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In this paper, the electronic and optical properties, gas sensor behavior and photocatalytic nitric oxide (NO) removal applications of noble metal-adsorbed MoSi2N4 (NMs-MSN, NMs = Au, Ag, Cu, Pd and Pt) are investigated and screened based on first-principles calculations. The band gaps of MoSi2N4 decrease to different degrees after noble metals are adsorbed, especially when the band gap changes from intrinsic MoSi2N4 of 1.89 eV to Pd-MoSi2N4 of 1.59 eV. Based on density of states (DOS) analysis, new degenerate energy bands formed and combined with the valence band after Pd adsorbed, which resulted in a band gap decrease. The optical property calculations show that the light absorption range and coefficient of NMs-MSN significantly increase. Then, the sensor behaviors are investigated and screened based on the adsorption and recovery behaviors of gas molecules (including NO, CO, O2, CO2, NO2, H2O, H2S and NH3) on NMs-MSN. Based on the adsorption energy, recovery time and band gap changes after gas adsorption, it can be concluded that Ag-MSN is suitable for sensing SO2 molecules, that Au-MSN is suitable for sensing SO2, CO and O2 molecules, and that Pd-MSN is suitable for sensing N2, NO and NO2 molecules. The most suitable noble-metal atoms for the photocatalytic removal of NO are calculated and screened, and the Pd-MSN is determined to be most suitable for NO removal. The introduction of a Pd atom inhibits desorption of the toxic product nitrogen dioxide (NO2), inducing the main product to become a nitrate ion (NO3−). The mechanism indicates that the potential barrier is greatly reduced because electron-hole complexation is suppressed. In general, noble metal atom-adsorbed MoSi2N4 can effectively change the band gap, improve the light absorption coefficient, adjust the gas sensor behavior, and enhance the photocatalytic ability for NO removal.

New insight into the effect on the alkali cations of Li+, Na+, and K+ pre-intercalated between adjacent layers of Mn3(PO4)2·3H2O towards the charge storage mechanism and their electrochemical kinetics of intercalation/deintercalation in three alkali electrolytes is demonstrated. The electrochemical performance of the designed LiMn3(PO4)2·3H2O material outperforms that most of Mn-based pseudocapacitive electrode materials. The designed unique stratified structure is attractive for quick charge migration, which confirms that the appropriate pre-intercalation of alkali cation between layers is an efficient strategy to improve kinetics for the high-power density pseudocapacitive supercapacitor energy storage application.

This study introduces Stackelberg-Nash equilibrium to neoclassical growth theory. It attempts to make neoclassical economic growth theory more robust in modelling the complexity of market structures. The model is constructed within the framework of the Solow-Uzawa two-sector model. The economy is composed of two sectors. The final goods sector is the same as in the Solow one-sector growth model which is characterized by perfect competition. The consumer goods sector is the same as the consumer goods sector in the Uzawa model but is characterized by Stackelberg duopoly. We model household behavior with Zhang’s concept of disposable income and utility. The model endogenously determines profits of duopoly which are equally distributed among the homogeneous population. We build the model and then identify the existence of an equilibrium point through simulation. We conduct comparative static analyses of some parameters. We also compare the economic performance of the traditional Uzawa model and the model with the Stackelberg-Nash equilibrium. We conclude that the imperfect competition increases national output, national wealth, and utility level in comparison to perfect competition.

The purpose of this paper is to study a relationship between growth and inflation on the basis of the Tobin growth model. We deviate from the Tobin approach by determining money demand with the money-in-utility (MIU) approach. The utility is affected by money holding. The utility function is applied by an alternative approach proposed by Zhang. The wealth accumulation a key determinant of economic growth. The government supplies money which is described by the traditional equation of exchange. The velocity of money is determined as a function of the rate of interest as in the Baumol-Tobin model. We build the dynamic model and simulate the motion of the model. We carry out comparative dynamic analysis in various parameters.

The purpose of this study is to study interdependence between growth and economic geography. We build a two-regional growth model of endogenous wealth under perfect and imperfect competition by integrating the three basic models – the Solow-Uzawa growth model, the Krugman two-region model, and the Dixit-Stiglitz imperfect competition model – in economic theory. The economy in our approach is composed of three sectors – the capital goods sector as in the Solow one sector, the consumer goods sector as in the Uzawa model, and the intermediates sector as in the Dixit-Stiglitz model. The economy is composed of two regions as in the Krugman two-region model with intermediates produced in the two regions under imperfect competition. The household behavior is modelling by synthesizing Zhang’s concept of disposable income and utility function and the Dixit-Stiglitz concept of composite good and utility function. We build and simulate the model. We identify existence of equilibrium. We examine effects of changes in some parameters on economic geography. We examined the effects of changes in some parameters on economic geography. For instance, we showed that as the transportation cost falls, the population is more concentrated on one region, the numbers of varieties of intermediates are reduced, the output level of each firm in the intermediate sector is increased, the household consumes more each intermediate good, and prices of all intermediate goods are reduced

This study constructs a growth model by integrating the three basic models in neoclassical growth theory with perfect competition and general equilibrium theory with monopolistic competition. The economy is composed of three sectors – the final good sector as in Solow’s one sector growth model, the middle goods sector for final good as Grossman and Helpman’s intermediates sector (which supplies intermediate inputs for the final good sector), and the middle goods sector for consumption as Dixit and Stiglitz’s intermediates sector (which supplies goods for consumption). Our model is different from the Solow model in that we model the household behavior with the utility function and disposable income proposed by Zhang. We deviate from the Dixit-Stiglitz model and the Grossman- Helpman model in that we distribute the profits of firms in monopolistic competition to households. We build and then simulate the model. We demonstrate the existence of a unique stable equilibrium point and plot the motion of the economy. We examine the effects of exogenous changes in some parameters. The comparative dynamic analysis analyzes the effects of the exogenous changes on transitory process and long-term equilibrium structure.

This paper generalizes the multi-country growth model with capital accumulation, human capital accumulation, economic structure and international trade by Zhang (2014) by making all the time-independent parameters in Zhang’s model as time-dependent parameters. Each national economy consists of one tradable, one non-tradable and one education sector. National economies are different in propensities to save, to obtain education and to consume, and in learning abilities. The model integrates the Solow growth model, the Uzawa two-sector growth model, the Uzawa-Lucas two-sector growth model, and the Oniki–Uzawa trade model within a comprehensive framework. Human capital accumulation is through education in the Uzawa-Lucas model, Arrow’s learning by producing, and Zhang’s learning by consuming (creative learning). The behavior of the household is described with an alternative approach to household behavior. We simulated the model to demonstrate existence of equilibrium points, motion of the dynamic system, and oscillations due to different exogenous shocks.

BackgroundFirst-line surveillance on hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected populations with B-mode ultrasound is relatively limited to identifying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without elevated α-fetoprotein (AFP). To improve the present HCC surveillance strategy, the state of the art of artificial intelligence (AI), a deep learning (DL) approach, is proposed to assist in the diagnosis of a focal liver lesion (FLL) in HBV-infected liver background.MethodsOur proposed deep learning model was based on B-mode ultrasound images of surgery that proved 209 HCC and 198 focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) cases with 413 lesions. The model cohort and test cohort were set at a ratio of 3:1, in which the test cohort was composed of AFP-negative HBV-infected cases. Four additional deep learning models (MobileNet, Resnet50, DenseNet121, and InceptionV3) were also constructed as comparative baselines. To evaluate the models in terms of diagnostic power, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, confusion matrix, F1-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated in the test cohort.ResultsThe AUC of our model, Xception, achieved 93.68% in the test cohort, superior to other baselines (89.06%, 85.67%, 83.94%, and 78.13% respectively for MobileNet, Resnet50, DenseNet121, and InceptionV3). In terms of diagnostic power, our model showed sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score of 96.08%, 76.92%, 86.41%, and 87.50%, respectively, and PPV, NPV, FPR, and FNR calculated from the confusion matrix were respectively 80.33%, 95.24%, 23.08%, and 3.92% in identifying AFP-negative HCC from HBV-infected FLL cases. Satisfactory robustness of our proposed model was shown based on 5-fold cross-validation performed among the models above.ConclusionsOur DL approach has great potential to assist B-mode ultrasound in identifying AFP-negative HCC from FLL found in surveillance of HBV-infected patients.

The purpose of this paper is to study economic growth with family-based microeconomic foundation. It develops a neoclassical growth model of endogenous wealth accumulation and consumption of two-person families. Growth mechanism and economic structures are based on a generalized Solowian growth model with Zhang’s concept of disposable income and utility. Each spouse maximizes his/her utility function which is dependent on his/her egocentric utility function and the spouse’s egocentric utility function. One’s egocentric utility function is related to one’s private consumption of goods, consumption of family goods, and saving made out of one’s own disposable income. The couple’s decisions are interdependent and are modelled as a Cournot-Nash game. Our model endogenously determines intra-household wealth accumulation and resource allocation on consumption and saving. The paper make an integration of some basic ideas in neoclassical growth theory and family economics. We conduct comparative dynamic analyses to show how the movement of the economy is affected by different exogenous changes in gender relations, preferences, and technologies.

The purpose of this is to examine multi-regional dynamics with wealth and pollutant accumulation over time. The paper generalizes the dynamic model by Zhang (2016). It treats regional amenities endogenous variables dependent on the region’s population and level of pollutants. Regional differences in productivities and amenities are important for modelling regional agglomeration. The government decides environmental tax rates on production, consumption, wealth, income from wealth and housing. The economy is perfectly competitive. The dynamics of -region economy is described by differential equations. We demonstrate business cycles due to different exogenous periodic perturbations in the multi-regional economy

The purpose of this study is to contribute to economic growth theory by introducing Cournot competition into the Solow-Uzawa neoclassical growth model with Zhang’s concept of disposable income and utility function. The Solow-Uzawa two-sector growth model deals with economic growth with two sectors with all the markets perfectly competitive. The final goods sector in this study is the same as that in the Solow model with perfect competition. The consumer goods sector is composed of two firms and characterized by Cournot competition. All the input factors are traded in perfectly competitive markets. The duopoly’s product is solely consumed by consumers. Perfectly competitive firms earn zero profit, while duopolists earn positive profits. This study assumes that the population shares the profits equally. First, we built the dynamic model. Afterward, we found a computational procedure to describe the time-dependent path of the economy and conducted comparative dynamic analyses of some parameters. Finally, we compared the economic performances of the model with Cournot competition and the perfectly competitive model.

Este documento trata de questões de crescimento económico global com riqueza privada endógena, capital humano nacional, e conhecimento global. Construímos um modelo de crescimento multinacional entre a acumulação de riqueza, a mudança do capital humano e o crescimento do conhecimento, integrando os mecanismos económicos básicos em algumas teorias. O modelo é enquadrado na teoria do crescimento neoclássico. A acumulação de capital humano baseia-se no modelo biossectormal Uzawa-Lucas. O padrão comercial é determinado como no modelo comercial de Oniki-Uzawa. O crescimento do conhecimento é influenciado pela nova teoria do crescimento. O comportamento das famílias é modelado usando o conceito de Zhang de rendimento disponível e função de utilidade. A dinâmica da economia mundial do país J é descrita por 2J+1 equações diferenciais de riqueza, capital humano e conhecimento. Simulamos o movimento da economia global com base em três economias. Também realizamos uma análise dinâmica comparativa para mostrar como as mudanças nas características nacionais, tais como propensão para poupar, propensão para receber educação, eficiência na aplicação do capital humano e criatividade, mudam os caminhos dinâmicos do desenvolvimento económico global e doméstico.

This paper builds a neoclassical growth model with monopolistic competition and perfect competition. The paper synthesizes the basic economic mechanisms in neoclassical growth theory and monopolistic competition within a compact framework. The economic structure is based on the SolowUzawa growth models. We model monopolistic competition on basis of the Dixit-Stiglitz model. This paper makes a unique contribution to growth theory by making deviations from the traditional approaches in household behavior in monopolistic competition literature and markets in neoclassical growth theory. We develop and then show behavior of the model by simulation. The calibration identifies a stable unique equilibrium point. The motion of the economy is plotted. We also studies comparative dynamic processes due to changes in degree of specialization, unit labor requirement for production of intermediates, output elasticity of intermediate inputs, propensity to save, propensity to consume service, and human capital.

El propósito de este estudio es determinar la dinámica del dinero y los precios bajo el patrón oro en un modelo de crecimiento neoclásico de un sector. Para esto, se construye un modelo utilizando algunas aproximaciones de la literatura sobre la teoría de la dinámica económica. En particular, el sector productivo se basa en el modelo de Solow, el patrón oro y la dinámica de los precios está fundamentada en Barro (1979) y la demanda de dinero está influenciada por el marco tradicional con dinero en la función de utilidad. El modelo integra las ideas de estas aproximaciones dentro de una estructura compacta. A través de simulaciones, se muestra que el sistema económico se caracteriza por un estado estacionario único e inestable. También se llevan a cabo análisis de dinámica comparativa respecto a cambios en algunos parámetros.JEL Classification: O41, O42, E21, G11, O38.

Transition metal phosphide composite materials have become an excellent choice for use in supercapacitor electrodes due to their excellent conductivity and good catalytic activity. In our study, a series of nickel phosphide heterostructure composites was prepared using a temperature-programmed phosphating method, and their electrochemical performance was tested in 2 mol L−1 KOH electrolyte. Because the interface effect can increase the catalytic active sites and improve the ion transmission, the prepared Ni2P/Ni3P/Ni (Ni/P = 7:3) had a specific capacity of 321 mAh g−1 under 1 A g−1 and the prepared Ni2P/Ni5P4 (Ni/P = 5:4) had a specific capacity of 218 mAh g−1 under 1 A g−1. After the current density was increased from 0.5 A g−1 to 5 A g−1, 76% of the specific capacity was maintained. After 7000 cycles, the capacity retention rate was above 82%. Due to the phase recombination effect, the electrochemical performance of Ni2P/Ni3P/Ni and Ni2P/Ni5P4 was much better than that of single-phase N2P. After assembling the prepared composite and activated carbon into a supercapacitor, the Ni2P/Ni3P/Ni//AC had an energy density of 22 W h kg−1 and a power density of 800 W kg−1 and the Ni2P/Ni5P4//AC had an energy density of 27 W h kg−1 and a power density of 800 W kg−1.

This paper constructs a dynamic economic growth model in an integrated Walrasian and neoclassical equilibrium theory. This study is concerned with dynamic interactions between progressive nonlinear taxation and wealth and income distributions between heterogeneous households. The economy is composed of one industrial sector and public sector with labor and capital as input factors. The government taxes households and the tax income is entirely spent on supply public services. The population is classified into any number of households and households use disposable incomes for consumption and saving. The machine of economic growth is wealth accumulation. The model builds dynamic interdependence between economic growth, economic structural change, capital/wealth accumulation, progressive nonlinear income taxation, and public services. We simulate the model to demonstrate dynamic properties of the economic system. We show the existence of equilibrium and follow the motion of the dynamic system. We conduct comparative dynamic analysis in different parameters.

The purpose of this paper is to extend Uzawa’s two-sector for a national economy to an economy with any number of regions. The paper studies interregional economic development with interactions among wealth accumulation, environmental change and economic structure under assumptions of profit maximization, utility maximization, and perfect competition. Although the model itself is a straightforward extension of Zhang’s two-region growth to any number of regions, the main contribution of this paper is that it succeeds in simulating the motion of the multi-region economy. This also enables us to effectively deal with comparative dynamic analysis to see how changes in local amenity, the propensity to save, the propensity to consume housing, and regional technologies have effects on national income and wealth, population distribution, regional environment within a general equilibrium theoretical framework.

This paper builds a multi-country growth model with nonlinear taxation and public goods. The dynamic machines of global development are national wealth accumulation and free trade. Different from most of theoretical growth models in neoclassical economics which deals with a two-country world and each economy has a homogeneous population, our model deals with any number of national economies and each economy has heterogeneous populations. A national economy consists of one industrial sector and one public sector and has any number of types of people. Our model integrates economic mechanisms of some well-known economic theories in a comprehensive framework. Each national economy is described according to Walrasian general economic theory. Capital accumulation follows the Solow model. Modelling public goods with nonlinear taxation is based on the literature of progressive taxation and economic growth. The trade pattern is modelled within the Oniki-Uzawa global growth model with two countries. We model household behavior on the basis of Zhang’s concept of disposable income and utility function. We simulate the model to show transitory processes and long-term equilibrium. We carry out comparative dynamic analysis in some parameters.

This paper generalizes an economic growth model proposed by Zhang (2017) by allowing all constant coefficients to be time-dependent. This paper shows existence of business cycles in the generalized model due to periodic shocks. Zhang’s original model is developed for a small open economy with imported energy and imported goods. The economy is composed of two sectors and all markets are perfectly competitive. The economy has fixed land and population. Production side is the same as in neoclassical growth theory, while demand side is modelling with Zhang’s utility and concept of disposable income. We generalize and simulate the model. We demonstrate existence of business cycles due to different exogenous periodic shocks.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the role of preferences and technological differences between countries in determining dynamics of capital accumulation, wealth and income distribution within countries and between countries, and patterns of trade in a dynamic general equilibrium framework. The model is built by integrating Walrasian general equilibrium, neoclassical growth, and H O international trade theories. The model is built for any number of countries and each country is composed of three production sectors and heterogeneous households. The national growth mechanism is the same as that in neoclassical growth theory. Labour and capital distributions among sectors and among countries are determined under perfect competition and free trade. The model synthesizes the well-known H O and the Oniki-Uzawa trade models, Solow-Uzawa neoclassical growth theory, and Walrasian general equilibrium theory with Zhang’s utility function. We simulated the model with three national economies and with two groups of households for each country. We identified the existence of equilibrium points and plot motion of the dynamic system. We also conducted a comparative dynamic analysis.

This study generalizes the heterogeneous-household growth model with dynamic interdependence between economic growth, inequality in wealth and income, and discrimination proposed by Zhang (2017). The original model is in an integration of Walrasian-general-equilibrium theory and neoclassical-growth theory under influences of literature of economic discrimination. The economy is composed of one capital good sector, one consumer good sector, and multiple groups of households. It describes a dynamic interdependence between wealth accumulation, income and wealth distribution, time distribution and division of labor under discrimination. The model is generalized so that all constant parameters in the original model are time-dependent. The generalization makes the original model more robust as the current model allows us to study effects of exogenous time-dependent perturbations on the movement of the system. We provide a few examples of business cycles due to periodic exogenous shocks.

The purpose of the study is to examine interdependence between national growth, global growth, income and wealth distributions between workers and officials and between countries, government’s debts, and corruption. We are especially concerned with how corruption in any economy can affect global trade pattern and global economic growth. The model is constructed within a dynamic general equilibrium framework on the basis of the Solow growth model, the Oniki- Uzawa-two-country global growth model, Diamond’s growth model with government’s debt, and Zhang’s model with corruption. The dynamic interdependence between endogenous labor supply, government’s debt, and corruption for a-country world economy is described by nonlinear differential equations. We simulate the model and conduct comparative dynamic analyses conducted for a 3-country global economy. We get many insights from comparative dynamic analyses. For instance, if they become more corrupt, the officials in the world become richer, consume more, and get more corrupt incomes. All the workers have less wealth, consume less, and work almost the same hours. The output levels are slightly affected and each country employs more capital as global wealth is increased. Each government has slightly less debt and spends more.

This paper proposes a dynamic economic model with health, human capital and wealth accumulation with elastic labor supply. The economic system consists of one industrial, one health, and one education sector. Our model is a synthesis of four main models in economic theory: Solow’s one-sector neoclassical growth mode, the Uzawa-Lucas two sector model, Arrow’s learning by doing model, and Grossman’s growth model with health. The model also includes Zhang’s idea about creative leisure or learning by consuming. Demand and supply of health service and education are determined by market mechanism. The model describes dynamic interdependence among wealth, health, human capital, economic structure, and time distribution among work, health caring, and education under perfect competition. We simulate the model and examine effects of changes in the propensity to consume health caring, the efficiency of producing health caring, the propensity to receive education, and the propensity to save.

This paper generalizes the dynamic economic model of heterogeneous households built by Zhang (2015). The model tries to provide insights into the economic mechanisms of how the richest one per cent of the global population own 50% of the global wealth. It explains inequality in a purely competitive economic environment with endogenous wealth and human capital accumulation. The study simulated a case with three countries and each country with three groups of the population. It demonstrated the existence of an equilibrium point at which the rich 1% own more than half of the global wealth. This study generalizes Zhang’s model by making all the time-independent parameters as time-dependent parameters. We demonstrate how the system reacts to exogenous periodic perturbations.

This study deals with dynamic relationships between global growth, trade, economic structural change, and government’s debts. Government debts are seldom theoretically modelled in the literature of global economic growth theory. We introduce governments’ debts and endogenous public good supplies into a general dynamic equilibrium growth model with multiple countries and free trades between countries. The model is developed by integrating the Solow-Uzawa growth model, the Oniki–Uzawa trade model, and Diamond’s growth model with government’s debt within a comprehensive framework. The model synthesizes these well-known economic models with Zhang’s utility function to determine household behavior. It is built for any number of national economies. Each national economy consists of one tradable, one nontradable and one public sector. The model describes a dynamic interdependence between wealth accumulation, and division of labor, governments’ debts, national debts, and wealth and capital distribution under perfect competition. We demonstrate that the dynamics of the J -country world economy can be described by 2J differential equations. We simulate the model, demonstrating the existence of an equilibrium point, and showing instability of the equilibrium point. We also demonstrate how changes in some parameters affect short-run global economic development and the equilibrium point. Our comparative dynamic analyses provided some important insights into interactions between global economic growth, resource distributions, economic structures, and governments’ debts.

This study examines economic growth and population change with discrimination against women in the labor market within the analytical framework of Solow’s neoclassical growth model. The study models dynamic interactions between wealth accumulation, time distribution between work, children caring, and leisure, population change with endogenous birth and mortality rates with gender discrimination. The production technology and markets are built on Solow’s neoclassical growth model. The basic mechanisms for population changes in the Barro-Becker fertility choice model and the Haavelmo population model are integrated to model the population change. This study also takes account of discrimination against woman in the labor market. We synthesize these dynamic forces in a compact framework by applying Zhang’s utility function. The model properties are studied by simulation. We find equilibrium points and illustrate motion of the dynamic system. We also examine the effects of changes in the discrimination against woman, the propensity to save, woman’s propensity to pursue leisure activities, the propensity to have children, woman’s human capital and man’s emotional involvement in children caring.

This paper proposes a two-sector two-group growth model with elastic labor supply and consumer durable goods. We study dynamics of wealth and income distribution in a competitive economy with capital accumulation as the main engine of economic growth. The model is built on the Uzawa two-sector model. It is also influenced by the neoclassical growth theory and the post-Keynesian theory of growth and distribution. We plot the motion of the economic system and determine the economic equilibrium. We carry out comparative dynamic analysis with regard to the propensity to save and improvements in human capital and technology.

This paper proposes a dynamic economic model with endogenous technological change, physical capital and renewable resources. The model is a synthesis of the neoclassical growth theory, Arrow’s learning by doing, and some traditional dynamic models of renewable resources with an alternative approach to household behavior. The model describes a dynamic interdependence between technological change, physical accumulation, resource change, and division of labor under perfect competition. Because of its refined economic structure, the model analyzes some interactions between economic variables which are not found in the existing literature of economic growth. We simulate the model to demonstrate existence of equilibrium points and motion of the dynamic system. Our comparative dynamic analysis shows, for instance, that a rise in the capacity of the renewable resource increases the stock and reduces the price of the resource of the resource over time; the output levels of the two sectors, the total capital stock, and capital inputs of the two sectors are all increased; the labor distribution between the two sectors is slightly affected initially but is not affected in the long term; the rate of interest rises initially rise and is almost not affected in the long term; the per capita consumption levels of the good and the resource and the wage rate are increased.

This paper builds an economic growth model with endogenous wealth and human capital accumulation. It analyzes interactions between domestic economic structure, foreign goods, foreign tourism, and imported energy. Education, foreign goods, foreign tourism, and imported energy are integrated into small-open growth models with wealth accumulation in a comprehensive framework. The economic structure is a synthesis of Uzawa’s two-sector growth model and Uzawa-Lucas’ two-sector growth model. The economy is composed of one capital goods sector, services sector, and education sector. The capital goods sector, service sector and households need energies, which foreign economies supply. The capital goods sector, services sector, and households use up the land. The general equilibrium model determines consumption, production, saving, education and resource distribution under given rate of interest and prices of imported energy and goods fixed in international markets. We build the model and simulates its behavior. We conduct comparative dynamic analysis to demonstrate how different exogenous changes change transitory processes and long-run structures of economic growth.

This paper extends the growth model for a closed national economy by Zhang (2015) to a small-open economy. We attempt to explain some economic mechanisms of how the richest one per cent of the population own 50% of national wealth. We consider endogenous wealth and human capital accumulation by heterogeneous households with different preferences and learning abilities as the main determinants of growth and inequality. We describe the production technologies and economic structure on the basis of the Uzawa two-sector model. By applying Zhang’s concept of disposable income and approach to household behavior, we describe consumers’ wealth accumulation and consumption behavior. We model human capital accumulation on the basis of Arrow’s learning by doing and Zhang’s creativity with leisure. We simulate the model with three groups of the population, the rich 1 %, the middle 69%, and the poor 20%. We demonstrate the existence of an equilibrium point at which the rich 1% own more than half of the national wealth and the poor 20% less than 10% of the national wealth. We show how the system moves to the equilibrium from an initial state and confirm that the equilibrium point is stable. We also conduct comparative dynamic analysis.

The purpose of this study is to introduce tourism to a small-open growth with endogenous wealth and human capital. We develop the model on the basis of the Solow- Uzawa growth model, Arrow’s learning by doing, the literature of small-open economic growth models, and ideas from tourism economics. The economy consists of one service sector and one industrial sector. International tourists and domestic residents consume non-traded goods and services. We introduce endogenous land distribution between housing and supply of services. The production side is based on the traditional growth theories, while the household behavior is described by an alternative utility function proposed by Zhang (1993). We simulate the motion of the national economy and examine effects of changes in some parameters. The comparative dynamic analysis with regard to the rate of interest, the price elasticity of tourism, the global economic condition, the total productivities of the industrial and service sectors, the impact of tourism on human capital accumulation, and the propensity to save provides some important insights into the complexity of open economies with endogenous wealth and human capital.

The study builds a model of dynamic interactions between the birth rate, the mortality rate, the population, wealth accumulation, time distribution between work, leisure and children caring, habit formation and preference change. The production technology and markets are built on the Solow growth model. We base our modeling the population dynamics on the Haavelmo population model and the Barro-Becker fertility choice model. This study takes account of habit formation and preference change. Although it is influenced by the Ramsey growth theory with time preference and habit formation, it uses Zhang’s approach to the household with habit formation and preference change. We synthesize different dynamic forces in a compact framework, using the utility function proposed by Zhang. Analytically, we focus on transitional processes as well as economic equilibrium. As the economic system is given by autonomous nonlinear differential equations, it is not easy to analyze its behavior. We simulate the model to demonstrate the existence of an equilibrium point and plot the motion of the dynamic system. We examine the effects of changes in weights given to the habit stock of children, the wife’s wage rate having negative impact on the propensity to have children, the wife weighing less the habit stock of leisure time, the wife’s habit stock of leisure time having negative impact on the husband’s propensity to use leisure time, the wife’s wage rate having negative impact on the husband’s propensity to use leisure time, woman’s human capital being improved, a rise in the total factor productivity, and the mother spending more time on each child fostering.

This paper builds a model to deal with dynamic interdependence between different countries' birth rates, mortality rates, populations, wealth accumulation, and time distributions between working, leisure and children caring. The model shows the role of human capital, technological and preference changes on national differences in birth rates, mortality rates, time distributions, population change, and wealth accumulation. The economic mechanisms of wealth accumulation, production and trade are based the Solow growth model and the Oniki-Uzawa trade model. We use the utility function proposed by Zhang to describe the behavior of households. We model national and gender differences in human capital, propensity to have children, propensity to use leisure time, and children caring efficiency. We describe the dynamics of global economic growth, trade patterns, national differences in wealth, income, birth rates, mortality rates, and populations with differential equations. We simulate the model to show the motion of the system and identify the existence of equilibrium point. We also examine the effects of changes in the propensity to have children, the propensity to save, woman's propensity to use leisure, woman's human capital, and woman's emotional involvement in children caring on the dynamics of the global and national economies.

El objetivo de este artículo es generalizar el conocido modelo de Uzawa de dos sectores para una economía nacional para su aplicación en contextos globales con muchos países y muchas regiones dentro de cada país. Se estudia el desarrollo económico internacional e interregional a través de un modelo de equilibrio general donde se considera la acumulación de riqueza, el intercambio de recursos y la estructura económica bajo los supuestos de maximización de beneficios y utilidad y competencia perfecta. Para ello se aplica el modelo alternativo de Zhang sobre el comportamiento de los hogares simulándolo para un contexto multi-país y multi-región en una economía global, identificando la existencia del equilibrio y confirmando la estabilidad del mismo. Adicionalmente, se realiza un análisis comparativo dinámico para la productividad total de los factores, tanto del sector industrial como del terciario en cada región, así como de la propensión del ahorro, la asignación regional de recursos, la propensión al consumo de los hogares y los efectos de la población.

This paper proposes a dynamic economic model of heterogeneous households to explain economic mechanisms of how the richest one per cent of the population own 50% of national wealth. We explain inequality in a purely competitive economic environment with endogenous wealth and human capital accumulation. The production technologies and economic structure follow the Uzawa two-sector model. In this study a household’s disposable income is the traditional disposable income (which is the income that a household earns each period of time after taxes and transfers in the Solow model and many empirical studies) plus the value of the household’s wealth. By applying Zhang’s concept of disposable income and utility function, we describe consumers’ wealth accumulation and consumption behavior. We show how wealth accumulation, human capital accumulation, and division of labor, and time distribution interact with each other under perfect competition. We simulate the model with three groups of the people, the rich, the middle, and the poor whose shares of the population are, respectively, the 1 %, 69%, and 20%. We demonstrate the existence of an equilibrium point at which the rich 1% own more than half of the national wealth and the poor 20% less than 10% of the national wealth. The rich household works only 4 hours a day and the poor household 11 hours a day. We show how the system moves to the equilibrium from an initial state and confirm that the equilibrium point is stable. We also demonstrate how changes in the total factor productivity of the capital goods sector, the rich’s human capital utilization efficiency, the rich’s efficiency of learning through consuming, and the rich’s propensities to save, to consume, and to enjoy leisure, affect growth and inequality.

This paper generalizes the dynamic growth model with wealth accumulation, technological change and environmental change by Zhang (2012) by making all the parameters as time-dependent parameters. The model treats physical capital accumulation, knowledge creation and utilization, and environmental change as endogenous variables. It synthesizes the basic ideas of the neoclassical growth theory, Arrow’s learning-by-doing model and the traditional dynamic models of environmental change within a comprehensive framework. The behavior of the household is described with an alternative approach to household behavior. We simulated the model to demonstrate existence of equilibrium points, motion of the dynamic system, and oscillations due to different exogenous shocks.

This paper demonstrates oscillations in the economic growth model with endogenous population growth and physical and human capital accumulation proposed by Zhang (2014). This study generalizes Zhang’s model by treating all the time-independent parameters as time-dependent parameters. The model is a synthesis of the Solow growth model, Uzawa-Lucas two-sector model, and the Haavelmo population model and the Barro-Becker fertility choice model. The model studies the dynamic interdependence between population change, wealth accumulation, and human capital accumulation. We simulate the model to demonstrate existence of business cycles under different periodic shocks.

This study builds a three-sector growth model with endogenous physical and human wealth accumulation. It deals with dynamic interactions among land value, economic structural change, wealth accumulation and human capital growth. The economy consists of industrial, agricultural and education sectors. The model is based on the neoclassical growth theory, the Ricardian theory, and the Uzawa-Lucas model with Zhang’s utility function. The human capital accumulation is through Arrow’s learning by doing, Uzawa’s learning through education, and Zhang’s learning through consuming (leisure creativity). By simulation, we demonstrate that the economic system has a unique stable steady state. Comparative dynamic analysis is conducted with regard to changes in the propensity to receive education, the propensity to consume housing, the propensity to consume industrial goods, the propensity to consume agricultural goods, the propensity to save, and the output elasticity of land of the agricultural sector.

This paper constructs an economic growth model of a small open economy with tourism and imported goods in a perfectly competitive economy. The study focuses on the effects of changes in terms of trade, with a preference for imported goods, on the dynamic paths of trade balance and economic growth. The basic framework for modelling a national economy is based on the Solow-Uzawa neoclassical growth model with Zhang’s alternative approach to household behaviour. We build a nonlinear dynamic model with interdependence between economic growth, economic structure, tourism, prices, wealth and income. We provide a computational process to follow the motion of the economic system. Simulation is used to carry out a comparative dynamic analysis of the terms of trade, the propensity to consume imported goods, the rate of interest, the price elasticity of tourism, and the total productivity of the service sector. The comparative dynamic analysis provides some insights into the complexity of the tourism economy.

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The purpose of this paper is to study global monetary economic growth with heterogeneous households under free trade. The paper examines dynamics of global and national wealth and income distribution in association with monetary economic growth within an integrated framework. Money is introduced via the cash-in-advance (CIA) approach. We show that the dynamics of the world economy (with any number of countries) is described by a set of differential equations. We simulate equilibrium of the global economy with three countries and two types of households in each country. We also demonstrate effects of changes in technology and inflation policy. Our model demonstrates, as Grier and Grier (2007) empirically show, that the global economy exhibits absolute divergence in output levels if some determinants of steady state income are different. The study shows that as one country increases its inflation policy, the equilibrium values of the global output, consumption level and physical wealth are enhanced, and the rate of interest is lowered. The country which raises its inflation policy benefits in every aspect, but the other countries suffer in some aspects and benefit in others.

This paper studies dynamic interdependence among physical capital, resource and human capital. We integrate the Solow one-sector growth, Uzawa-Lucas two-sector and some neoclassical growth models with renewable resource models. The economic system consists of the households, production sector, resource sector and education sector. We take account of three ways of improving human capital: Arrow’s learning by producing (Arrow, 1962), Uzawa’s learning by education (Uzawa, 1965), and Zhang’s learning by consuming (Zhang, 2007). The model describes a dynamic interdependence among wealth accumulation, human capital accumulation, resource change, and division of labor under perfect competition. We simulate the model to demonstrate existence of equilibrium points and motion of the dynamic system. We also examine effects of changes in the productivity of the resource sector, the utilization efficiency of human capital, the propensity to receive education, and the propensity to save upon dynamic paths of the system.

This paper proposes a growth model of heterogeneous households with economic structure, wealth accumulation, endogenous labour supply, and tax rates. The paper is focused on effects of redistribution policies on income and wealth distribution, economic structure and economic growth. The paper integrates the Walrasian general equilibrium theory and neoclassical economic growth within a comprehensive framework. We overcome the controversial features in the two traditional theories by applying an alternative approach to households. We build an analytical framework for a disaggregated and microfounded general theory of economic growth with endogenous wealth accumulation. We simulate the model to identify equilibrium, stability and to plot the motion of the dynamic system with three groups. We also carry out comparative dynamic analysis with regard to the lump tax, human capital and propensity to use leisure time.

This paper proposes a growth model with heterogeneous capital and consumption goods and services. It structurally generalizes the Uzawa growth model by introducing heterogeneous capital and multiple consumption goods and services. We show the dynamic properties of the model and simulate the motion of the national economy with two capital goods and two services over time. We also examine effects of changes in preferences and technologies on the dynamic paths of the economy. The model with heterogeneous capital reveals different properties from those of the model with homogeneous capital. Our model shows the importance of introducing heterogeneous capital into the neoclassical growth theory. For instance, the comparative dynamic analysis shows that when the propensity to save is increased, the wealth per capita is increased initially but reduced in the long-term and the wage rate and national output level fall; the consumption levels of the two services fall even though the prices of the two services fall only slightly; the stock of the light capital good rises initially but falls in the long-term; the stock of the heavy capital good falls in association with rising in its price; the labor input of the heavy industrial sector fall and the labor inputs of the two service sectors rise while the labor input of the light industrial sector rises initially but falls in the long-term. Solow’s one-sector and Uzawa’s two-sector growth models cannot explain the structural changes with heterogeneous capital. Both Solow’s one-sector and Uzawa’s two-sector growth models show that a rise in the saving rate will increase the wealth per capita both in the short-term and in the long-term.

The purpose of this study is to examine gold price in global markets. We introduce gold into a general dynamic equilibrium growth model with multiple countries and free trades between countries. The model is developed by integrating the Solow growth model, the Uzawa two-sector growth model, and the Oniki–Uzawa trade model within a comprehensive framework. The model is built for any number of national economies and each national economy consists of one tradable and one non-tradable sectors. National economies are different in population, technologies, propensities to save, propensity to use gold, and propensities to consume. We show that the dynamics of the J -country world economy can be described by J differential equations. We simulate the model to demonstrate the existence of an equilibrium point, motion of the dynamic system, and (local) stability of the equilibrium point. We also demonstrate how changes in the propensities to use, the populations, the propensities to save, and the total factor productivities affect global economic development

The purpose of this paper is to study economic growth with preference change on the basis of the Solow one-sector growth model, Zhang’s alternative approach to household behavior, the Ramsey growth theory with time preference, and the traditional growth model with habit formation. The propensity to save is dependent on wealth and current income and the propensity to consumption is related to the habit stock. We simulate the model and demonstrate the motion of the economic dynamics with endogenous preference. We also examine effects of changes in some parameters on the motion of the economic system.

This study constructs a monetary gender growth model with capital accumulation and endogenous labour supply. The real aspects of the model are based on the neoclassical growth theory and monetary aspects of the model are based on the cash-in-advance (CIA) approach. We show that the dynamics of the economy can be described by 2-dimensional differential equations. We simulate equilibrium and motion of the economy with specified monetary policies, household preference and technology. As the monetary economic system is unstable, the economy may either experience unlimited growth or economic crisis. We also study effects of changes in some parameters on the economic equilibrium. For instance, as the woman raises her propensity to stay at home, the capital intensity is not affected, which results in that the wage rates, the rate and output level per unit of labour input are not affected. Nevertheless, the man increases his work time and the woman reduces her work time, resulting in the fall of the labour supply. The money holing, durable goods used at home and consumption level per household are reduced; also the total wealth, total capital inputs, total durable goods and total output levels are reduced.

This paper proposes a dynamic economic model with physical capital and renewable resources. Different from most of the neoclassical growth models with renewable resources which are based on microeconomic foundation and neglect physical capital accumulation, this study proposes a growth model with dynamics of renewable resources and physical capital accumulation. The model is a synthesis of the neoclassical growth theory and the traditional dynamic models of renewable resources with an alternative approach to household behavior. The model describes a dynamic interdependence among physical accumulation, resource change, and division of labor under perfect competition. Because of its refined economic structure, our study enables some interactions among economic variables which are not found in the existing literature on economic growth with renewable resources. We simulate the model to demonstrate the existence of equilibrium points and motion of the dynamic system. Our comparative dynamic analysis shows, for instance, that a rise in the propensity to consume the renewable resource increases the interest rate and reduces the national and production sector’s capital stocks, wage rate and level of the consumption good. Moreover, it initially reduces and then increases the capital stocks of the resource sector and the consumption and price of the renewable resource. The stock of the renewable resource is initially increased and then reduced. Finally, labor is redistributed from the production to the resource sector.