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8. Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment

Author

Bates, Amanda E., Primack, Richard B., Biggar, Brandy S., Bird, Tomas J., Clinton, Mary E., Command, Rylan J., Richards, Cerren, Shellard, Marc, Geraldi, Nathan R., Vergara, Valeria, Acevedo-Charry, Orlando, Colón-Piñeiro, Zuania, Ocampo, David, Ocampo-Peñuela, Natalia, Sánchez-Clavijo, Lina M., Adamescu, Cristian M., Cheval, Sorin, Racoviceanu, Tudor, Adams, Matthew D., Kalisa, Egide, Kuuire, Vincent Z., Aditya, Vikram, Anderwald, Pia, Wiesmann, Samuel, Wipf, Sonja, Badihi, Gal, Henderson, Matthew G., Loetscher, Hanspeter, Baerenfaller, Katja, Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Bulleri, Fabio, Bertocci, Iacopo, Maggi, Elena, Rindi, Luca, Ravaglioli, Chiara, Boerder, Kristina, Bonnel, Julien, Mathias, Delphine, Archambault, Philippe, Chauvaud, Laurent, Braun, Camrin D., Thorrold, Simon R., Brownscombe, Jacob W., Midwood, Jonathan D., Boston, Christine M., Brooks, Jill L., Cooke, Steven J., China, Victor, Roll, Uri, Belmaker, Jonathan, Zvuloni, Assaf, Coll, Marta, Ortega, Miquel, Connors, Brendan, Lacko, Lisa, Jayathilake, Dinusha R.M., Costello, Mark J., Crimmins, Theresa M., Barnett, LoriAnne, Denny, Ellen G., Gerst, Katharine L., Marsh, R.L., Posthumus, Erin E., Rodriguez, Reilly, Rosemartin, Alyssa, Schaffer, Sara N., Switzer, Jeff R., Wong, Kevin, Cunningham, Susan J., Sumasgutner, Petra, Amar, Arjun, Thomson, Robert L., Stofberg, Miqkayla, Hofmeyr, Sally, Suri, Jessleena, Stuart-Smith, Rick D., Day, Paul B., Edgar, Graham J., Cooper, Antonia T., De Leo, Fabio Cabrera, Garner, Grant, Des Brisay, Paulson G., Schrimpf, Michael B., Koper, Nicola, Diamond, Michael S., Dwyer, Ross G., Baker, Cameron J., Franklin, Craig E., Efrat, Ron, Berger-Tal, Oded, Hatzofe, Ohad, Eguíluz, Víctor M., Rodríguez, Jorge P., Fernández-Gracia, Juan, Elustondo, David, Calatayud, Vicent, English, Philina A., Archer, Stephanie K., Dudas, Sarah E., Haggarty, Dana R., Gallagher, Austin J., Shea, Brendan D., Shipley, Oliver N., Gilby, Ben L., Ballantyne, Jasmine, Olds, Andrew D., Henderson, Christopher J., Schlacher, Thomas A., Halliday, William D., Brown, Nicholas A.W., Woods, Mackenzie B., Balshine, Sigal, Juanes, Francis, Rider, Mitchell J., Albano, Patricia S., Hammerschlag, Neil, Hays, Graeme C., Esteban, Nicole, Pan, Yuhang, He, Guojun, Tanaka, Takanao, Hensel, Marc J.S., Orth, Robert J., Patrick, Christopher J., Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas, Olsson, Olof, Hessing-Lewis, Margot L., Higgs, Nicholas D., Hindell, Mark A., McMahon, Clive R., Harcourt, Rob, Guinet, Christophe, Hirsch, Sarah E., Perrault, Justin R., Hoover, Shelby R., Reilly, Jennifer D., Hobaiter, Catherine, Gruber, Thibaud, Huveneers, Charlie, Udyawer, Vinay, Clarke, Thomas M., Kroesen, Laura P., Hik, David S., Cherry, Seth G., Del Bel Belluz, Justin A., Jackson, Jennifer M., Lai, Shengjie, Lamb, Clayton T., LeClair, Gregory D., Parmelee, Jeffrey R., Chatfield, Matthew W.H., Frederick, Cheryl A., Lee, Sangdon, Park, Hyomin, Choi, Jaein, LeTourneux, Frédéric, Grandmont, Thierry, de-Broin, Frédéric Dulude, Bêty, Joël, Gauthier, Gilles, Legagneux, Pierre, Lewis, Jesse S., Haight, Jeffrey, Liu, Zhu, Lyon, Jarod P., Hale, Robin, D'Silva, Dallas, MacGregor-Fors, Ian, Arbeláez-Cortés, Enrique, Estela, Felipe A., Sánchez-Sarria, Camilo E., García-Arroyo, Michelle, Aguirre-Samboní, Giann K., Franco Morales, Juan C., Malamud, Shahar, Gavriel, Tal, Buba, Yehezkel, Salingré, Shira, Lazarus, Mai, Yahel, Ruthy, Ari, Yigael Ben, Miller, Eyal, Sade, Rotem, Lavian, Guy, Birman, Ziv, Gury, Manor, Baz, Harel, Baskin, Ilia, Penn, Alon, Dolev, Amit, Licht, Ogen, Karkom, Tabi, Davidzon, Sharon, Berkovitch, Avi, Yaakov, Ofer, Manenti, Raoul, Mori, Emiliano, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Lunghi, Enrico, March, David, Godley, Brendan J., Martin, Cecilia, Mihaly, Steven F., Barclay, David R., Thomson, Dugald J.M., Dewey, Richard, Bedard, Jeannette, Miller, Aroha, Dearden, Amber, Chapman, Jennifer, Dares, Lauren, Borden, Laura, Gibbs, Donna, Schultz, Jessica, Sergeenko, Nikita, Francis, Fiona, Weltman, Amanda, Moity, Nicolas, Ramírez-González, Jorge, Mucientes, Gonzalo, Alonso-Fernández, Alexandre, Namir, Itai, Bar-Massada, Avi, Chen, Ron, Yedvab, Shmulik, Okey, Thomas A., Oppel, Steffen, Arkumarev, Volen, Bakari, Samuel, Dobrev, Vladimir, Saravia-Mullin, Victoria, Bounas, Anastasios, Dobrev, Dobromir, Kret, Elzbieta, Mengistu, Solomon, Pourchier, Cloé, Ruffo, Alazar, Tesfaye, Million, Wondafrash, Mengistu, Nikolov, Stoyan C., Palmer, Charles, Sileci, Lorenzo, Rex, Patrick T., Lowe, Christopher G., Peters, Francesc, Pine, Matthew K., Radford, Craig A., Wilson, Louise, McWhinnie, Lauren, Scuderi, Alessia, Jeffs, Andrew G., Prudic, Kathleen L., Larrivée, Maxim, McFarland, Kent P., Solis, Rodrigo, Hutchinson, Rebecca A., Queiroz, Nuno, Furtado, Miguel A., Sims, David W., Southall, Emily, Quesada-Rodriguez, Claudio A., Diaz-Orozco, Jessica P., Rodgers, Ku'ulei S., Severino, Sarah J.L., Graham, Andrew T., Stefanak, Matthew P., Madin, Elizabeth M.P., Ryan, Peter G., Maclean, Kyle, Weideman, Eleanor A., Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., Kittelberger, Kyle D., Kusak, Josip, Seminoff, Jeffrey A., Hanna, Megan E., Shimada, Takahiro, Meekan, Mark G., Smith, Martin K.S., Mokhatla, Mohlamatsane M., Soh, Malcolm C.K., Pang, Roanna Y.T., Ng, Breyl X.K., Lee, Benjamin P.Y.-H., Loo, Adrian H.B., Er, Kenneth B.H., Souza, Gabriel B.G., Stallings, Christopher D., Curtis, Joseph S., Faletti, Meaghan E., Peake, Jonathan A., Schram, Michael J., Wall, Kara R., Terry, Carina, Rothendler, Matt, Zipf, Lucy, Ulloa, Juan Sebastián, Hernández-Palma, Angélica, Gómez-Valencia, Bibiana, Cruz-Rodríguez, Cristian, Herrera-Varón, Yenifer, Roa, Margarita, Rodríguez-Buriticá, Susana, Ochoa-Quintero, Jose Manuel, Vardi, Reut, Vázquez, Víctor, Requena-Mesa, Christian, Warrington, Miyako H., Taylor, Michelle E., Woodall, Lucy C., Stefanoudis, Paris V., Zhang, Xiangliang, Yang, Qiang, Zukerman, Yuval, Sigal, Zehava, Ayali, Amir, Clua, Eric E.G., Carzon, Pamela, Seguine, Clementine, Corradini, Andrea, Pedrotti, Luca, Foley, Catherine M., Gagnon, Catherine Alexandra, Panipakoochoo, Elijah, Milanes, Celene B., Botero, Camilo M., Velázquez, Yunior R., Milchakova, Nataliya A., Morley, Simon A., Martin, Stephanie M., Nanni, Veronica, Otero, Tanya, Wakeling, Julia, Abarro, Sarah, Piou, Cyril, Sobral, Ana F.L., Soto, Eulogio H., Weigel, Emily G., Bernal-Ibáñez, Alejandro, Gestoso, Ignacio, Cacabelos, Eva, Cagnacci, Francesca, Devassy, Reny P., Loretto, Matthias-Claudio, Moraga, Paula, Rutz, Christian, and Duarte, Carlos M.

Published
2021
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9. Commercial fishery no-take zones for African penguins minimize fisheries losses at the expense of conservation gains.

Author

McInnes, Alistair M, Weideman, Eleanor A, Carpenter-Kling, Tegan, Barham, Peter, Christian, Murray, Day, Kirsten, Glencross, Jacqueline S, Hagen, Christina, Kock, Alison, Lawrence, Cloverley, Ludynia, Katrin, Makhado, Azwianewi, Pichegru, Lorien, Shannon, Lynne, Sherley, Richard B, Smith, Craig, Steinfurth, Antje, Stander, Nicky, Upfold, Leshia, and Waller, Lauren

Subjects
*ANCHOVY fisheries, *COLONIAL birds, *FISH conservation, *COLONIES (Biology), *FORAGE fishes, *FISHERIES
Abstract

The African penguin population has declined precipitously in recent decades, and if current rates of decline persist, this species could become extinct in the wild by 2035. Resource extraction of small pelagic fish prey by the purse-seine fishery around African penguin breeding colonies has been identified as a demographically meaningful threat to African penguins. Consequently, long-term, effective no-take zones around breeding colonies have been endorsed by an expert panel of scientists constituted by the South African government. Here, we consider the six largest South African penguin colonies that currently hold 76% of the global population. We evaluate the adequacy of different no-take zone options using a trade-off mechanism recommended by the expert panel. For all six colonies except Bird Island, Algoa Bay, which is subject to the least fishing pressure, the current no-take zone delineations are assessed as having little benefit to the African penguin and little to no cost to the purse-seine fishery. Four of the six current no-take zones include ≤50% of the African penguins' core foraging areas. Alternative no-take zones that approximate a more balanced trade-off offer more impactful alternatives to the current fisheries restrictions. Given the urgent need to implement evidence-based conservation interventions for the endangered African penguin, we recommend the substitution of the current no-take zones with those proposed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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19. Amounts, Sources, Fates and Ecological Impacts of Marine Litter and Microplastics in the Western Indian Ocean Region: A Review and Recommendations for Actions

Author

Hawkins, S. J., Lemasson, A.J., Allcock, A.L., Bates, A.E., Byrne, M., Evans, A.J., Firth, L.B., Marzinelli, E.M., Russell, B.D., Sharples, J., Smith, I.P., Swearer, S.E., Todd, P.A., Lucas, C., Mumby, P.J., Honorato-Zimmer, Daniela, Weideman, Eleanor A., Ryan, Peter G., and Thiel, Martin

Published
2022
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20. Release of data added to the PREDICTS database (November 2022)

Author

Contu, Sara, De Palma, Adriana, Bates, Rachel, Borer, Jessica, Espinoza De Janon, Felipe, Gao, Di, Harvey, Lorna, Huang, Xiao, Jung, Martin, Maney, Calum, Needler, Gabrielle, Suryometaram, Sasha, Yao, Yujun, Zhang, Hanbin, Albercht, Harald, Almazán-Núñez, Roberto Carlos, Alvarez Alvarez, Edson A., Anitha, K., Barnes, Andrew D., Barzan, Flavia Romina, Baudron, Frederic, Becker, Rafael, Bogyó, David, Bone, James, Bos, Merijn M., Bouam, Idriss, Bravo-Monroy, Liliana, Brown, Keiron, Cabral, Hugo, Calcaterra, Luis, Carpenter, Dan, Carrascal, Luis M., Chiawo, David, Coetzee, Bernard, Connelly, Heather, Cusser, Sarah, da Silva, Luis, Dallimer, Martin, Davies, Stephen, De Smedt, Pallieter, Edwards, David, Eggleton, Paul, Farahat, Emad, Farrell, Mark, Flinn, Kathryn, Forrest, Jessica, Gardner, Charlie, Gardner, Toby, Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques, Gove, Aaron, Guillemot, Joannès, Hendrix, Stephen, Horváth, Roland, Hvenegaard, Glen, Irwin, Sandra, Jackson, Michelle, Jalilova, Gulnaz, Jha, Shalene, Jianghong, Ran, Jones, David T, Kajtoch, Lukasz, Kambach, Stephan, Kamp, Johannes, Karp, Daniel, Kazerani, Farzane, Kessler, Michael, Kitazawa, Munehiro, Knoll, Fátima do Rosário Naschenveng, Kone, Mouhamadou, Kosewska, Agnieszka, Kremen, Claire, Kutt, Alex S, Lacasella, Federica, Lange, Markus, Lees, David, Lei, Fumin, Leong, Misha, Leso, Peter, López Ricaurte, Lina, Magura, Tibor, Mandle, Lisa, Marinaro, Sofía, Martin, Dominic, Massawe, Apia, Minor, Maria, Mir, Aabid Hussain, Mohandass, D., Morgado, Rui, Mulder, Christian, Murvanidze, Maka, Nascimento, Marcelo, Nielsen, Martin Reinhardt, Özden, Özge, Pall, José Luis María, Palomino, David, Philippe, Vaast, Piovesan, Gianluca, Ponge, Jean-François, Sreekar, Rachakonda, Raman, T. R. Shankar, Rengaian, Ganesan, Rolim, Samir, Sahoo, Uttam Kumar, Salmon, Sandrin, Sambuichi, Regina Helena Rosa, Schmiedel, Ute, Schmitt, Christine B, Schmitt, Christine, Selwyn, Mark Arthur, Shahabuddin, Saleh, Sharma, Neeraj, Sofia, Silvia Helena, Soga, Masashi, Song, Gang, Suarez, Andrew V., Suarez-Rubio, Marcela, Sunil, Chikkahuchaiah, Taboada, Angela, Tanalgo, Krizler C., Tóthmérész, Béla, Van Bael, Sunshine, Vanbergen, Adam, Van Vu, Lien, Weideman, Eleanor, Williams, Neal, Wuyts, Karen, Xue, Chen, Yan, Xiaoli, Yongjie, Wu, Zhang, Taxing, Brummitt, Neil, Burton, Victoria, Hill, Samantha L.L., Hudson, Lawrence, Humphries, Josh, Newbold, Tim, Phillips, Helen, Sanchez-Ortiz, Katia, Tobias, Joseph, Vincent, Sarah, Walkden, Patrick, Weeks, Tom, Woodburn, Matt, and Purvis, Andy

Subjects
terrestrial biodiversity, land cover, predicts, land use, global biodiversity, global change, biodiversity
Abstract

This dataset comprises 1,040,752 measurements, collated from 9,544 sampling locations in 46 countries and representing 10,635 species. The data was collated from 115 existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database was assembled as part of the PREDICTS project - Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems; https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/our-work/biodiversity/predicts.html This release is an addition to the data presented with The 2016 release of the PREDICTS database (available on the NHM Data Portal: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/the-2016-release-of-the-predicts-database).

Published
2022
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21. Quantifying land-based sources of plastic pollution in South Africa

Author

Weideman, Eleanor A and Ryan, Peter

Subjects
biological sciences
Abstract

It is widely claimed that at least 80% of the plastic litter entering marine environments comes from land-based sources, yet there is little empirical evidence to support this. Most studies to date predict the flux of litter from land to sea using global models based on a handful of field studies conducted mostly in developed, Northern Hemisphere countries; others use proxies such as per capita waste generation and proportion of mismanaged waste to predict litter loads entering the sea. It thus remains unclear how accurate these predictions are, particularly for African countries where few field studies have been conducted. Due to its rapidly growing human population, Africa is expected to become a much more significant source of litter into the sea. It is therefore important to identify major land-based sources of litter from the continent so as to implement effective mitigation strategies aimed at stopping this leakage of waste plastics into the marine environment. In this thesis I investigate two possible land-based sources of plastic pollution in South Africa. In Chapter 2 I show that stormwater run-off from Cape Town, a large coastal city, is a significant land-based source of litter into Table Bay. By placing nets over three stormwater outlets, each draining a different land-use type in the city, I estimate that some 70-630 tonnes of plastic litter are released as part of urban runoff from Cape Town each year which is a similar order of magnitude as estimates based on run-off litter collected in the 1990s and stranded beach litter. Overall, 40- 78% of litter items by count and 52-64% by mass was plastic, of which most was single-use packaging. Compared to a similar survey of the same three stormwater outlets conducted in 1996, litter densities by count decreased by 50% in two of the three catchments but increased threefold in the commercial/residential area. It is clear that urban run-off is a significant source of litter into Table Bay, but the total amount is considerably less than model predictions that identified South Africa as the 11th worst source of marine plastics from land-based sources globally. While several of South Africa's large cities are on the coast, the largest industrial centre and most densely populated part of the country is inland in the Gauteng Province. Much of this province lies within the catchment of the Orange-Vaal River system, which flows west across the country to eventually drain into the Atlantic Ocean. In Chapter 3 I present the results of two extensive field surveys to assess the amounts of plastic debris transported by the Orange-Vaal River system into the sea. By sampling for micro- and macro-plastics at 33 bridges spanning the lengths of both the Orange and Vaal rivers I show that densities of larger plastic items were highest at sites in the densely populated and highly urbanised upper reaches of the Vaal River, while microfibres were particularly abundant in the arid, sparsely populated lower reaches of the Orange River at the end of the wet season. It therefore appears that the Orange-Vaal River system may be a source of microfibres to the Atlantic Ocean, but most larger plastic items are retained near point sources in the upper reaches of the Vaal River. The Orange-Vaal River system thus does not appear to be a major source of plastics into the Atlantic Ocean and there is considerably less than the 0.095 tonnes·yr-1 predicted to be washed out of the Orange River by global models. I also investigated whether dams retain microplastics and microfibres within their reservoirs by collecting bulk water and neuston net samples from above and below the walls of the five major dams in the Orange-Vaal River system. I present these results in Chapter 4 and show that microplastic and microfibre concentrations were highest in dams on the densely populated Vaal River during dry conditions, whereas the opposite pattern occurred at dams farther downstream or on the sparsely populated Orange River during wet conditions. Overall, microplastic and microfibre densities were similar at sites collected above versus below dam walls and there was no significant correlation between microplastic and microfibre densities at a site and the distance from the site to the dam wall. Dams therefore do not appear to trap floating microplastics and microfibres, although the data were noisy (average CV = 184%) and so provide only a rough estimate of differences in plastic densities among sites. Lastly, in Chapter 5 I summarise the main results from the previous chapters and present recommendations for future research. Combining the findings from Chapters 2 and 3 I make a first, very crude estimate of the amount of plastic entering the sea from land-based sources in South Africa and compare this to the 0.09-0.25 million tonnes predicted by Jambeck et al. (2015) based on national estimates of waste production and management. I conclude that actual plastic emissions are some 1-2 orders of magnitude less than the global model estimate, which concurs with estimates based on beach litter data.

Published
2020

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