begins with the sorption of ferric iron onto charged groups on the cell surface, followed by the formation of nuclei from the adsorbed ferric iron and dissolved arsenate. As the encrustation of cells was incomplete, the archaea continued oxidizing ferrous iron. Growth and ageing of the precipitates into crystals was favoured under the applied conditions. Our results show that incomplete encrustation only occurs when arsenate is added. Encrustation does not occur at all in absence of arsenic, i.e., jarosite precipitates induced by the Sulfolobales were not attached to the cell surface. Possibly, the formation of ferric arsenate precipitates is induced by the archaea as a strategy against arsenic inhibition.
- Published
- 2011
17. Energie uit rioolwater en keukenafval bij hoge druk
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Zagt, K., Barelds, J., van Lier, J., Weijma, J., and Plugge, C.M.
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high pressure technology ,waste water ,hergebruik van water ,afvalwaterbehandeling ,afvalwater ,water treatment ,water reuse ,waterzuivering ,Microbiology ,innovations ,waste water treatment ,efficiency ,Microbiologie ,efficiëntie ,hogedruktechnologie ,rioolwater ,Environmental Technology ,sewage ,Milieutechnologie ,innovaties - Abstract
Decentrale sanitatie als invulling van een duurzame waterketen is bedacht in Wageningen en tussen 2002 en 2005 door een aantal partijen in het noorden van Nederland ontwikkeld tot een bruikbaar concept. Het demonstratieproject DeSaH in Sneek heeft laten zien dat het toepassen van decentrale sanitatie en hergebruik veel mogelijkheden biedt en zeker ook een aantal aanknopingspunten voor verdere ontwikkelingen. De resultaten van het innovatieve concept kunnen echter nog aanzienlijk worden verbeterd. Ondergetekenden zijn na het ontwerp voor het project in Sneek het laboratorium ingedoken, om met nieuwe partijen te werken aan de verbetering van de efficiency, de energieprestatie en de marktpotentie van het concept. Het resultaat is een nieuwe zuiveringstechnologie: hogedrukgisting
- Published
- 2010
18. The effect of solid retention time on the competition for H2 between sulfate reducers, methanogens and homoacetogens in a gas lift reactor
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Esposito, Giovanni, Weijma, J, Lens, P. N. L., and Pirozzi, F.
- Published
- 2002
19. Biological recovery of metals, sulfur and water in the mining and metallurgical industry
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Weijma, J., Copini, C.F.M., Buisman, C.J.N., and Schultz, C.E.
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inorganic chemicals ,WIMEK ,zwavel ,metallurgy ,biologische technieken ,metalen ,mijnbouw ,biological techniques ,metals ,mining ,metallurgie ,resource conservation ,recovery ,terugwinning ,sulfur ,biologische behandeling ,Environmental Technology ,Milieutechnologie ,biological treatment ,mineral resources ,bodemschatten ,hulpbronnenbehoud - Abstract
Metals of particular interest in acid mine drainage and industrial wastewaters include copper, zinc, cadmium, arsenic, manganese, aluminum, lead, nickel, silver, mercury, chromium, uranium and iron, in a concentration that can range from 106 to 102 g/l. The composition of such wastewater reflects the particular combination of heavy metals and production process. Presently, removal by precipitation as metal hydroxide is the most widely used treatment method for water contaminated with heavy metals. This is because of the simplicity and the low costs of this method. For the same reasons, sulfate removal is mostly accomplished by precipitation with Ca2+, added as lime. However, more stringent legislation in future and an increasing scarcity of resources creates a need for heavy metal and sulfate removal technologies with a better performance. Thus, treatment processes should aim to recover valuable metals and other possible resources from waste streams such as sulfur compounds and process water. The biological reduction of sulfate to sulfide is catalysed by bacteria
- Published
- 2002
20. Calibration and validation of a model for competition between methanogens and sulfate-reducersCalibration and validation of a model
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Abusam, A., Weijma, J., Spanjers, H., and Keesman, K.J.
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Systems and Control Group ,WIMEK ,Life Science ,Environmental Technology ,Milieutechnologie ,Leerstoelgroep Meet-, regel- en systeemtechniek - Published
- 2002
21. Autogenerative High Pressure Digestion: Future Potentials and Constraints
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Lindeboom, R.E.F. (author), Zagt, C.E. (author), Weijma, J. (author), Plugge, C.M. (author), Van Lier, J.B. (author), Lindeboom, R.E.F. (author), Zagt, C.E. (author), Weijma, J. (author), Plugge, C.M. (author), and Van Lier, J.B. (author)
- Abstract
Conventional anaerobic digestion is a commonly used technology worldwide and external biogas upgrading is well documented (Wellinger and Lindberg, 2001). Biogas generated in waste (water) treatment facilities is increasingly regarded as an important source of renewable energy. However, generally, the CH4 content in biogas ranges between 55-70%, depending waste(water) composition, and cannot be applied directly for high grade applications such as gas grid injection or vehicle fuel. Conventional biogas upgrading technologies are only cost-efficient when treating biogas flows exceeding 100 Nm3/h. Therefore, cost-effective external biogas upgrading, to remove H2O, CO2, H2S and other trace impurities, was assumed to pose a major challenge for the further dissemination of small-scale decentralized anaerobic digestion technology., Water Management, Civil Engineering and Geosciences
- Published
- 2013
22. Performance of a thermophilic sulfate and sulfite reducing high rate anaerobic reactor fed with methanol
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Weijma, J., Hulshoff Pol, L.W., Stams, A.J.M., and Lettinga, G.
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Desulfurisation ,WIMEK ,Thermophilic ,Microbiologie ,Methanol ,Sulfite ,Bioreactor ,Sulfate reduction ,Microbiology - Published
- 2001
23. Detecting numbers and activities of microorganisms and functional traits in bioleaching and bioprecipitation processes.
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Dinkla I.J.T., Biohydrometallurgy ‘12 Falmouth, UK 18-Jun-1220-Jun-12, Buisman C.J.N., Gahan C.S., Gonzalez-Contreras P., Henssen M.J.C., Sandstrom A, Weijma J., Dinkla I.J.T., Biohydrometallurgy ‘12 Falmouth, UK 18-Jun-1220-Jun-12, Buisman C.J.N., Gahan C.S., Gonzalez-Contreras P., Henssen M.J.C., Sandstrom A, and Weijma J.
- Abstract
The molecular measurement of microorganisms provides accurate and rapid information about changes in microbial processes such as bioleaching and bioprecipitation. Case studies are presented of the use of the Q-PCR technique to identify and quantify the thermoacidiphilic archaea Acidianus sp. as the main organism in the oxidation of arsenite at low pH and to study the dynamics between the iron-oxidising and sulphur oxidising acidophiles during the bioleaching of ZnS which showed that, although pre-culturing was carried out under iron oxidising conditions, initial oxidation by sulphate oxidisers occurred followed by oxidation by iron oxidisers., The molecular measurement of microorganisms provides accurate and rapid information about changes in microbial processes such as bioleaching and bioprecipitation. Case studies are presented of the use of the Q-PCR technique to identify and quantify the thermoacidiphilic archaea Acidianus sp. as the main organism in the oxidation of arsenite at low pH and to study the dynamics between the iron-oxidising and sulphur oxidising acidophiles during the bioleaching of ZnS which showed that, although pre-culturing was carried out under iron oxidising conditions, initial oxidation by sulphate oxidisers occurred followed by oxidation by iron oxidisers.
- Published
- 2012
24. Kinetics of ferrous iron oxidation by batch and continuous cultures of thermoacidophilic Archaea at extremely low pH of 1.1–1.3
- Author
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Gonzalez-Contreras, P.A., Weijma, J., Buisman, C.J.N., Gonzalez-Contreras, P.A., Weijma, J., and Buisman, C.J.N.
- Abstract
The extreme acid conditions required for scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O) biomineralization (pH below 1.3) are suboptimal for growth of most thermoacidophilic Archaea. With the objective to develop a continuous process suitable for biomineral production, this research focuses on growth kinetics of thermoacidophilic Archaea at low pH conditions. Ferrous iron oxidation rates were determined in batch-cultures at pH 1.3 and a temperature of 75°C for Acidianus sulfidivorans, Metallosphaera prunea and a mixed Sulfolobus culture. Ferrous iron and CO2 in air were added as sole energy and carbon source. The highest growth rate (0.066 h-1) was found with the mixed Sulfolobus culture. Therefore, this culture was selected for further experiments. Growth was not stimulated by increase of the CO2 concentration or by addition of sulphur as an additional energy source. In a CSTR operated at the suboptimal pH of 1.1, the maximum specific growth rate of the mixed culture was 0.022 h-1, with ferrous iron oxidation rates of 1.5 g L-1 d-1. Compared to pH 1.3, growth rates were strongly reduced but the ferrous iron oxidation rate remained unaffected. Influent ferrous iron concentrations above 6 g L-1 caused instability of Fe2+ oxidation, probably due to product (Fe3+) inhibition. Ferric-containing, nano-sized precipitates of K-jarosite were found on the cell surface. Continuous cultivation stimulated the formation of an exopolysaccharide-like substance. This indicates that biofilm formation may provide a means of biomass retention. Our findings showed that stable continuous cultivation of a mixed iron-oxidizing culture is feasible at the extreme conditions required for continuous biomineral formation.
- Published
- 2012
25. Methanol as electron donor for thermophilic biological sulfate and sulfite reduction
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Weijma, J., Agricultural University, G. Lettinga, A.J.M. Stams, and L.W. Hulshoff Pol
- Subjects
WIMEK ,waste water ,Microbiologie ,afvalwater ,ontzwaveling ,groundwater ,grondwater ,Environmental Technology ,desulfurization ,Milieutechnologie ,Microbiology - Abstract
Sulfur oxyanions (e.g. sulfate, sulfite) can be removed from aqueous waste- and process streams by biological reduction with a suitable electron donor to sulfide, followed by partial chemical or biological oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur. The aim of the research described in this thesis was to make this biological process more broadly applicable for desulfurization of flue-gases and ground- and wastewaters by using the cheap chemical methanol as electron donor for the reduction step. Besides determining the selectivity and rate of reduction of sulfur oxyanions with methanol in bioreactors, also insight was acquired into the microbiology of the process. At pH 7.5 and thermophilic (65 °C) conditions (applicable for flue-gas desulfurization), sulfate-reducing microorganisms ultimately outcompete methanogenic consortia for methanol in anaerobic high-rate bioreactors. Methane formation from methanol was quickly inhibited by imposing slightly acidic pH-values (6.7 instead of 7.5). Acetate represented a side-product from methanol at 65 °C, accounting for up to 13 % of the methanol degraded. The rate of acetate formation was linearly correlated to the rate of sulfate and sulfite reduction with methanol. At a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 h, maximum reduction rates of 6 g SO 32- .L -1 .day -1 (100% elimination) and 4-7 g SO 42- .L -1 .day -1 (40-70% elimination) were attained simultaneously in the reactors, equivalent to a sulfidogenic methanol-conversion rate of 6-8 g COD.L -1 .day -1 (COD:Chemical Oxygen Demand). The resulting sulfide concentration of about 1800 mg S.L -1 (or the H 2 S concentration of 200 mg S.L -1 at pH 7.5) limited the rate of sulfate reduction at HRT=10 h.At a hydraulic retention time of 3-4 h, maximum reduction rates of 18 g SO 32- .L -1 .day -1 (100% elimination) and about 12 gS O 42- .L -1 .day -1 (50% elimination) were attained, equivalent to a sulfidogenic methanol-conversion rate of 19 g COD.L -1 .day -1 . At this HRT, the sulfate reduction rate was limited by the biomass concentration of 9 to 10 g VSS.L -1 that maximally was retained in the reactor. The time needed to reach maximum process performance amounted to 40-60 days. From one of the reactors a thermophilic sulfate reducing bacterium, Desulfotomaculum strain WW1 was isolated, that probably represented the most abundant sulfate reducer. In the reactor, strain WW1 is not confined to the use of methanol, as it also grows on methanol degradation products like acetate, formate and H 2 /CO 2 . The presence of high numbers of methanol-oxidizing, hydrogen-producing bacteria in the sludge indicated that hydrogen may represent an important electron donor for sulfate reduction in the sludge. In the cultures in which the presence of these species was demonstrated, the formation of acetate (about 15% of the methanol degraded) seemed to be strictly coupled to growth of the methanol-oxidizing species. This might explain the coupling of sulfide and acetate formation from methanol in the reactors. Methanol was not a suitable electron donor for mesophilic (30 °C) sulfate reduction, relevant for bio-desulfurization of cold or slightly heated ground- or wastewater. Under mesophilic conditions, methanol was primarily degraded to methane.
- Published
- 2000
26. Biotechnological treatment of sulfur and heavy metal pollution
- Author
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Hulshoff Pol, L.W., Lens, P.N.L., Sipma, J., Janssen, A.J.H., Weijma, J., and Lettinga, G.
- Subjects
WIMEK ,Life Science ,Environmental Technology ,Milieutechnologie - Published
- 2000
27. Mest verwerkt bij rioolwaterzuiveraar
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Timmerman, M., Weijma, J., Bisschops, I., Timmerman, M., Weijma, J., and Bisschops, I.
- Abstract
Het gezamenlijk verwerken van dierlijke en humane uitwerpselen (rioolwater) op een rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallatie kan synergievoordelen bieden. Financieel kansrijk is de behandeling van het permeaat, dat ontstaat bij de verwerking van mest tot mineralenconcentraat. Deze reststroom bevat relatief weinig vervuiling. Gezamenlijke verwerking van dikkere, meer vervuilde mestfracties blijkt financieel (nog) niet aantrekkelijk. Stowa, Productschap Vee en Vlees en Waterschapsbedrijf Limburg hebben via een haalbaarheidsstudie de synergievoordelen laten onderzoeken bij mestverwerking op een rioolwaterzuivering.
- Published
- 2011
28. Mogelijkheden tot synergie door mestverwerking op een rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallatie
- Author
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Bisschops, I., Timmerman, M., Weijma, J., Man, A. de, Bisschops, I., Timmerman, M., Weijma, J., and Man, A. de
- Abstract
Binnen de afvalwaterketen speelt duurzaamheid een belangrijke rol. Nieuwe vormen van sanitatie, terugwinning van nutriënten en de 'rwzi 2030' zijn bekende uitvloeisels hiervan. Ook in de varkenshouderijsector staat duurzaamheid vast op de agenda, mede ingegeven door aangescherpt mestbeleid. Vanuit deze synchrone ontwikkeling is de vraag gesteld of het gezamenlijk verwerken van varkensmest en rioolwater op een rwzi mogelijkheden biedt voor het winnen van energie en nutriënten. In een haalbaarheidsstudie zijn deze mogelijkheden tot synergie voor een aantal veelbelovende situaties financieel uitgewerkt. Beide sectoren waren als financiers betrokken bij deze studie, vertegenwoordigd door STOWA, Waterschapsbedrijf Limburg en het Productschap voor Vee en Vlees. Uitvoerenden waren LeAF en Wageningen UR Livestock Research. Daarnaast waren ook de waterschappen De Dommel, Vallei & Eem en Rijn en IJssel bij de studie betrokken.
- Published
- 2011
29. Onderzoek Bewegend Bed Adsorptie ter voorbereiding op de Kader Richtlijn Water
- Author
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Veldhuizen, H. van, Tongeren, W. van, Weijma, J., Hanemaaijer, J.H., Kloeze, A.M. te, Menkveld, W., Neef, R., Uijterlinde, C., Veldhuizen, H. van, Tongeren, W. van, Weijma, J., Hanemaaijer, J.H., Kloeze, A.M. te, Menkveld, W., Neef, R., and Uijterlinde, C.
- Abstract
De Europese Kaderrichtlijn Water (KRW) is erop gericht om in 2015 de kwaliteit van het oppervlakte- en grondwater in Europa op orde te brengen. Voor Nederlandse waterschappen betekent dit onder meer dat kritisch moet worden gekeken naar het effect van de lozing van effluent van rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallaties (rwzi's) op het ontvangende oppervlaktewater. In Neerslag (2005)6 is daarover een artikel geschreven onder de titel 'Wat betekent de KRW voor onze rwzi's?' Om die reden is het Waterschap Groot Salland samen met een aantal andere Nederlandse partijen gestart met de beproeving van een nieuwe aanvullende technologie, waarmee de kwaliteit van het effluent van een bestaande rwzi verder kan worden verbeterd tegen acceptabele kosten. De technologie is erop gericht om in één stap zowel organische microverontreinigingen, zware metalen, stikstof als fosfaat vergaand uit het effluent te verwijderen. Als de proef succesvol is dan zal de technologie naar verwachting op een groot aantal rwzi's toepasbaar zijn
- Published
- 2008
30. Nieuwe horizon voor denitrificatie en defosfatering
- Author
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Weijma, J., Man, A. de, Wessels, C., Wouters, H., Weijma, J., Man, A. de, Wessels, C., and Wouters, H.
- Abstract
Nageschakelde zandfiltratie van rwzi-effluent wordt in Nederland beschouwd als de eerste zogeheten no regret-maatregel om te kunnen voldoen aan de stikstof- en fosfaateisen van de Kaderrichtlijn Water. Met kwartszand als filtermedium bedraagt de huidige maximale filtratiesnelheid ongeveer 17 m/uur voor continufiltratie. Dit artikel beschrijft de toepassing van granaatzand als alternatief filtermedium, waarmee de grens van 17 m/uur kan worden doorbroken. Pilotonderzoek op de rwzi Susteren (Waterschapsbedrijf Limburg) toonde aan dat de filterprestaties ten aanzien van simultane denitrificatie, defosfatering en verwijdering van zwevende stof veelbelovend zijn. Bij hoge filtratiesnelheden tot 30 m/uur werd nitraat verwijderd tot minder dan 1 mg/l, met een rendement van meer dan 90 procent. Fosfor werd gelijktijdig verwijderd van 0,3-1,0 mg/l naar 0,10-0,15 mg/l. Een reductie met 40 tot 50 procent van het ontwerp-filtratieoppervlak voor praktijkinstallaties komt hiermee binnen handbereik
- Published
- 2007
31. Arsenic removal as orpiment or scorodite using high-rate biotechnology.
- Author
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Schouten G., European metallurgical conference EMC 2005 Dresden, Germany 18-Sep-0521-Sep-05, Huisman J.L., Weijma J., Wolthoorn A., Schouten G., European metallurgical conference EMC 2005 Dresden, Germany 18-Sep-0521-Sep-05, Huisman J.L., Weijma J., and Wolthoorn A.
- Abstract
Three technologies are described that are based on high-rate engineered bioreactors to allow optimum control, efficient resource use and predictable and reliable process performance. The BIOSCORODITE process converts As to scorodite, which is most suitable for storage under oxidising conditions. The method can be applied to medium to high concentrations of As in acidic process streams. The THIOMETEQ and ASTRASAND THIOMETEQ processes are used for reducing conditions as they produce orpiment (As2S3). These methods are ideal for treating effluent containing up to 100 mg/l As., Three technologies are described that are based on high-rate engineered bioreactors to allow optimum control, efficient resource use and predictable and reliable process performance. The BIOSCORODITE process converts As to scorodite, which is most suitable for storage under oxidising conditions. The method can be applied to medium to high concentrations of As in acidic process streams. The THIOMETEQ and ASTRASAND THIOMETEQ processes are used for reducing conditions as they produce orpiment (As2S3). These methods are ideal for treating effluent containing up to 100 mg/l As.
- Published
- 2005
32. Bioscorodite Crystallization in an Airlift Reactor for Arsenic Removal
- Author
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Gonzalez-Contreras, P., primary, Weijma, J., additional, and Buisman, C. J. N., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Autogenerative high pressure digestion: anaerobic digestion and biogas upgrading in a single step reactor system
- Author
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Lindeboom, R. E. F., primary, Fermoso, F. G., primary, Weijma, J., primary, Zagt, K., primary, and van Lier, J. B., primary
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Thermotoga lettingae sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, methanol-degrading bacterium isolated from a thermophilic anaerobic reactor
- Author
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Balk, M. (author), Weijma, J. (author), Stams, A.J.M. (author), Balk, M. (author), Weijma, J. (author), and Stams, A.J.M. (author)
- Published
- 2002
35. Thermotoga lettingae sp. nov. : a novel thermophilic, methanol-degrading bacterium isolated from a thermophilic anaerobic reactor
- Author
-
Balk, M., Weijma, J., Stams, A.J.M., Balk, M., Weijma, J., and Stams, A.J.M.
- Abstract
A novel, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, mobile, Gram-negative, thermophilic bacterium, strain TMO(T), was isolated from a thermophilic sulfate-reducing bioreactor operated at 65 degrees C with methanol as the sole substrate. The G C content of the DNA of strain TMO(T) was 39.2 molÐThe optimum pH, NaCl concentration, and temperature for growth were 7.0, 1.0°and 65 degrees C, respectively. Strain TMO(T) was able to degrade methanol to CO(2) and H(2) in syntrophic culture with Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus DeltaH or Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii. Thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, Fe(III) and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate were able to serve as electron acceptors during methanol degradation. In the presence of thiosulfate or elemental sulfur, methanol was converted to CO(2) and partly to alanine. In pure culture, strain TMO(T) was also able to ferment methanol to acetate, CO(2) and H(2). However, this degradation occurred slower than in syntrophic cultures or in the presence of electron acceptors. Yeast extract was required for growth. Besides growing on methanol, strain TMO(T) grew by fermentation on a variety of carbohydrates including monomeric and oligomeric sugars, starch and xylan. Acetate, alanine, CO(2), H(2), and traces of ethanol, lactate and alpha-aminobutyrate were produced during glucose fermentation. Comparison of 16S rDNA genes revealed that strain TMO(T) is related to Thermotoga subterranea (98€and Thermotoga elfii (98Ž The type strain is TMO(T) (=DSM 14385(T)=ATCC BAA-301(T)). On the basis of the fact that these organisms differ physiologically from strain TMO(T), it is proposed that strain TMO(T) be classified as a new species, within the genus Thermotoga, as Thermotoga lettingae.
- Published
- 2002
36. Histological validation of ultrasound-guided neurography in early nerve regeneration
- Author
-
van Neck, Johan W., primary, de Kool, B. Stefan, additional, Hekking-Weijma, J. Ineke M., additional, Walbeehm, Erik T., additional, Visser, Gerhard H., additional, and Blok, Joleen H., additional
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Methanol as electron donor for thermophilic biological sulfate and sulfite reduction
- Author
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Lettinga, G., Stams, A.J.M., Hulshoff Pol, L.W., Weijma, J., Lettinga, G., Stams, A.J.M., Hulshoff Pol, L.W., and Weijma, J.
- Abstract
Sulfur oxyanions (e.g. sulfate, sulfite) can be removed from aqueous waste- and process streams by biological reduction with a suitable electron donor to sulfide, followed by partial chemical or biological oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur. The aim of the research described in this thesis was to make this biological process more broadly applicable for desulfurization of flue-gases and ground- and wastewaters by using the cheap chemical methanol as electron donor for the reduction step. Besides determining the selectivity and rate of reduction of sulfur oxyanions with methanol in bioreactors, also insight was acquired into the microbiology of the process. At pH 7.5 and thermophilic (65 °C) conditions (applicable for flue-gas desulfurization), sulfate-reducing microorganisms ultimately outcompete methanogenic consortia for methanol in anaerobic high-rate bioreactors. Methane formation from methanol was quickly inhibited by imposing slightly acidic pH-values (6.7 instead of 7.5). Acetate represented a side-product from methanol at 65 °C, accounting for up to 13 % of the methanol degraded. The rate of acetate formation was linearly correlated to the rate of sulfate and sulfite reduction with methanol. At a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 h, maximum reduction rates of 6 g SO 32- .L -1 .day -1 (100% elimination) and 4-7 g SO 42- .L -1 .day -1 (40-70% elimination) were attained simultaneously in the reactors, equivalent to a sulfidogenic methanol-conversion rate of 6-8 g COD.L -1 .day -1 (COD:Chemical Oxygen Demand). The resulting sulfide concentration of about 1800 mg S.L -1 (or the H 2 S concentration of 200 mg S.L -1 at pH 7.5) limited the rate of sulfate reduction at HRT=10 h.At a hydraulic retention time of 3-4 h, maximum reduction rates of 18 g SO 32- .L -1 .day -1 (100% elimination) and about 12 gS O 42- .L -1 .day -1 (50% elimination) were attained, equivalent to a sulfidogenic methanol-conversion rate of 19 g COD.L -1 .day -1 . At this HRT, the sulfate
- Published
- 2000
38. Metabolic interactions in methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bioreactors
- Author
-
Stams, A.J.M., primary, Plugge, C.M., primary, de Bok, F.A.M., primary, van Houten, B.H.G.W., primary, Lens, P., primary, Dijkman, H., primary, and Weijma, J., primary
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Effect of the sludge retention time on H2 utilization in a sulphate reducing gas-lift reactor
- Author
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Esposito, G, primary, Weijma, J, additional, Pirozzi, F, additional, and Lens, P.N.L, additional
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Biological Conversion of Anglesite (PbSO4) and Lead Waste from Spent Car Batteries to Galena (PbS)
- Author
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Weijma, J., primary, de Hoop, K., additional, Bosma, W., additional, and Dijkman, H., additional
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Competition for H2 between sulfate reducers, methanogens and homoacetogens in a gas-lift reactor
- Author
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Weijma, J., primary, Gubbels, F., primary, Hulshoff Pol, L.W., primary, Stams, A.J.M., primary, Lens, P., primary, and Lettinga, G., primary
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Modelling the competition between sulphate reducers and methanogens in a thermophilic methanol-fed bioreactor
- Author
-
Spanjers, H., primary, Weijma, J., additional, and Abusam, A., additional
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Methanol conversion in high-rate anaerobic reactors
- Author
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Weijma, J., primary and Stams, A.J.M., primary
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Thermophilic sulfate and sulfite reduction with methanol in a high rate anaerobic reactor
- Author
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Weijma, J., primary, Haerkens, J.-P., primary, Stams, A.J.M., primary, Hulshoff Pol, L.W., primary, and Lettinga, G., primary
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. A microchip implant system as a method to determine body temperature of terminally ill rats and mice
- Author
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Kort, W. J., primary, Hekking-Weijma, J. M., additional, Tenkate, M. T., additional, Sorm, V., additional, and VanStrik, R., additional
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Cometabolic degradation of trichloroethylene by Pseudomonas cepacia G4 in a chemostat with toluene as the primary substrate
- Author
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Landa, A S, primary, Sipkema, E M, additional, Weijma, J, additional, Beenackers, A A, additional, Dolfing, J, additional, and Janssen, D B, additional
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Bioscorodite Crystallizationin an Airlift Reactorfor Arsenic Removal.
- Author
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Gonzalez-Contreras, P., Weijma, J., and Buisman, C. J. N.
- Subjects
- *
CRYSTALLIZATION , *AIRLIFT bioreactors , *ARSENIC removal (Water purification) , *OXIDATION , *CRYSTAL structure , *CRYSTAL growth - Abstract
Bioscorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O)crystalswere crystallized in an airlift reactor fed at pH 1.2 and 72 °C.Arsenic removal was limited by the biological ferrous iron oxidation.In continuous operation, the iron oxidation initially was 30% andincreased to 80% in few days when the iron and dissolved oxygen concentrationwere increased. The bioscorodite yield was 3 g/g of arsenic removed.The first precipitates were identified as scorodite having a dipyramidaloctahedron habit with an Fe/As molar ratio of 1.55. The stabilitytest (TCLP) classified the crystals as suitable for storage with aleached arsenic concentration of 0.5 mg Lâ1after60 days. Settling rates of bioscorodite crystals between 50 and 140m hâ1were measured. Size distribution frequencyindicates that bioscorodite crystals grew from an average size of30 μm during batch operation to 160 μm at the end of thecontinuous operation phase. The morphology and size of the crystalsguarantee their free-flowing nature, avoiding scaling. The biggestand most stable crystals can be harvested by sedimentation, to selectthe material best suited for final disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Competition for H [sub 2] between sulfate reducers, methanogens and homoacetogens in a gas-lift reactor.
- Author
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Weijma, J., Gubbels, F., Hulshoff Pol, L.W., Stams, A.J.M., Lens, P., and Lettinga, G.
- Subjects
- *
SULFATES , *BACTERIA , *CARBON dioxide - Abstract
Discusses the competitive and cooperative interaction between sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), methanogens and homoacetogens in sulfate-reducing gas-lift reactors fed with hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Role of acetate as an additional carbon source; Superior settling velocity of sulfidogenic-acetogenic sludge.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. New developments in reactor and process technology for sulfate reduction.
- Author
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Hulshoff, L.W., Lens, P.N.L., Weijma, J., and Stams, A.J.M.
- Subjects
SEWAGE purification ,SULFUR ,HEAVY metals ,BIOREACTORS - Abstract
Examines the innovation in sulfate reduction in anaerobic treatment of sulfate-rich wastewaters. Suppression of sulfidogenesis; Removal of heavy metal through subsequent precipitation; Comparison on the efficacy of passive treatment and active treatment of bioreactors.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Bióscorodite: biólogical crystallizatión of scorodite for arsenic removal
- Author
-
González-Contreras, Paula Andrea, Buisman, C.J.N., Weijma, J., and Wageningen University
- Abstract
Arseen, een voor de mens giftig element, is in de 20e eeuw op grote schaal gebruikt in elektronica, voor de verduurzaming van hout en voor agrarische toepassingen.Tegenwoordig is het gebruik van arseen voor de meeste toepassingen verboden. Dit leidt tot een toename van de hoeveelheid arseenhoudend afval, waarbij het arseen voomamelijk voorkomt in de vorm van arseentrioxide. Het meest stabiele eindproduct, geschikt voor deimmobilisatie van arseen, kan worden gevormd door precipitatie van dit element in de vorm van scorodiet kristallen (hoofdstuk 1).Het in dit proefschrift beschreven werk is gericht op de ontwikkeling van een nieuw proces voor de biologische kristallisatie van scorodiet uit waterstromen atkomstig van demetallurgische industrie. De basis van dit nieuwe proces bestaat uit het evenwichtig controleren van biologische oxidatie- en kristallisatie reacties in een enkele stap.Het bioscorodiet proces is gepatenteerd door Paques BV (Balk, Nederland) als hetARSENOTEQ™ proces. In dit proefschrift wordt het 'proof of principie' voorbioscorodiet kristallisatie geleverd. Daamaast zijn verschillende reactortypen en operationele condities voor toepassing van het proces onderzocht.Het 'proof ofprinciple' van bioscorodiet kristallisatie is geleverd door middel van batch experimenten met ijzer-oxiderende thermoacidofiele micro-organismen bij een pH van 0,8en een temperatuur van 80°C (hoofdstuk 3). Bij deze experimenten werd de mate van bioscorodiet verzadiging gestuurd door middel van biologische oxidatie. Als gevolg hiervan vond met name kristalgroei plaats, en geen of weinig primaire nucleatie. Dit resulteerde in de vorming van bioscorodiet kristallen bij een arsenaat (As5+) concentratievan 1 g L- 1. De nucleatie van het bioscorodiet vond plaats zonder de aanwezigheid van kiem materiaal. De ontwikkeling van een methode voor het meten van concentraties anorganisch arseen (As3+ en As5+) met HPLC en UV detectie is beschreven in hoofstuk 2.De kinetiek van ijzer oxidatie door thermoacidofiele micro-organismen is verder bestudeerd in zowel batch- als CSTR reactoren (hoofdstuk 4). De ijzer oxidatie capaciteit van thermoacidofiele micro-organismen werd geremd bij pH-waarden lager dan l. Bij pH waarden hoger dan 1 werd echter een hoge ijzer oxidatie snelheid gemeten. Deze snelheidwerd niet be"invloed door toevoeging van arsenaat (2,8 g L-1). Door toevoeging vanarseniet (As3+) verminderde de ijzer oxidatiecapaciteit (hoofdstuk 8). Ondanks deze remming werd toch oxidatie van arseniet aangetoond, zij het met een zeer lage snelheid.Deze arseniet oxidatie vond plaats bij pH 1,2 en 72°C in een CSTR reactor.IJzer oxidatie door thermoacidofiele micro-organismen werd ook bestudeerd in een airlift reactor, waarbij eveneens hoge ijzer omzettingssnelheden werden bereikt bij pH 1,2 en 72°C (hoofdstuk 9). Echter, wanneer de thermoacidofiele micro-organismen werden 193 toegepast in een airlift reactor, was extra substraat (ijzer(II)sulfaat) nodig om groei teondersteunen.Tijdens batch proeven zijn precursors van ijzerarsenaat precipitatie waargenomen op het celoppervlak van thennoacidofiele micro-organismen (hoofdstuk 5). Het is bekend dat onder neutrofiele condities een ijzeroxide neerslag kan worden gevormd op het celoppervlak. Dit kan leiden tot inkapseling van de cel. Onder zure condities werd dezeneerslag van ijzeroxiden echter niet vef'.vacht. De vorming van een neerslag op het celoppervlak wijst erop dat het celoppervlak een rol speelt bij de vorming van bioscorodiet. Toch lijkt de indirecte biomineralisatie van scorodiet te worden geregeld door verzadiging van de bulk en niet door kiemvorming op het celoppervlak. De belangrijkste rol van de micro-organismen in het proces is dan ook om ijzer te oxideren onder extreme pH-omstandigheden in aanwezigheid van hoge arsenaat 1 arseniet concentraties.In Hoofdstuk 6 wordt de uitloging van arseen uit bioscorodiet kristallen beschreven voor lange termijn opslaag onder TCLP test condities (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, een methode voor het bepalen van de mobiliteit). Na een jaar werd eenminimale arseen concentraties gemeten van slechts 0,016 mg As L- 1. De belangrijkste parameters die de uitloging van arseen uit bioscorodiet kristallen bepalen zijn: verblijftijd in de reactor, precipitatiesnelheid en het structureel watergehalte. Na afloop van deuitloogproeven werd een stmcturele karakterisering van de bioscorodiet kristallen uitgevoerd (hoofdstuk 7). De resultaten bevestigden de relatie tussen het structureel watergehalte en de uitloging van arseen uit bioscorodiet kristallen, zoals eerder beschrevenin hoofdstuk 6.De extreme operationele omstandigheden voor bioscorodiet productie werden watafgezwakt naar pH 1,2 en 72°C voor verdere studie in CSTR reactoren. Hierbij werd 99% efficientie voor arseenverwijdering bereikt (hoofdstuk 8). Scaling van bioscorodiet op deglazen reactorwand belemmerde echter de afvoer van vaste stof uit de reactoren. Het bioscorodiet slib bleek desondanks zeer geschikt voor de opslag van arseen. Na 100 dagen uitloging onder TCLP test condities werd een concentratie van slechts 0,4 mg L-1 As gemeten.Om scaling te voorkomen werd bij verdere experimenten gebmik gemaakt van een airlift reactor bij pH 1,2 en een temperatuur van 72°C (hoofdstuk 9). De gevormde bioscorodiet kristallen kwamen zeer sterk overeen met mineraal scorodiet wat betreft het arseen gehalteen het gehalte aan structureel water. De meest stabiele kristallen konden gemakkelijk worden geoogst door middel van sedimentatie vanwege de grotere afmeting van deze kristallen tot ca. 160 1-lm. Op basis van de resultaten van uitloogproeven met bioscorodietkristallen kan het materiaal worden geclassificeerd als ongevaarlijk. Het materiaal heeft een zeer lage arseen mobiliteit met concentraties tussen 0,016 en 0,5 mg L-1 , gemeten na194 ten minste 50 dagen uitloging onder TCLP test condities. Dit maakt het bioscorodiet slib zeer geschikt voor de lange termijn opslag van arseen. Bij lange termijn uitlogingstestenbleek dat de stabiliteit van bioscorodiet kan worden geoptimaliseerd door het kiezen van de juiste operationele variabelen, zoals de verblijftijd in de bioreactor.Bioscorodiet kristallen werden verder op verschillende wijzen vergeleken met specimen van mineraal scorodiet (hoofdstuk 10). De morfologie en structurele samenstelling vanbioscorodiet kristallen lijkt sterk op dat van mineraal scorodiet. Destabiliteitseigenschappen van het bioscorodiet beschreven in dit proefschrift tonen het potentieel van het materiaal om arseen te immobiliseren. De beoordeling van de stabiliteitseigenschappen suggereren dat bioscorodiet kristallen het best kunnen worden opgeslagen bij pH van ongeveer 4, bij voorkeur onder aerobe omstandigheden en in de afwezigheid van organische stof.Het ARSENOTEQ™ proces is een compact proces bestaande uit slechts één reactorwaarin de biologische oxidatie en kristallisatie reacties gelijktijdig plaatsvinden. Door de goede stabiliteitseigenschappen kan bioscorodiet slib worden opgeslagen direct na verwijdering van het materiaal uit de airlift reactor. De operationele kosten van het proces zijn ca. 90% lager dan het conventionele arseen ferrihydriet proces (wat plaatsvindt bij30°C), ondanks de hogere energiebehoefte voor verwarming tot 70°C (hoofdstuk 11). De operationele kosten zijn tevens lager dan die van het chemische proces voor scorodiet vorming bij 85°C. Dit komt voomamelijk omdat neutralisatie stappen, toevoeging van kiemmateriaal, chemische oxidatie, nabehandeling van het slib en slibontwatering bij het bioscorodiet proces niet benodigd zijn.De potentiele toepassing van het bioscorodiet proces voor de verwijdering en immobilisatie van arseen wordt bevorderd door (1) een laag ijzer verbruik, (2) lage slibproductie, (3) geen vereiste voor neutralisatie stappen en ( 4) de productie van stabielbioscorodiet, geschikt voor directe opslag zonder de noodzaak van een nabehandeling van het materiaal.De toepasbaarheid van het bioscorodiet proces werd in dit proefschrift aangetoond voor metallurgische stromen met een arseengehalte van 1 tot 3 gAs L-1. Op basis van gemeten biologische ijzer oxidatie snelheden, wordt geschat dat het proces toepasbaar is voor debehandeling van waterstromen met arseen concentraties tot 20 gAs L-1.Naast de behandeling van metallurgische stromen, biedt dit biologische proces ookmogelijkheden voor de stabilisatie van arseentrioxide door de omzetting hiervan naar scorodiet. Andere toepassingen kunnen worden gevonden in de stabilisatie van ijzer arsenaat houdend slib, afkomstig van de chemische processen die worden gebruikt voor de verwijdering van arseen uit grondwater. De behandeling van dit slib met het bioscorodietproces zou kunnen leiden tot de vorming van arseen kristallen, geschikt voor veilige 195 opslag. Het biedt bovendien potentieel voor ijzer recycling. Een overzicht van de inhoud. Doctor TERMINADA PFCHA-Becas 206p. PFCHA-Becas
- Published
- 2012
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