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Background: A large number of HIV-1 recombinants that originated from CRF01_AE and B strains are constantly emerging in men who have sex with men populations in China and deserve more attention and further monitoring. Objective: To analyze the near-full-length genome structure and recombination characteristics of a new HIV-1 strain (BD226AJ) detected in Baoding City and determine its subtype. Case Representation: Viral RNA was extracted from a blood sample collected from an infected individual and reverse transcribed to cDNA. Two overlapping segments of the HIV-1 genome were amplified using a near-endpoint dilution method and sequenced. Recombinant breakpoints were determined using RIP, jpHMM, and SimPlot 3.5.1 software. MEGA v6.0 was used to construct a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree to determine the homology relationships of this strain. Results and Discussion: We obtained 8830 nucleotides (nt) of the HIV-1 genome sequence by amplification and sequencing, and four recombinant fragments were identified by recombination analysis, namely CRF01_AE (HXB2, 823–4224 nt), subtype B (HXB2, 4225–5991 nt), CRF01_AE (HXB2, 5992–9295 nt), and subtype B (HXB2, 9296–9406 nt). The BLAST results showed that 96% of the sequence was similar to CRF112_01B. The jpHMM results confirmed that BD226AJ was the CRF112_01B strain. Conclusion: Our results confirm the first epidemic of CRF112_01B in Hebei Province. This finding suggests that HIV-1 CRF112_01B may have been introduced into Hebei by men who have sex with men and indicates that the epidemic trend of this strain should be closely monitored.

We analyzed the near full-length genome (NFLG) of an HIV-1-positive sample(027A) with an undetermined subtype to determine the recombinant characteristics and possible source of the parental virus. 027A is a novel HIV-1 second-generation recombinant form composed of CRF01_AE and subtype B, detected from a married HIV-1-positive male subject who was infected through homosexual transmission in Baoding, Hebei province, China. The NFLG phylogenetic tree analysis suggested that the strain was close to circulation recombinant forms' (CRFs') reference sequences involved with CRF01_AE, but formed a distinct monophyletic cluster separately from them. This indicated that the strain might be a unique CRF01_AE-related recombinant from. Furthermore, the results of RIP and jpHMM further demonstrated that the NFLG sequence of the strain was composed of CRF01_AE and subtype B. The strain was two CRF01_AE fragments inserted into B backbone. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated that the CRF01_AE subregions were from the previously identified CRF01_AE cluster 4, and the B subregions were correlated with the B strains originated from Europe and America. They were all the lineages widely prevalent in men who have sex with men (MSM) population in China. In recent years, a large number of recombinant originated from CRF01_AE and B strains are constantly emerging in MSM population in China. This continual and recurrent recombination between CRF01_AE and B in high-risk group people deserves more attention and further monitoring.

A novel approach to design the controller of the active suspension is presented in light of the suspensions’ mechanical impedance dynamics, where the sprung-mass kinematic states, including acceleration, velocity, and displacement are comprehensively modeled considering the concept of suspension mechanical impedance. The proposed impedance controller is designed by tracking the equilibrium trajectory error of the sprung-mass states. The approximate transfer function of the active suspension is derived for choosing the parameters of the virtual mechanical impedance system. The numerical simulation of the suspension amplitude–frequency response is carried out, which demonstrates that the virtual mass and damping parameters have greater influence than the virtual spring parameter. The ride comfort of the suspension controlled by the designed impedance control behaves well in a wide range of road conditions, and the road holding with it is even better than that with the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control especially around the second-order resonance frequency. The numerical simulation and experimental comparison all demonstrate that the proposed impedance control law, which does not strictly rely on the suspension parameters, could achieve a better power economy and road holding than that of the LQR control.

Objective. This study is to investigate the difference in HIV-1 RNA pol gene expression in AIDS patients before and after antiviral treatment and its effect on the expression level of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood. Methods. The participants included 200 AIDS patients who had undergone antiviral medication, and the quantity of HIV-1 RNA pol gene was determined using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). The levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry before and after therapy. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to assess the impact of HIV-1 RNA pol gene expression and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio on the prognosis of AIDS patients. Results. After three months of therapy, the levels of HIV-1 RNA and viral load in the patients showed a drastic decline, while the levels of CD4+/CD8+ were markedly elevated ( P < 0.05 ). Logistic analysis revealed that patients’ viral loads were positively correlated with HIV-1 RNA and negatively correlated with CD4+/CD8+ ( P < 0.05 ). The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), white blood cell (WBC) count, Serum creatinine (Cr), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and platelet (PLT) levels significantly increased following a 24-month therapy, while no significant changes were observed in the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), red blood cell (RBC), and neutrophil (NEU) (%). ( P > 0.05 ). Conclusion. Antiviral drugs significantly inhibit the HIV-1 RNA POL gene expression and viral load in AIDS patients but upregulate the expression level of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood.

Vertical vibration of the terrain vehicle involves its comfort, maneuverability, and fatigue life of the key components. The type of road surface encountered by the vehicle is very complex and difficult to measure. Besides, the damper system has a strong non-linearity, which makes the design of the vehicle suspension controller difficult. Compared with the active suspension, the semiactive suspension has the advantages of low energy consumption and high safety, therefore this paper uses semi-active magneto-rheological damper and reinforcement learning technology, from the comfort point of view, to solve the suspension random optimal control problem. It is expected to improve the comfort of the terrain-vehicle with intelligent, low-power control method. This paper applies Gaussian Process (GP) technology to learn and model the nonlinear part of the terrain vehicle system, and then carries out the design of the reinforcement learning control strategy, establishes a linear control law with the suspension deflection, the sprung mass velocity, and the unsprung mass velocity as the feedback variables. The introduced reinforcement learning algorithm learns the appropriate feedback gain during the interaction process with the system, and then uses the learned feedback gain to carry out system simulation and experimental analysis. The paper compares the reinforcement learning algorithm with other classical semi-active control algorithms under the input of random, bump and sinusoidal pavement, and the analysis results show that the reinforcement learning algorithm introduced in the paper has excellent control effect in the full frequency band and can provide good comfort for terrain vehicles under the condition of low power consumption.

The number of the second-generation recombinants originated from these two subtypes is significantly increasing due to co-circulating of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC in China, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). In this study, we reported three new unique recombinant forms (URFs) among MSM in Baoding, China. Phylogenetic and recombinant analyses based on the near full-length genome revealed these three URFs were the second-generation recombinant strains originated from CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC. Nowadays, the MSM has become a main route that causes the viral recombination. Therefore, the further epidemiological surveillance should be conducted in the MSM population to strengthen our knowledge of HIV-1 evolution and genetic diversity.

Background Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genetic diversity and pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) are major barriers to successful antiretroviral therapy (ART). In China, sexual intercourse is the most frequent route of HIV-1 transmission. However, few studies have analyzed PDR and transmission networks in detail among individuals in China with acute HIV-1 infection and their sexual contacts. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Baoding City, Hebei Province, China from 2019–2020. CD4 T cell counts and viral loads were assessed and a HIV-1 genotypic PDR assay was developed in-house. Transmission networks were visualized using Cytoscape with a threshold genetic distance of 0.015 among HIV-1 subtypes. Results From 139 newly diagnosed and drug-naïve individuals with HIV-1, 132 pol gene sequences were obtained and revealed eight HIV-1 subtypes. Circulating recombinant form (CRF)01_AE was the most frequent subtype (53.0%, 70/132) followed by CRF07_BC (26.5%, 35/132), B (13.6%, 18/132), unique recombinant forms (2.3%, 3/132), CRF55_01B (1.5%, 2/132), CRF103_01B (1.5%, 2/132), CRF65_cpx (0.8%, 1/132), and C (0.8%, 1/132). A total of 47 pol gene sequences were used to generate 10 molecular transmission networks. The overall prevalence of PDR was 7.6% and that of PDR to non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors was 6.1%. Of three transmission networks for PDR, two were closely associated with Beijing and Tianjin, while another was restricted to sequences determined in this study. Conclusions These results demonstrate that during acute HIV-1 infection, PDR is transmitted in dynamic networks. This suggests that early detection, diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment are critical to effectively control HIV-1 spread.

Tires play a vital role in a vehicle’s operational stability, comfort, and security. However, due to the influence of test equipment and tire operating conditions, the perception of rolling tire characteristics is still in the stage of gradual improvement, especially the analysis of sidewall rolling deformation and dynamic contact peculiarities of tires/road interactions, which has restricted the analysis of rolling energy dissipation and the accurate observation of tire forces. In this paper, the high-speed stereo-vision system was created by high-speed cameras, and the relative rigid and flexible displacement, strain, and trajectory trend of marker points and the real-time global displacement field of the sidewall during the tire-rolling cycle were acquired utilizing the improved digital image correlation algorithm under different rolling velocities. Meanwhile, the periodic dissipation of the strain concentration region was observed, and the phenomenon of strain resonance appeared at the overlap of the periods. The relative flexibility strain and shear strain of the marker point were obtained on the plane element, which resulted in the relative flexibility major principle strain of the plane element, and then it achieved recognition of the leading and trailing points of the contact patch and the accurate measurement of dynamic contact patch length.

Facing the challenges from high consumption proportion of new energy and rapid ultra-high voltage line construction, large-scale energy storage could provide reliable support for the receiving-end grid operation. While, the immature market and business model have limited the healthy and stable development of energy storage. Based on the development and operation of large-scale energy storage, this paper analyzes owner's investment mode, operating lease mode and energy management contracting mode three typical business models for large-scale energy storage in the receiving grid, and conducts business model risk identification research from internal and external perspectives. It is expected that the analysis would provide research references for promoting the safe, efficient, economical and reliable market development of the large-scale energy storage in the receiving end grid.

A compound-structure permanent-magnet synchronous machine (CS-PMSM) system is a power train concept used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It can help an internal combustion engine (ICE) to realize a full control of torque and speed independent of road conditions, thus increasing efficiency, decreasing emissions and fuel consumption. The key part CS-PMSM is an integration of two permanent-magnet synchronous machines. Due to its special configuration, the transient model and control strategy are different from those of conventional machines. The feasible control of a radial-radial- flux CS-PMSM is investigated in this paper. The transient model is established and the integrated control block diagram is configured. The feasibility of control strategy for this particular structure is validated by the simulations of the CS-PMSM four different operating modes. Moreover, the influence of machine parameters on the required current provided by inverter is discussed, and the optimum choice of conductors per slot is obtained to minimize the inverter rating.

A novel axial-axial flux compound-structure permanent-magnet synchronous machine (CS-PMSM), which is a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) power train concept, is integrated by two axial flux disk machines. As the two machines share a common rotor [a magnet rotor with permanent magnets (PMs) on both sides], there may be magnetic coupling between them. Three-dimensional (3D) finite-element method (FEM) calculation shows that the two machines have little magnetic coupling if they have the same pole number and consistent magnetization direction of the two layers of PMs on the common rotor. The performance of the CS-PMSM is evaluated on criteria such as power, power per unit volume and mass, torque, and torque ripple. The power and torque equations of this type of machine are deduced and verified with 3D FEM. After the optimization of diameter ratio and pole number, the power and power per unit active volume and mass are high. The torque ripple is much reduced due to the optimization of the pole arc embrace and mag...